閱讀理解說明文導學案-高考英語二輪復習

高考閱讀理解說明文導學案學習目標：宏觀層面了解高考閱讀理解說明文的語篇結(jié)構(gòu),能借助說明文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)更準確地解題；微觀層面提升語義邏輯分析能力，提高答題正確率；增強對說明文的解題信心。近三年新課標1卷閱讀理解說明文概況試卷名稱篇目主題語境話題說明對象2023年新課標Ⅰ卷C人與自我數(shù)字極簡生活方式新理論D人與社會群體智慧效應研究報告2022年新課標Ⅰ卷B人與社會零廢棄的生活方式社會現(xiàn)象C人與社會關(guān)愛老人新做法D人與社會人類語音發(fā)展與農(nóng)業(yè)之間的關(guān)系研究報告2021年新課標Ⅰ卷C人與自然野生動物保護美國聯(lián)邦鴨票計劃新事物D人與社會情商研究報告二、命題依據(jù)《新課程標準》課程類別語篇類型內(nèi)容要求必修1.對話、訪談;2.記敘文，如:個人故章、人物介紹、短篇小說、童話、劇本等;3.說明文，如:地點、事物、產(chǎn)品介紹等;4.應用文，如:日記、私人信件、簡歷、宣傳冊、問卷等;5.新聞報道，如:簡訊、專題報道等;6.新媒體語篇，如:一般網(wǎng)絡信息、電子郵件、短信等;7.其他語篇類型，如:目錄或指南，表格與圖示，日程表，告示牌，地圖和圖例，菜單和烹飪食譜，規(guī)則，操作指令，天氣預報，歌曲和詩歌等。選擇性必修1.專題討論、講座、報告等:2.記敘文，如小說、科幻故事、幽默故事等;3.議論文，如:論說文、評論等;4.說明文，如:現(xiàn)象說明、事例闡釋等;5.應用文，如:正式書信等:6.新媒體語篇，如:博客、知識類或科普類等網(wǎng)頁:7.其他語篇類型，如:散文、戲劇、寓言、影視、笑話、廣告等。選修（提高類）1.專題講座、演講、辯論等;2.記敘文，如:文學名著、名人傳記等:3.議論文，如:報刊社論、專欄文章、書評、影評或?qū)W術(shù)論文摘要等;4.說明文，如:機構(gòu)介紹、科技成果介紹、操作指南、使用手冊等;5.應用類正式文體，如:提議、建議、工作計劃、議事日程等;6.其他語篇類型，如:專題類文章、科研和學術(shù)報告等。三、說明文典型語篇結(jié)構(gòu)四、說明文常用語篇模式1.GeneralSpecificpattern（概括具體型）2.ProblemSolutionPattern(問題解決型)五、說明文常見說明方法1.分類法(byclassification)2.比較法(byparison)3.舉例法(byexample)4.程序法(byprocess)5.因果法(bycauseandeffect)6.定義法(bydefinition)7.時序法(byfollowingtheorderoftime)8.重要性法(byimportance)9.引入數(shù)據(jù)或研究(byusingdataormentioningsomestudies)10.描述法(bydescription)11.解釋法(byexplanation)12.作引用(byquoting)、13.作假設(bymakingassumptions)14......14......Activity1.Activity1TolearnandunderstandTask1.Payattentiontosometypicalwordsandsummarizethemainideaofeachparagraph2023新高考I卷D①OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathasetobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.②Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.③ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.④Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.Para1:Afinding:___________Para2:____________oftheeffectPara3:____________Para4:____________Task2.Summarizethetextstructureandlocatetheanswertoeachtask.Para.4:Para.2:__________oftheeffectPara.3:Para.Para.4:Para.2:__________oftheeffectPara.3:Para.1:Afinding:_______________34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?32.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.31.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Whatdidthefollowupstudyfocuson?Task3.Analyzethekeyinformationandfinishthetasks1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmall B．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotmunicate D．estimateswerenotfullyindependent3.Whatdidthefollowupstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups. B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess. D．Theindividualestimates.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.Activity2.ToapplyandtopracticeTask1.Readthetextquicklyandgraspthetextstructure(2022年全國新高考Ⅱ卷·D)Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbeedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(無氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhighintensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50yearoldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30or35yearoldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70yearoldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.Task2.Locatetheanswerandfinishthefollowingtasks.1.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.2.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.3.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middleagedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.Highintensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.4.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.Activity3.SelfevaluationItemsGoodAverageNeedImprovementIcanidentifythetypicalwordsanalyzethetextstructure.Icanlocatetheanswerswiththehelpofthekeywordsandtextstructure.Icananalyzethekeyinformationandgettherighanswers.Activity4.Homework(2020年全國新高考I卷·D)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingpanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）,it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly（表面上）participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe’remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingto