世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇-加速公平轉(zhuǎn)型：經(jīng)濟(jì)公平的框架（英）-2024.1

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4Cover:AboodiVesakaran,UnsplashContentsForeword341Introduction:Theclimate-inequalitynexus1.1Emissionsandinequality:Paralleltrends1.2Understandingthesocioeconomicimpactsofthegreentransition2Whatisanequitabletransition?4473AFrameworkforEvaluatingEconomicEquityoftheGreenTransition3.1Dimensionsoftheeconomicequity-greentransitionmatrix4Greentransition-economicequityintersections5Conclusion:CreatingapathtoanequitabletransitionAcknowledgements8913222324EndnotesDisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.The?ndings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinareasaresultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsmembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.?2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.AcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity2ForewordSaadiaZahidiRichLesserManagingDirector,WorldEconomicForumGlobalChair,BostonConsultingGroupAchimSteinerAdministrator,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme&Co-Chair,GlobalFutureCouncilonEconomicsofEquitableTransitionThegreentransition,drivenbyarisingurgencyofacceleratedclimateaction,isatransformativeeconomicshiftthatimpactstheproduction,distributionandconsumptionofgoodsandserviceswithfar-reachingandcompleximplicationsonequity,fairnessandjustice.Achievingnetzerowillencompassawiderangeofchanges:acleanenergysystem;thegreeningofagriculture,mobilityandheavyindustry;sustainablecitiesandinfrastructure;andthescaleupofcircularitymodels.Theperspectivesofferedinthispapertakeasteptowardsthisambition,offeringaframeworkforeconomicequitythatcategorizesthecostsandbene?tsofashifttoalow-carboneconomyforworkers,consumersandentrepreneurs.Byfocusingoneconomicequity,weaimtosurfacethedistributiveimpactsofclimatemitigationonpeopleandmobilizebusinessesandgovernmentstomaximizeopportunitiesandminimizerisks.Retoolingeconomicandbusinessstrategiestoplaceequityatthecentreofthegreentransitioncanhavefar-reachingimpactsinaworldofintegratedsupplychainsandincreasingpublic-privateinvestmentandcollaboration.Carefullymanagingtheeconomicsofanequitabletransition–puttingatthecentrethefairallocationofcostsandbene?tsandtheimpactonpeople–willultimatelydeterminethesuccessofthisunprecedentedtransformation.Thegreentransitionisalreadyimpactinglabourmarkets,shiftingrelativeandabsoluteprices,changingthelandscapeofbasicgoodsandservices,anddrawingnewdividesintheaccesstocapital,knowledgeandtechnology.ThisframeworkwillbeusedasastartingpointfortheWorldEconomicForum’s

EquitableTransitionInitiative,whichattemptstocreateaplatformtoconnectstakeholders,developinsightsandbuildconsensusonthenecessity,visionandorganizingprinciplesforanequitablegreentransition.Theinitiative’sambitionistoensurethattheshifttowardalow-carbonfutureplacespeople–togetherwiththeplanet–atthecentre.Whileeconomicequityisonlyoneaspectoffairness,itisdeeplyrelevanttothedailyexperiencesoflargepopulationsandanareaoffocuswhereaglobalcoalitionofgovernmentandbusinessleadersiswell-positionedtoaccelerateprogress.Theriskofthegreentransitionwideninginequalitiesisnotaperipheralconcern.Itissetagainstabackdropofwideninginequalitywithincountriesandstallingglobaleconomicconvergence,aswellasacost-of-livingcrisiscurrentlyfeltbymanypeoplearoundtheworld.Innoregionoftheworlddothebottom50%ofthepopulationownmorethan5%ofwealth,

norcontributeto1morethanaquarteroftheirregion’s

emissions.Yetclimatepoliciessuchascarbontaxesandef?cientequipmentmandatescanhaveadisproportionateimpactonlow-andmiddle-incomegroups,includinginadvancedeconomies.Thesocialandpoliticalsupportthatthetransitionrequirescannotbedevelopedandsustainedunlessfairnessisafoundationalprinciple.Climateactionthatexacerbatesinequalitiescangiverisetogeopoliticalandsocialfragmentation,whichmightimpactthecostandspeedofthegreentransition.We

aredeeplygratefultothepartnersandconstituentsoftheCentrefortheNewEconomyandSocietyfortheirleadershiponthesocioeconomicagenda,andparticularlytotheLaudesFoundationfortheircollaborationandsupporttothisinitiative,totheGlobalFutureCouncilontheFutureofEconomicsoftheEquitableTransitionforintellectualleadership,

andtotheBostonConsultingGroupteamfortheirdedicationtothistopic.AcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity3Introduction:Theclimate-inequalitynexus1Theinterplaybetweenclimatevulnerability,incomeandwealthmanifestsbetweenandwithincountries,intensifyingexistinginequalitiesandriskingtheemergenceofnewdivides.Over780millionpeoplegloballyarecurrentlyexposedtothecombinedriskHowever,

thecostsandresponsibilitiesofthesocioeconomictransformationthatacarbon-neutralfuturerequiresfallunevenlytoo–andtherami?cationsareincreasinglyevidentinthepoliticalandsocialpolarizationsurroundingclimatediscourseandaction.Thiscreatesastrongriskthatexistinginequalitiesmaybeampli?ed,ifnotaddressedactively.ofpovertyandserious?ooding.

Withinlow-and2middle-incomecountries,theincomelossesfromclimatehazardsofthebottom40%areestimatedtobe70%largerthantheaverage.

Theserious3consequencesofclimatechangeanditsunevenimpactsheightentheimperativetolimitglobaltemperatureto1.5°C.1.1

Emissionsandinequality:ParalleltrendsOverthepastfourdecades,therichest1%ofindividualscapturedmorethantwicetheworld’sthan40yearsago,

andasimilartrendisre?ected6ininequalityofper-capitaemissions,showingtheurgencytorealizeanequitabletransitionasmuchwithincountries,asitisbetweencountries.Figure2showsthat64%ofglobalinequalityinper-capitaemissiontodayisduetowithin-countrygaps.Theinversewastruein1990,whenbetween-countrydividesaccountedfor62%ofglobalcarbonincomegrowthcomparedtothepoorest50%.

This4divergenceparallelsinequityincarbonemissions:Since1990,thetop1%ofemittershavebeenresponsiblefor23%ofglobalgrowthincarbonemissions,whilethebottom50%havebeenresponsibleforonly16%.

Thosebetweenthe75th5andthe95thpercentileoftheemissionsdistributionhaveseentheirper-capitaemissionlevelsdropoverthepast30yearsbyratesofupto15%.Thisgroupoverlapslargelywiththelow-incomeandmiddleclassesinrichcountries,whohaveseentheirincomesharesstagnateorevendecreaseinthepast30years(Figure1).inequality.7To

buildthesocialandpoliticalcapitalrequiredtoprogressonthegreentransition,afocusonfairnessinthedistributionofcostsandbene?tsarisingfromthetransitionisanecessity.

Ascountriesembarkonthegreentransitionatthespeedandscalerequired,itisonlyviableifinequalityiscurtailed,andmoreambitiously,reducedthroughit.Today,

within-countryincomeinequalitiesexplainasigni?cantlylargerpartofglobalincomeinequalities1.2

Understandingthesocioeconomicimpactsofthegreen

transitionThroughoutmodernhistory,nocountryhasgreentransitionentailsharnessingcleanerformsofenergyanddecouplingeconomicgrowthfromenergyconsumptionandemissions.However,giventhecomplexlinkagesbetweentheenergysystemandtheeconomy,thegreentransitionisnotcon?nedsolelytotheboundariesoftheenergysystem.Rather,

itencompassesthemeansofachievedeconomicgrowthwithoutincreasingitsenergyconsumption.Energyisthelifebloodofthemoderneconomy,anenablerofmodernlife,andhaspoweredtechnologicalprogressoverthepasttwocenturies.Astheenvironmentalconsequencesofthisenergy-fuelledgrowthbecomeapparent,theAcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity4FIGURE1

Emissionsgrowthbypercentiles,1990-2019Thebottom50%isresponsiblefor16%ofemissionsgrowthThetop1%isresponsiblefor23%ofemissionsgrowth100%Riseintop1%emissionsfromallcountries50%Riseofemergingcountries0%Degrowthoflowerandmiddleclassemissionsinrichcountries-50%01020304050607080909999.999.991%lowestemittersGlobalemittergroup0.001%highestemittersSourceChancel,

2022.FIGURE2

GlobalEmissionsInequality:betweenvs.withincountry,

1990-2019706560551990:62%ofglobalcarboninequalityisduetobetween-countryinequality2019:64%ofglobalcarboninequalityisduetowithin-countryinequality50454035301990199520002005201020152019BetweencountryWithincountrySourceChancel,

2022.AcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity5industrialproduction,modesoftransportation,urbanization,consumptionhabitsandtherethinkingofthefutureoflow-carbongrowth.nearterm,evenasrenewableenergyholdsthepromiseofcheaperlocalizedenergyinthelongterm.Theimpactshereinarefeltbyindividuals,businessesandpolicy-makersalike.Despitestrongprogressonuniversalaccesstoelectricity,recenttrendsindicatethatthecriticalmilestoneofuniversalaccessby2030,asendorsedbytheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),willbemissed.10

ThisislargelyduetodisruptionsfollowingtheCOVID-19pandemicandsubsequentmacroeconomicvolatility.Between2019and2022,forexample,manyAfricanutilitiesborethecostofkeepingenergyaffordableforusers,contributingtohighdebtlevelsandconstrainingthe?nancialresourcesavailabletoexpandaccesstoenergy.11Theconstrained?scalspaceinmanylow-andmiddle-incomecountrieselevatestheemphasison?nancingwhile,inparallel,evidencesthebene?tstobederivedfromstrengtheninglocalcapacitythroughaneffectivediffusionoftechnologyandknow-how.Astheurgencyofanacceleratedgreentransitionrises,it’s

imperativetounderstandandaddresstheinherenteconomiccostsandbene?tsthatwillasymmetricallyimpactdifferentsegmentsofsociety.Considertheimpactonworkers.Over50%ofseniorexecutivesgloballybelievethattheclimateandgreentransitionswillbekeydriversofjobcreationinthenext?veyears.

Availableestimates8quantifythenet-positiveimpactofthegreeneconomyonthelabourmarkettobeapproximately25millionadditionaljobsglobally.Whilethatbreaksdownto103millionnewjobscreated,itmeans78millionworkerswilllosetheirjobsby2030.

The9impactongreenjobsunfoldsagainstabackdropofbroaderlabour-markettransformations,drivenbychangesintechnologyandavolatileeconomicoutlook.Thecombinedeffectsofthesedisruptionsleadtoanestimatedoneinfourjobsbeingaffectedglobally,boththroughgrowthanddecline,and44%ofworkers’coreskillsexpectedtochangeinthenext?veyears.Ifprinciplesofequityareembeddedintoglobaldecarbonizationplansandimplementation,globalleaderscancreateopportunitiesforworkers,consumersandentrepreneurs,andensureafairerdistributionofthecostslinkedtothegreentransition,ultimatelybuildingbroadersupportforclimateactionaroundtheworld.Inadditiontolabour-marketdislocations,pricevolatilitiesorcostoflivingimplicationsofthetransitioncanlimittheaccesstoenergyandaffordabilityofbasicgoodsandservicesintheImagecredit:MarkusSpiske,UnsplashAcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity6Whatisanequitabletransition?2Equity,inclusivityandjusticeintheclimatetransitionhavealongpoliticalhistory,shapedsincethe1970sbytheeffortsoflabourunionstoachievejusticeforworkerswhilerespondingtoenvironmentalconcerns.12

Sincethen,therehasbeenabroaderemphasisondialogueandengagementwithkeystakeholdergroupsbeyondworkersanddecentjobs.Forexample,therehasbeenanincreasingfocusoncommunities(e.g.lossofland,culturalcapital),onhumanrights(e.g.useofchildlabourincobaltmining)andbroaderstakeholderengagement(e.g.representationandinclusivityindecision-making).–Leavenoonebehindanddrivesharedprosperity.

Theremustbeequitableoutcomesacrossallstakeholdergroupsinboththeaccesstoanddistributionofbene?tsandcosts,takingintoaccountthatcurrentsocioeconomicsystemsbene?tsomegroupsoverothers.Despitemultipleeffortstode?nea“just”and“equitable”transition,thereisnotyetaunifyingde?nitionofwhatthismeansorasharedunderstandingofhowtoachieveitinpractice.Thispapercontributestothisdiscussion,developingaframeworkfor“economicequity.”EconomicequityconsidersthefairnessinThefollowingprinciplesarecommonacrossambitionsforajustandequitabletransition:distributingthecostsandbene?tsofthemitigationactionsarisingfromtheshifttoalow-carboneconomy.Itisonedimensionamongotheraspectsoffairnessandcanbebrokendowninto?vekeyareas,including:employmentandjobtransitions,affordabilityofproductsandservices,accessibilityofproductsandservices,accessto?nancingandinvestments,andaccesstocapacity.Withinthesedimensions,thispaperwillhighlighttheimpactsofclimatemitigationactionsonpeople,inparticular,thefollowingkeystakeholdergroups:workers,entrepreneursandconsumers.–Alow-carboneconomythatthriveswithinplanetaryboundaries.Itisimperativetorecognizetheurgencyofaligningtotargetstoreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionstonetzeroby2050whileensuringthateconomiesinallpartsoftheworldcangrowandprosper.–Aninclusivepath.Allstakeholdergroupsmusthaveavoiceandrolethroughoutthetransitionprocess;theprocessisasimportantastheoutcome.Imagecredit:SpencerScottPugh,UnsplashAcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity7A

Framework

for

EvaluatingEconomicEquityoftheGreen

Transition3To

putpeople,togetherwithplanet,atthedimensionscanbeconsideredinrelationtotheeconomicdimensionsofequity.centreofthetransitionrequiresacomprehensiveunderstandingofwherethemitigationactionsofthegreentransitionmightresultininequityonthelivesofpeople,whetherasworkers,entrepreneursorconsumers.To

revealwhereandhowinequalitiescanmanifestacrosslenses,thegreentransitionThefollowingsectionoutlinestheproposedgreentransitionandeconomicequitydimensions,highlightingthoseareaswiththebroadestapplicabilityacrossgeographies.FIGURE3

De?ningtheGreenTransition

DimensionsGreenTransition

DimensionsTransitioningawayfromfossilfuelsReductionsincoal,oil,gas(includingextraction,pipeline,re?neries,power)Scalinguplow-carbonenergysourcesIncreaseinsolar,

wind,hydropower,

greenhydrogen,nuclearpowerandassociatedimpactsonsupplychain(includinggreenmetalsandbatteries)GreeningtransportationandmobilityTransformingofshipping,aviation,othervehiclesincludingSAF,

EVsandchangesinthemixoftransportandmobilityservices(e.g.,increaseduseofpublictransportandsoftmobility)GreeningagricutureandfoodproductionIncreaseinsustainableandregenerativefarmingpractices,developmentoffoodtechnologiesandchangesinconsumerspreferencesGreeningheavyindustryIncreaseinsustainableproductionpracticesofhardtoabatesectors(e.g.,steel,cement,chemicals)GreeninginfrastructureandbuiltenvironmentIncreaseinsustainablebuildingspractices,includingretro?tting,newbuildingmaterialsandchangesinconsumers’behavioursMovingtoacirculareconomyIncreaseinadoptionofsustainableproductionpracticesaimingtoreduce,reuseandrecyclenecessarymaterialsNoteSAF

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transportation,

steel,chemicals.AcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity83.1

Dimensionsoftheeconomicequity-greentransitionmatrixThegreen-transitiondimensionsaresevenhigh-emittingandmajorsegmentsoftheeconomythatrequiretransformationtoachievecarbonneutrality.towardsustainablepracticesforbothnewbuildingconstructionandtheretro?ttingofexistingstructures.Theformerincludestheuseofenergy-ef?cientmaterials,greenarchitectureandtechnologieslikesolarpanels,heat-pumpsandgreenroofstoreduceenergyconsumptionandlessenenvironmentalimpact.Thelatter,meanwhile,involvesupgradessuchasimprovedinsulationandenergy-ef?cientwindows.–Transitioningawayfromfossilfuels.Re?ectsthereductioninfossil-fuelextractionactivities,includingtheminingofcoalanddrillingforoilandgas.Italsoencompassesthescalingdownofinfrastructuresuchaspipelines,whichtransportoilandgasoverlongdistances,andre?neries,wherecrudeoilisprocessedintousablefuels.Thescopefurtherextendstoincludetheshiftingimpactsinthepowersector,notablyareductioninthedependenceonfossilfuelsforelectricityproduction.Thisdimensionalsoencompasseschangingconsumptionpatterns,forexamplereducedrelianceonheatingandcoolingsystems.–Movingtoacirculareconomy.

Comprisestheincreasedadoptionofsustainableproductionpracticesaimingtoreduce,reuseandrecyclenecessarymaterials.Intextilemanufacturing,forexample,thiscanincludetheuseofeco-friendlymaterials,thereductionofwasteandashiftawayfromsingle-useandnon-recyclableitems(especiallyplastics).–Scalinguplow-carbonenergysources.Encompassestheincreaseduseofrenewableandlow-carbonenergysourcesincludingsolar,wind,hydropower,

greenhydrogenandnuclearpower.

Italsoincludestheassociatedimpactsonsupplychains,particularlyintheminingandproductionofrawmaterialssuchascobalt,copperandrareearthelementsusedinthemanufactureoflow-carbontechnologiesandbatteriesforrenewableenergystorage.Economicequityconsidersthefairnessindistributingthecostsandbene?tsofthemitigationactionsarisingfromtheshifttoalow-carboneconomy.Thisframeworkincludes?veeconomicequitydimensionsandconsiderstheimpactsonkeystakeholdergroupsincludingworkers,entrepreneursandconsumers.–Greeningtransportationandmobility.Capturesthetransformativeshiftacrossvariousmodesoftransport.Thisincludestheadoptionofcleanerfuelssuchasinshippingandaviation(forexample,SustainableAviationFuel[SAF]),thewidespreadadoptionofelectricvehicles,thebroadelectri?cationoftransportationsystems,thegreeningoftransportcompanies(suchaslogisticsanddeliverycompanies)andtheshifttomoresustainablemobilitymodels,forexample,supportingtheexpansionofpublictransport.–Employmentandjobtransition.Placesemphasisonworkersindecliningindustriesandvaluechainsthatneedtomovetonewsectors.Thisdimensionisbothconcernedwithsupportforjobtransitionsviasocialprotectionandreskilling,aswellasjobqualityingrowingoccupations.Evenincountrieswithadvancedsocial–GreeningofAgricultureandFoodprotectionandactivelabour-marketsystems,transitionfrombrowntogreenindustriesProduction.Considerstheshifttowardssustainableandregenerativefarmingpracticesthatprioritizefactorssuchassoilhealth,waterconservationandcroprotationtoensurelong-termsustainabilityoftheland.Thescopealsoincludesthedevelopmentandgrowingconsumptionofplant-basedmeatalternatives,organicofferingsandmoresustainablyproducedfoods,butalsothereductioninlivestockfarming.remainsdif?cult.UsingdatafromtheEULabourForceSurveys,ithasbeenestimatedthat,acrossthemostadvancedcountriesinEurope,onlyoneworkeroutoffourwhohadlostajobinabrownsectorfoundanewoccupationinagreenindustryoneyearlater.

Inaddition,while35%ofthemwerestillunemployedoneyearlater,

approximately20%movedintoinnon-greenindustries,15%wentintoretirementandonly5%wereintraining.13

Thishighlightstheneedforsocialprotectionandacceleratedinvestmentsinskillsdevelopmentforeffectivejobtransitions.Moreover,

relativetojobsinthefossil-fuelindustry,jobsintherenewableenergysectorcanoffershortercontractdurations,14inpartre?ectingthesector’s

needformoreworkersattheinfrastructure-heavyonsetandfewerformaintenance.Thewagedifferentialbetweensectorscanfurtherinhibittransfers,––GreeningofHeavyIndustry(Steel,Cement,Chemicals).Re?ectstheshifttowardsustainableproductionpracticeswithintraditionallyhard-to-abateindustriesthroughtheadoptionofinnovativetechnologiesandprocesses.Greeningofinfrastructureandbuiltenvironment.EncompassesthemovementAcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity9FIGURE4

De?ningtheEconomicEquityDimensionsEconomicEquityDimensionsEmploymentandjobtransitionAbilitytonavigatejoblosswithadequatesocialprotection,supportforreskilling,andtohaveaccesstogoodworkinnewandexistingvaluechains.AffordabilityofgoodsandservicesAbilitytopurchaserelevantproductsandservices(e.g.,impactofshort-termpricehikes)andgreenalternatives.AccessibilityofgoodsandservicesAvailabilityandabilitytouserelevantproductsandservicesaswellasgreenalternatives.Abilitytoaccess?nanceandinvestmentstotransitionintoandoutofindustries/sectors.Accessto?nancingandinvestmentsAccesstocapacityAbilitytoaccessknowledge,technologyandotherresourcestocreateanduserelevantproductsandservices.againevidencingtheemphasisonjobqualityasakeyenablerforjobtransitions.Indevelopingeconomies,jobsinrenewableenergyareinsomecasesprimarilyintheinformaleconomy.15This,therefore,reiteratesthenecessityfornewgreenjobstounlockaleapforwardinequity,expandingtheglobalshareofworkerswithaccesstogoodworkwheresecurityandfairwagesareagiven.UnitedStates,27%ofhouseholdspendinginthepoorestincomequintilegoestofood,comparedwith7%amongtherichestincomequintile.Thiscanimpactconsumerchoices–inarecentstudyonconsumerbehaviour,52-65%citedpricingasakeybarriertosustainablepurchases,particularlyacrossgroceries,electricityandcars.17–Accessibilityofgoodsandservices.Linkedtoandreinforcedbyaffordability,relatestotheavailabilityofrelevantgoodsandservicesacrossvariousgeographiesandcommunities,andthereachofcomplementaryservicesandinfrastructurenecessarytooperatethem.–Affordabilityofgoodsandservices.Recognizesthattheeconomictransformationrequiredforthegreentransitioncanimposelong-termshiftsincosts,near-termpricehikesandmarketvolatility.Affordabilityis,?rstly,aprioritywithrespecttobasicgoodsandservicesimpactedbythewidermacroeconomiccontextandthenextendstoincludeproductsmoredirectlylinkedwithgreening(e.g.retro?tsinresidentialhomes).Thisdimensionthereforealsoconsidersthepolicyinstrumentsthatcanimpactaffordability(e.g.carbontaxes,directcashtransfers).Whileworldwideaccesstoelectricityhassteadilyincreasedoverthepastdecades,from75%oftheglobalpopulationin1999to91%in2021,approximatelyhalfofthepopulationinSub-SaharanAfricaremainedunconnectedtotheelectricitygridinthesameyear.18

IntheEuropeanUnion,only40%ofthepopulationisconnectedtothegasgrid.19Currentenergyconsumptiontrendsmirrortheexistingeconomicinequalities,withthetop10%ofglobalenergyconsumersusing30timesmoreenergythanthebottom10%.20Lackofinfrastructureisnottheonlyconstrainttoaccesstogoodsandservices.Onlyhalfoftheurbanpopulationaroundtheworldhasaccesstosomeformofpublictransportservices,andabout11%hasconvenientaccessIncreasesinthecostofgoods(e.g.asaresultofcarbontaxes),includingsustainablealternatives,cansigni?cantlyimpactpoorercountriesandhouseholds.Forexample,foodexpenditurecantake,onaverage,upto44%oftheconsumptionbasketinlow-incomecountriescomparedto28%inemergingmarketeconomiesand16%inadvancedeconomies.16Thedisparityholdswithincountries:intheAcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity

10tohigh-capacitytransportsystems.21

Thesedividesoftencompoundeachotherandleadtoincreasedcostsandexclusionascountriesmovetheirenergyandtransportsystemstowardslow-carbonmodels.–Accesstocapacity:Includesaccesstoknowledge,technologyandnaturalresources,andconsiderseachofthesecomponentsincombination(e.g.thenexusofknowledgeandtechnologyasexpressedthroughcapacityforinnovationandintellectualpropertydevelopment).–Accessto?nancingandinvestments.Recognizesthesizeableincreasein?nancialcapitalrequiredtofacilitatethegreentransitionandfocusesonitsdistribution,withinandbetweencountries.Thisdimensionisalsoconcernedwiththepolicyinstrumentsthataffect?nancing,includingtheuseoftaxesandsubsidies.Fivecountries–Japan,UnitedStates,RepublicofKorea,GermanyandChina–accountedfor85%ofallgreenpatentsheldbyindustrial?rmsin2022.24

Innovationinthisregardopensmarketsandopportunitiesbut,intheabsenceofopposingpolicymeasures,favourstheproprietors.Theeffectsofinequityincapacityareevidentinpriortransitions