商務(wù)英語閱讀(上冊(cè))unit-5

商務(wù)英語閱讀（上冊(cè)）unit5商務(wù)英語閱讀（上冊(cè)）unit51TeachingObjectives了解貿(mào)易壁壘及其產(chǎn)生的原因了解關(guān)稅壁壘及其征收形式了解非關(guān)稅壁壘及其表現(xiàn)形式TeachingObjectives了解貿(mào)易壁壘及其產(chǎn)生的2TeachingEmphases

tradebarrierstariffbarriersadvaloremduty/specificduty/alternativeduty/compounddutynon-tariffbarriersquantitative/non-quantitativeTeachingEmphasestradebarrie3Content

TextFastReadingIFastReadingIIContentText4TEXTDon'tFenceMeOut!

Pre-readingquestions1.Whataretradebarriers?Whydothesetradebarriersexist?2.Whatarethetwomajorbarrierstofreetrade?UPPREV.NEXTTEXTDon'tFenceMeOut!

Pre-5

Theconceptofcomparativeadvantagemakesastrongcaseforfree,unrestrictedtradeamongnations.Meanwhileeconomistsbelievefreetradewillbemutuallybeneficial,yet,manybarrierstotradeexisttoday,namely,regulationsandmeasuresimposedbyauthoritiesthatundulyimpedetradeingoodsorservices,inexportorimport.Lossofbusinessopportunitiesisthemostseriousimpactofatradebarrier,buteventheirminoreffectsmayrequireextratimeandtroubleandcauseadditionalexpenses.Forexample,theUnitedStatesrestrictsthenumberofcarsthatmaybeimportedeachyearfromothercountriesandimposestaxesoncertainimportedgoods;Japanprovidessubsidiestosomecompaniessotheycanselltheirproductsatlowerpricestoothercountries;ataxof15%makesjewelryfromMexicomoreexpensivethanjewelrymakeintheUnitedStates.

Theconceptofcomparati6 Thebenefitsoffreetradearewellknown,butwhydosomepeoplesupporttheuseoftariffsorquotastorestrictorstoptheinternationalflowofgoodsandservices?Wemayfirstfocusonhowworldtradecameintobeing.Itisknownthatsomeregionsareabundantinresources;elsewhere,reservesarescarceornonexistent.Thus,anexchangeofgoodsandservicescametoplayanincreasinglyessentialroleinmeetingthedemandformoreaffluentlife.Thelocationoftheworld’snationalresources,alsocalledcommodities,determinesthepatternsofworldtrade.Worldresourcescanbemosteffectivelyutilizedthroughfullspecializationandworldtrade,whicharemerelypossiblewhenabsolutelyfreetradeispermitted.Unfortunately,everycountryintheworldhastrade

barrierstoprotectitseconomyagainstinternationalmarketforces,suchastoprotecthomelandindustriesornewindustries,toprotectjobs,andtogainincomeforthegovernment.

Thebenefitsoffreetra7 ThesebarrierstoworldtrademaybedividedintotariffbarriersandNon-TariffBarriers(NTBs). TariffBarriers Atariffisataxordutyleviedoncommoditieswhentheycrossnationalboundaries,normallyanimportduty,forthepurposeofraisingtheirsellingpriceintheimportingnation’smarkettoreducecompetitionagainstdomesticproducers.Itisthemostcommonmethodofrestrictingtrade.Tariffsmaybebarelyplacedonexports,becausetheywanttoencourageexports.Atariffmaybeoneofthefollowingfourkinds:advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound. Thesebarrierstoworld8

Anadvalorem,mostcommonlyused,isfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods–forexample,10,20or25percent.Theymaybebased,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificduty

relatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement—forexample,$25perpoundorperyard.Analternativeduty

iswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompoundduty

isacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone–forexample,10percentofvalueplus$1perkilogram. Tariffshavetheadvantagethattheycanbeselectivelyleviedintermsof

productsandwithdifferentialrates.Therefore,acountrymayattainratherpreciseobjectiveswithtariffswhileincreasinggovernmentrevenuesatthesametime.Thenegativerespectoftariffsisthattheyincreasethecostofimportstothecustomers. Anadvalorem,m9 Non-TariffBarriers(NTBs) Contrarytotariffdutieswhicharerelativelytransparent,non-tariffbarriersareoftenmorecomplexanddifficulttosniffandthereforeassessthantariffs,becausetheycanbe“hidden”inrulesandpracticesthathaveaperfectlylegitimateobjective.Furthermore,NTBscanhavemoretrade-restrictiveeffectsthantariffs,whichraisethecostofagivenproduct,andgoasfarasexcludingagoodfromamarketaltogether.Knownas“greentradebarriers”,newnon-tariffbarrierstotrade,suchastechnicaltradebarriersandenvironmentaltradebarriers,havetendedtotaketheplaceoftraditionaltradebarriers. TheNon-TariffBarriers(NTBs),includingallformsofdiscriminationagainstimportsotherthantariffbarriers,arenormallyintheformofeitherquantitativeornon-quantitativerestrictions. Non-TariffBarriers(NT10 Quantitative Quotas,onetypeofquantitativebarriers,arethemostcommonform.Importquotasarelimitationsonthequantityofgoodsthatcanbeimportedintothecountryduringaspecifiedperiodoftime,forexample,Koreamayexportonly15,000automobilesayeartotheUnitedStates.Therearetwobasictypesofquotas:absolutequotasandtariff-ratequotas.Absolutequotaslimitthequantityofimportstoaspecifiedlevelduringaspecifiedperiodoftime.Sometimesthesequotasaresetgloballyandthusaffectallimportswhilesometimestheyaresetonlyagainstspecifiedcountries.Absolutequotasaregenerallyadministeredonafirst-comefirst-servedbasis.Forthisreason,manyquotasarefilledshortlyaftertheopeningofthequotaperiod.Oncethequotafortheperiodhasbeenfilled,nomoreimportlicensesareissued.Tariff-ratequotasallowaspecifiedquantityofgoodstobeimportedatareducedtariffrateduringthespecifiedquotaperiod.Theymaybeimposedunilaterally,andcanalsobenegotiatedbilaterallyormultilaterallyonaso-calledvoluntarybasis.

Quantitative11 Therehasbeen,formanyyears,anagreementamongnationsagainstimposingunilateralquotasongoods.Accordingly,governmentshavenegotiatedvoluntaryexportrestraints(VERs)withothernations.Forexample,toavoidtheimportquotasonJapaneseautomobilesplacedbytheUnitedStates,JapanesecarmakerssetupaVERprogram,agreeingtolimitexportsofpassengercarstoitannually. OrderlymarketingarrangementsareVERsconstitutedbyofficialagreementsbetweenthegovernmentsofexportingandimportingcountriestolimitinternationalcompetitionand

safeguardsomeofthenationalmarketforlocalproducers,normallybystipulatingthesizeoftheexportorimportquotasthateachnationwillhaveforaparticulargood.

Therehasbeen,formany12

Non-quantitative ItisclaimedbymanyinternationaltradespecialistthatthemostsignificantNTBsarethenon-quantitativetype.Allthedistinctformsmaygenerallybeclassifiedunderthreeprincipalheadings:(a)directgovernmentparticipationintrade,(b)customsandotheradministrativeprocedures,and(c)variousstandards.

Subsidyisthemostcommonformofdirectgovernmentparticipation,mainlytoprotectagricultureaswellasindustries.Governmentprocurementpoliciesarealsotradebarriersbecauseoftheirfavorfordomesticproducersandsevererestrictiononpurchasesofimportedgoodsbygovernmentagencies.Thosepoliciesmayrequirethatproductspurchasedbygovernmentagencieshaveastipulatedminimumlocalcontent. Non-quantitative13

Customsandotheradministrativeprocedurescoveragreatvarietyofgovernmentpoliciesandproceduresthateitherdiscriminateagainstimportsorfavorexports.Meanwhile,governmentshavealsofoundwaystosetrestrictionsonservicesimport.Foreigncompaniesmayfindregistrationrequirements,licensingprocedures,qualificationrequirementsandproceduresmoreburdensomeforthemthanfordomesticserviceproviders. Bothgovernmentandprivatestandardstoprotectthehealthandsecurityofanation’scitizensarecertainlyreasonable,butforyearsexportingfirmsmayhavebeenconfrontedwithmanycomplexanddiscriminatorystandards,includingnewtechnicalstandards,labelingrequirements,burdensometesting,etc. Customsandotheradm14

Comparedwithtariffs,NTBshaveseveraladvantagesinthattheyaremoreflexibleandpertinent,moreefficientonlimitingimportingandmoreconcealable.Withthedevelopmentoftheworldeconomyandtechnology,NTBstendtobemorevariedandunpredictable. However,marketshavebeengoingglobalandeveryoneknowsit.Anumberofcommunitiessuchasfreetradeareasandeconomicunionshavecomeintobeing

fortheeliminationoftradebarriers.Theseendeavorscancontributetoamoreprosperousgrowthininternationaltrade,whichmayaccordinglyraiseaggregateeconomicefficiency. Comparedwithtariffs15Languagepoints

impose

----v.toplace(apenalty,tax,etc)officiallyonsb./sth.加(懲罰等)于某人;對(duì)某物征(稅)e.g.imposeataxonimports征收進(jìn)口稅imposedutiesonwinesandspirits征收酒類稅UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

impose

----v16Languagepoints

Tradebarriers

貿(mào)易壁壘，指妨礙商品和服務(wù)在國家之間自由交換的人為限制，常見的形式包括關(guān)稅、補(bǔ)貼、配額和外匯管制等。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

Tradebarrie17Languagepoints

levy-----vt.tocollect(apayment,etc)byauthorityorforce征收,征集(款額等)e.g.levyafine[tax]onsb.向某人征收罰金[稅款]levyaransomonsb.向某人索取贖金UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

levy-----vt18Languagepoints

Advaloremduty 從價(jià)稅,是指按貨值征收的關(guān)稅。advalorem是拉丁語，意為inproportiontothevalue。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

Advaloremd19Languagepoints

specificduty從量稅，即按商品的數(shù)量或重量征稅。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

specificdut20Languagepoints

alternativeduty選擇稅,是指一種產(chǎn)品既可以征收從價(jià)稅又可以征收從量稅，要求按照稅額更多的稅種征收。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

alternative21Languagepoints

compoundduty復(fù)合關(guān)稅，即對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物同時(shí)征收從量稅和從價(jià)稅。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

compounddut22Languagepoints

intermsof

-----concerning,withregardto談及,關(guān)于,就…而言e.g.Itwasabadyearforfilms,intermsofbothquantityandquality.今年的電影無論從數(shù)量上還是質(zhì)量上都說不上好。Stayinguplatemakeshimathisworstintermsofphysicalsituation.熬夜使得他的體力狀況處于低潮。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

intermsof

23

Languagepoints

assess-----v.toestimatethequalityofsth.估定,評(píng)定e.g.It'sdifficulttoassesstheimpactofthePresident'sspeech.總統(tǒng)講話的巨大影響很難估計(jì).I'dassessyourchancesasextremelylow.我估計(jì)你成功的機(jī)會(huì)極微.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

assess--24Languagepoints

absolutequota絕對(duì)配額，是指在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)，對(duì)某些商品規(guī)定一個(gè)最高的進(jìn)口數(shù)量或金額，一旦達(dá)到這個(gè)最高數(shù)額就不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)口。絕對(duì)配額又分為兩種形式：其一，采取“全球配額”（globalquotas），它適用于來自任何國家或地區(qū)的商品。主管當(dāng)局按進(jìn)口商申請(qǐng)先后或按過去某一時(shí)期的進(jìn)口實(shí)績，批給一定的額度，直至總配額發(fā)放完畢為止；其二，采取“國別配額”（countryquotas），這是在總配額中按國別和地區(qū)分配配額。不同國家和地區(qū)如超過所規(guī)定的配額，就不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)口。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

absolutequo25Languagepoints

tariff-ratequota

關(guān)稅配額,是指對(duì)同一種商品設(shè)定相對(duì)高低不同的稅率,即在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)對(duì)預(yù)先規(guī)定的配額以內(nèi)的進(jìn)口商品征收較低關(guān)稅或者減免關(guān)稅,對(duì)超過配額部分則征收較高進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

tariff-rate26

Languagepoints

voluntaryexportrestraints(VERs) 自動(dòng)出口限制，又稱自愿出口限制或自動(dòng)出口配額制 (VoluntaryExportQuotas)，是指出口國家或地區(qū)在進(jìn)口國的要求或壓力下，自動(dòng)規(guī)定某一時(shí)期內(nèi)某些商品對(duì)該國出口的數(shù)量或金額的限制，在限定的配額內(nèi)自行控制出口，超過配額即禁止出口，屬于非關(guān)稅壁壘的一種措施?！白詣?dòng)出口限制”在形式上表現(xiàn)為自愿性，但在實(shí)質(zhì)上卻具有強(qiáng)制的性質(zhì)。進(jìn)口國往往以商品大量進(jìn)口使其有關(guān)工業(yè)受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，造成“市場混亂”為由，要求出口國實(shí)行有秩序的增長，自動(dòng)限制商品出口。因此，“自動(dòng)出口限制”往往是出口國在面臨進(jìn)口國采取報(bào)復(fù)性貿(mào)易措施的威脅時(shí)所作出的一種選擇。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

voluntary27

Languagepoints

safeguard-----v.toprotectorguardsb./sth.保護(hù)或保衛(wèi)某人或某事物e.g.Wehavefoundawayofsafeguardingourmoney.我們已有了保護(hù)錢財(cái)?shù)霓k法.TheBillofRightssafeguardsourindividualliberties.權(quán)力法案保護(hù)我們的個(gè)人自由。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

safeguard28Languagepoints

stipulate-----v.tostate(sth.)clearlyandfirmlyasarequirement講明,規(guī)定(某要求)e.g.Itwasstipulatedthatthegoodsshouldbedeliveredwithinthreedays.按規(guī)定貨物須在三日內(nèi)送交.TheConstitutionstipulatesthatwomenshallhaveequalrightswithmeninvotingandbeingelected.憲法規(guī)定婦女和男子一樣，有同等的選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

stipulate---29Languagepoints

subsidy貿(mào)易補(bǔ)貼，是指國家政府或者公共機(jī)構(gòu)采取直接或間接的方式向本國出口企業(yè)提供現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)貼、或者財(cái)政優(yōu)惠政策，以降低企業(yè)出口的成本從而提高競爭力。貿(mào)易補(bǔ)貼可以是直接的,也可以是間接的。直接貿(mào)易補(bǔ)貼簡單來說就是負(fù)稅，其后果與稅收正相反。間接貿(mào)易補(bǔ)貼則一般采取放寬信貸、廉價(jià)使用能源或免費(fèi)使用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等方式。補(bǔ)貼量可以與貿(mào)易量保持某一固定比例關(guān)系，稱為從量補(bǔ)貼；也可以與貿(mào)易值保持某一固定比例關(guān)系，稱為從價(jià)補(bǔ)貼。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

subsidy貿(mào)易30Languagepoints

comeintobeing------bebornorcomeintoexistence出現(xiàn)(存在,產(chǎn)生,形成,成立)e.g.Anewrulewillsooncomeintobeing.一個(gè)新規(guī)則很快就要出臺(tái)了。Acarcomesintobeingthroughaseriesofcomplexoperations.汽車經(jīng)過一連串的復(fù)雜作業(yè)程序而制成。

UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

comeintobe31Languagepoints

economicefficiency經(jīng)濟(jì)效率，也即資源配置效率，是指在經(jīng)濟(jì)資源稀缺的條件下，如何充分利用資源，使資源得到最有效合理的安排，以最少的資源投入取得最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，因此也可一般地稱為資源的利用效率。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

economiceff32I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.1. Whatisatariff?Andwhatcanitdo?Atariffisataxordutyleviedoncommoditieswhentheycrossnationalboundaries,normallyanimportduty,forthepurposeofraisingtheirsellingpriceintheimportingnation’smarkettoreducecompetitionagainstdomesticproducers.Itisthemostcommonmethodofrestrictingtrade.

ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti33I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.2. Whatarethewaysthatatariffcanbecalculated?Givebriefexplanationtoeachofthem.

Advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound.Anadvalorem,isfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods.Theymaybebased,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificdutyrelatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement.Analternativedutyiswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompounddutyisacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti34I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.3. WhatarethedifferencesbetweentariffbarriersandNTBs?Contrarytotariffdutieswhicharerelativelytransparent,non-tariffbarriersareoftenmorecomplexanddifficulttosniffandthereforeassessthantariffs.Furthermore,NTBscanhavemoretrade-restrictiveeffectsthantariffs.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti35I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.4. Whatarethetypesmentionedinthepassageconcerningquantitativerestrictions?Quotasandvoluntaryexportrestraints(VERs).ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti36I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.5.Howmanytypesofnon-quantitativerestrictionsaregenerallyclassifiedinto?Whatarethey?Allthedistinctformsmaygenerallybeclassifiedunderthreeprincipalheadings:(a)directgovernmentparticipationintrade,(b)customsandotheradministrativeprocedures,and(c)variousstandards.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti37II.Readthefollowingtermsandmatcheachwithitsproperdefinition.1.tradebarrier2.comparativeadvantage3.subsidy4.quota5.NTB6.voluntaryexportrestraints7.advaloremduty8.specificduty9.tariff10.tariff-ratequotasa.agrantpaidbyagovernmenttoanenterprisethatbenefitsthepublicb.taxfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoodsc.artificialrestraintonthefreeexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries,usuallyintheformoftariffs,subsidies,quotasorexchangecontrolsd.dutyortaxleviedonaspecificcommoditywhenitcrossesnationalboundariese.aproportionalshare,asofgoods,assignedtoagrouportoeachmemberofagroup;alimitationonimportsf.situationthatexistswhenacountrycanproduceagoodorserviceatmuchlowercostthananyothercountryg.arestrictionsetbyagovernmentonthequantityofgoodsthatcanbeexportedoutofacountryduringaspecifiedperiodoftimeh.non-TariffBarrieri.quotaspermittingastipulatedamountofgoodstoenterthenationduty-freeoratalowrate,whilechargingamuchhigherdutyforsubsequentimportationswhentheamountisreachedj.taxrelatingtolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonphysicalmeasurementsII.Readthefollowingtermsa381.c2.f3.a4.e5.h

6.g7.b8.j9.d10.i1.c2.f3.a4.e39III.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseAtariffmaybeoneofthefollowingfourkinds:advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound.Anadvalorem,mostcommonlyused,isfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods–forexample,10,20or25percent.Theymaybebase,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificdutyrelatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement—forexample,$25perpoundorperyard.Analternativedutyiswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompounddutyisacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone–forexample,10percentofvalueplus$1perkilogram.III.Translatethefollowingp40

關(guān)稅會(huì)以下列四種形式出現(xiàn)：從價(jià)稅，從量稅，選擇稅或復(fù)合關(guān)稅。最常使用的一種是從價(jià)稅，是以商品價(jià)格的百分比計(jì)算—例如10%，20%或25%。根據(jù)不同國家，它們不是以到達(dá)目的港的商品價(jià)格為依據(jù)，就是以原產(chǎn)國港口的貨物價(jià)格為依據(jù)。從量稅是根據(jù)商品的重量，數(shù)量，長度，體積或其他單位來征稅—例如，每磅或每碼25美元。選擇稅，是一種產(chǎn)品被規(guī)定既可以征收從價(jià)稅又可以征收從量稅，要求按照稅額更多的稅種征收。復(fù)合關(guān)稅，即對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物同時(shí)征收從量稅和從價(jià)稅—例如，征收商品價(jià)格的10%外加每千克1美元。Reference關(guān)稅會(huì)以下列四種形式出現(xiàn)：從價(jià)稅，從量稅，選擇稅或復(fù)41 IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.工會(huì)要求政府對(duì)外國小汽車施加貿(mào)易壁壘。Theunionhasaskedthegovernmenttoimposetradebarrieronforeigncars.Reference IV.Pleaseputthefollowing42IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.2. 貿(mào)易壁壘通常包括關(guān)稅壁壘和非關(guān)稅壁壘。

Tradebarriersusuallyconsistoftariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings43IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.3. 關(guān)稅下滑遍及全球，已由1940年的平均40%降至1990年的7%。

Tariffshavedeclinedworldwidefromanaverageof40%in1940to7%in1990.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings44IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.4. 世貿(mào)組織一直致力于消除貿(mào)易壁壘。

TheWTOhascontinuedtopushfortheeliminationoftradebarriers.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings45IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.5.我們應(yīng)該減少貿(mào)易壁壘，把雙方的經(jīng)貿(mào)合作提高到一個(gè)新的水平。

Weshouldreducetradebarriersandenhanceeconomicandtradecooperationtoanewlevel.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings46FastReadingI

BushAdministrationSeekstoLowerTradeBarriersWithLatinAmericaUPPREV.NEXTFastReadingIUPPREV.NEXT47

WASHINGTON-TheBushadministration'sdrivetoremovetradebarrierstoU.S.exportsisworkingandneedstobeexpandedwithanewfreetradeagreementwithsixLatinAmericancountries,CommerceSecretaryCarlosGutierrezsaidTuesday. OutliningPresidentBush'stradegoalsforhissecondterm,GutierrezsaidtheadministrationplannedtoturnitsattentiontowinningcongressionalapprovalfortheCentralAmericanFreeTradeAgreement.ItcoverstheCentralAmericannationsofCostaRica,ElSalvador,Guatemala,HondurasandNicaraguaaswellastheCaribbeannationoftheDominicanRepublic. "CAFTAwouldcreatethesecond-largestU.S.exportmarketinLatinAmerica,behindonlyMexico,andthe13thlargestU.S.exportmarketintheworld,"GutierreztoldtheWashingtonInternationalTradeAssociation.HesaidthemarketwouldbelargerthanAmerica'ssalestoRussia,IndiaandIndonesiacombined. WASHINGTON-TheBushad48 Gutierrezsaidthatwhile80percentofproductsfromthefiveCentralAmericannationsalreadycomeintotheUnitedStatesduty-freebecauseofvarioustradepreferenceprograms,U.S.exportersinmanycasesfacehightariffsontheirproducts. "Thisagreementlevelstherelationshipoutandgivesourcompaniesmuchbroaderaccesstothisvaluablemarket,"Gutierrezsaid,citingprivatestudiesthatestimatedthedealhasthepotentialofboostingU.S.manufacturedexportsby$3billionannuallyandincreasingU.S.farmexportsby$1.5billionperyear. HesaidafreetradeagreementwithChilehadboostedU.S.exportsby32percentinthefirstsixmonthsitwasineffectlastyear.Despitethosegains,theUnitedStatesranuparecordtradedeficitof$617billionlastyear,agapingimbalancethathasfueledprotectionistsentimentsinCongress. Gutierrezsaidthatwhil49 Askedaboutthesoaringtradedeficit,GutierrezsaidthattheproblemwassluggishgrowthinmajorU.S.tradingpartnerssuchasEuropeandJapan,whichdampensdemandforU.S.exports.Gutierrezsaidtheadministrationoverthenextfewmonthswould“payconsiderableattention”topromotingtheCAFTAdeal,whichhasbeencompletedsinceearlylastyearbuthasyettobebroughtupforavoteinCongress. DemocratsareunhappywiththedealbecausetheyclaimitdoesnotprovideenoughprotectionforAmericanworkersagainstcompetitionfromlow-wagecountrieswithlaxlaborandenvironmentalprotections. TheBushadministrationalsofacesoppositionfromDemocratsandRepublicanswhorepresenttextilemanufacturersandsugargrowers,whocontendthedealwouldseriouslyhurttheirsales. Askedaboutthesoaring50 Gutierrezsaidtheadministrationalsoplannedtopushaheadwithglobalnegotiationsbeingconductedbythe148-nationWorldTradeOrganizationtowrapuptheDohaRoundoftradetalks.Inthosediscussions,developingnationsarepressuringtheUnitedStatesandotherwealthycountriestoreducefarmsubsidiessothatfarmersinpoornationscanbettercompete. Gutierrezsaidtheadmin51I.DeterminewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext.Write“T”fortrueand“F”forfalseinthebrackets.1.()NowtheBushadministrationisremovingtradebarrierstoUSexports.2.()PresidentBushhaslongfocusedonwinningcongressionalapprovalfortheCAFTAinhisfirstterm.3.()AllthesalestoRussia,IndiaandIndonesiamaynotexceedthoseofthemarketCAFTAwouldcreate.4.()NeitheroftheexportersfromtheUSandthefivecentralAmericannationsischargedbyanyduty.5.()TheagreementwouldparticularlyboosttheUSexports.I.Determinewhetherthefollo521.T2.F3.T4.F5.T1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T53II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.1.Thepassagemaybea

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A.governmentbillB.presscoverageC.speechD.thesisII.Choosethebestanswerto54II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.2.

isthelargestUSexportmarketinLatinAmerica.A.CostaRicaB.GuatemalaC.NicaraguaD.MexicoII.Choosethebestanswerto55II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.3.WhatcanweinferabouttheprotectionistsinCongressfromthesentenceunderlinedinthepassage?A.Theyarefilledwithpleasure.B.Theyarefilledwithdepression.C.Theyarefilledwithanxiety.D.Theyarefilledwithanger.II.Choosethebestanswerto56II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisthemaincauseforthehightradedeficitoftheUS?

A.MajorUStradingpartnersdemandlessforUSproductsduetotheireconomicdepression.B.USexportsfacehightariffsontheirproducts.C.TheUShasn’tcreatedthelargestexportmarketinLatinAmerica.D.TheUSmanufacturerssufferfromahighlaborcost.II.Choosethebestanswerto57II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.5.TheBushadministrationmayfaceoppositionforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT

.A.notenoughprotectionforAmericanworkersB.notenoughenvironmentalprotectionsC.seriouslyhurtingthetextileandsugarsalesD.reducingfarmsubsidiesforfarmersinpoornationstobettercompeteII.Choosethebestanswerto58FastReadingIIEUProposesProtectionForPlasticBottleIndustryUPPREV.NEXTFastReadingIIUPPREV.NEXT59 BRUSSELS--TheEuropeanUnionwantstoimposenewtradebarriersonimportedplasticfromIran,PakistanandtheUnitedArabEmirates,sayingthecountriesillegallygiveaidtoexporterswhosupplyplasticforEurope'srapidlygrowingsoft-drinksmarket.TheEuropeanCommission-theEU'sexecutive-wantstoimposedutiesworthabout€140,€44and€42pertononimportsofplasticforbottlesandfoodpackagingfromIran,PakistanandtheUAErespectively,accordingtodocumentsseenbyReutersonMonday.TheproposalfollowsaninvestigationintoallegationsofillegalsubsidiesinthethreecountriesthatwasbroughtlastyearbyEuropeanplasticsmakerswhosayillegaltradepracticesaresqueezingthemoutofEurope'smarket."Inviewofthedefinitiveconclusionsreached...itisconsideredthatadefinitivecountervailingdutyshouldbeimposedonimportsoftheproductconcernedoriginatinginIran,PakistanandtheUnitedArabEmirates,"theCommissionsaidinconclusions. BRUSSELS--TheEuropean60 Europeangovernmentsarewidelyexpectedtobacktheplannextweek.Theblochastraditionallybeenunitedinitsoppositiontoillegalforeignstateaid,diplomatssay. Europeisamajormarketforplasticsexporters.Europeancitizensbuyoneinfiveofthehalftrillionplasticbottlessoldgloballyeachyear,aswellasasignificantportionoftheworld'sfoodwrapping,accordingtoindustryestimates. European