發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第七章城市化與農(nóng)村城市-課件

Chapter7UrbanizationandRural-UrbanMigration:TheoryandPolicy1PPT課件Chapter7UrbanizationandRura1Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-2TheMigrationandUrbanizationDilemmaUrbanization:trendsandprojections2PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis2精品資料精品資料3你怎么稱呼老師？如果老師最后沒有總結(jié)一節(jié)課的重點(diǎn)的難點(diǎn)，你是否會認(rèn)為老師的教學(xué)方法需要改進(jìn)？你所經(jīng)歷的課堂，是講座式還是討論式？教師的教鞭“不怕太陽曬，也不怕那風(fēng)雨狂，只怕先生罵我笨，沒有學(xué)問無顏見爹娘……”“太陽當(dāng)空照，花兒對我笑，小鳥說早早早……”發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第七章城市化與農(nóng)村城市--ppt課件4Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-5Figure7.1UrbanizationandPerCapitalIncomeinSelectedCountries5PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis5Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-6Figure7.2UrbanizationacrossTimeandIncomeLevels6PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis6Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-7Figure7.3ProportionofUrbanPopulationbyRegion,1950-20307PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis7Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-8Figure7.4Megacities:CitieswithTenMillionorMoreInhabitants8PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis8Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-9Figure7.5EstimatedandProjectedUrbanandRuralPopulationoftheMoreandLessDevelopedRegions,1950-20309PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis9Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-10Figure7.6AnnualGrowthofUrbanandSlumPopulations,1990-200110PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis10Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-11TheRoleofCitiesAgglomerationeconomies,Urbanizationeconomies,LocalizationeconomiesIndustrialdistrictsEfficienturbanscale11PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis11Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-12TheUrbanGiantismProblemFirst-citybiasCausesofUrbanGiantism12PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis1213PPT課件13PPT課件13委內(nèi)瑞拉首都街景

上圖：城市化達(dá)到90%與貧民窟密布

下圖：貧民區(qū)群眾進(jìn)入首都阻斷交通14PPT課件委內(nèi)瑞拉首都街景

上圖：城市化達(dá)到90%與貧民窟密布

下圖：14巴西的城市化超過80%，城市中形成了大型貧民窟

左上：圣保羅貧民窟一角

右下：貧民窟的街道

左下：遠(yuǎn)景是城市中心區(qū)的高樓大廈，中景是近郊的外資企業(yè)，近景是雜亂無章的貧民窟15PPT課件巴西的城市化超過80%，城市中形成了大型貧民窟

左上：圣保羅15印度的城市化僅僅30%，但也與貧民窟擴(kuò)大同步

左上：鐵路邊的貧民窟

右下：公路邊的貧民窟

左下：露宿街頭乞丐群體16PPT課件印度的城市化僅僅30%，但也與貧民窟擴(kuò)大同步

左上：鐵路邊16

17PPT課件17PPT課件17Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-18Table7.1PopulationoftheLargestandSecond-LargestCitiesinSelectedCountries(millions)18PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis18Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-19Figure7.6

AnnualGrowthofUrbanandSlumPopulations,1990-200119PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis19Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-20TheUrbanInformalSectorImportanceoftheinformalsectorindevelopingeconomiesPoliciesfortheUrbanInformalSectorWomenintheInformalSector20PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis20InformalSector21PPT課件InformalSec21Agri.CityformalunemploymentInformalsectorp1-pq1-q22PPT課件Agri.CityformalunemploymentIn22Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-23Figure7.8ImportanceofInformalEmploymentinSelectedCities23PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis23Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-24Figure7.9YouthUnemploymentRates,1995and200524PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis24Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-25MigrationandDevelopmentRural-to-urbanmigrationwasviewedpositivelyuntilrecentlyThecurrentviewisthatthismigrationisgreaterthantheurbanareas’abilitiestoCreatejobsProvidesocialservices25PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis25Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-26Figure7.10ComponentsofMigrationinSelectedCountries26PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis26Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-27TowardanEconomicTheoryofRural-UrbanMigrationAverbaldescriptionoftheTodaromodelMigrationisarationaldecisionThedecisiondependsonexpectedratherthanactualwagedifferentialsTheprobabilityofobtainingacityjobisinverselyrelatedtotheurbanunemploymentrateHighratesofmigrationareoutcomesofruralurbanimbalancesADiagrammaticPresentation27PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis27Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-28Figure7.11SchematicFrameworkforAnalyzingtheRural-to-UrbanMigrationDecision28PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis28收入預(yù)期與遷移決策——城市部門工人的平均收入，——農(nóng)村勞動力的平均收入n——遷移計(jì)劃的時(shí)期數(shù)，r——表示貼現(xiàn)率，C(O)——遷移的成本，p(t)——在城市平均收入水平上找到工資工作的概率，那么遷移的決策取決于29PPT課件收入預(yù)期與遷移決策——城市部門工人的平均收入，29Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-30Figure7.12TheHarris-TodaroMigrationModel30PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis30Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-31TowardanEconomicTheoryofRural-UrbanMigrationWhere

WAisagriculturalincome,

LMisemploymentinmanufacturing

LUSistotalurbanlaborpool

WMistheurbanminimumwage31PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis31Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-32TowardanEconomicTheoryofRural-UrbanMigrationFivePolicyImplicationsReductionofurbanbiasImbalancesinexpectedincomeopportunitiesiscrucialIndiscriminateeducationalexpansionfostersincreasedmigrationandunemploymentWagesubsidiesandscarcityfactorpricingcanbecounterproductiveProgramsofintegratedruraldevelopmentshouldbeencouraged32PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis32Copyright?2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.7-33AComprehensiveMigrationandEmploymentStrategyCreateaurban-ruralbalanceExpandsmall,laborintensiveindustriesEliminatefactor-pricedistortionChooseappropriatetechnologiesModifythelinkagebetweeneducationandemploymentReducepopulationgrowthDecentralizeauthority33PPT課件Copyright?2009PearsonAddis3334PPT課件34PPT課件34Casestudy：China’smigrationlaborsStage:BeforetheAgri-ReformIn1980s:TVEArter1992s35PPT課件Casestudy：China’smigrationl35Oldgeneration:

thepettybourgeoisie36PPT課件Oldgeneration:

thepettybou36Younggenerationofmigrantworkers：Anewworkclass？/npo/index?