Unit2SportsCultureGrammarandusage課件高中英語譯林版（2020）選擇性

Unit2SportscultureGrammarandusageNicolewroteablogpostaboutthecityhalf-marathonshetookpartin.Findthesentencesthatusethepassivevoiceinthepastcontinuousandpastperfecttensesandfillinthetablebelow.PassivevoiceinthepastcontinuoustensePassivevoiceinthepastperfecttense...Ireflectedonwhathadjustbeenachieved.ExploringtherulesPassivevoiceinthepastcontinuoustense...acityhalf-marathonwasbeingorganizedtohelp......eventhoughmylimitswerebeingtestedlikeneverbefore.Passivevoiceinthepastperfecttense...Ireflectedonwhathadjustbeenachieved....alotofmoneyhadbeenraisedforcharity.WorkingouttherulesThepassivevoiceinthepastcontinuoustenseisusedtorefertoanactionbeingdoneataspecifictimeinthepast.Theverbformis“_________________________”.Thepassivevoiceinthepastperfecttenseisusedtoexpressanactioncompletedbeforeapastaction.Theverbformis“______________________”.was/werebeing+過去分詞hadbeen+過去分詞被動語態(tài)英語中的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。以下幾種情況常用被動語態(tài)：①不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者；②沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者；③為了強調(diào)動作的承受者。注意：不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，但許多由“不及物動詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的動詞短語相當(dāng)于及物動詞，因而可以有被動語態(tài)?；緯r態(tài)被動語態(tài)①一般現(xiàn)在時②一般過去時③一般將來時④現(xiàn)在進行時⑤過去進行時⑥現(xiàn)在完成時⑦過去完成時⑧過去將來時各種時態(tài)的基本形式(以肯定式動詞do為例):do/doesdidwill/shalldoam/is/aredoingwas/weredoinghas/havedonehaddonewould/shoulddoam/is/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedoneam/is/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdonehas/havebeendonehadbeendonewould/shouldbedone八大時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)：1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(am/is/aredone)TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears.2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(was/weredone)The2018OlympicGameswereheldinBeijing.3.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(shall/willbedone)The2024OlympicGameswillbeheldinParis.4.過去將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(should/wouldbedone)Thenewswouldbesenttohimassoonasitarrived.5.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(has/havebeendone)Theoldruleshavebeendoneawaywith（廢除）byus.6.過去完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(hadbeendone)BySeptember2nd,75goldmedalshadbeenachievedbyChineseathlesinTokyoParalympicGames.7.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(am/is/arebeingdone)TheTokyoParalympicGamesisbeingheldnow.8.過去進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：(was/werebeingdone)AboxinggamewasbeingheldwhenIarrived.過去完成時的被動語態(tài)過去進行時的被動語態(tài)過去進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was/werebeingdone基本用法：1.過去進行時的被動語態(tài)表示在過去某一時間某事正在被做。?Hehurriedhome,neveroncelookingbacktoseeifhewasbeingfollowed.他匆匆趕回家，一次也沒有回頭看看是否有人跟蹤他。?Thefarmersaidtheywerebeingtrappedinthesnowstormthen.這位農(nóng)民說他們當(dāng)時正被困在暴風(fēng)雪中。過去完成時的被動語態(tài)過去完成時表示在過去某一時刻或某一動作之前發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語為謂語動詞動作的承受者，并且該動作發(fā)生在過去的某一時刻或某一動作之前時，謂語動詞應(yīng)用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。構(gòu)成：肯定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+hadbeendone+其他成分否定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+hadnotbeendone+其他成分疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：Had+主語+beendone+其他成分?Bythetimetheteachercamein,thefirstexperimenthadbeendone.老師進來的時候，第一個實驗已經(jīng)完成了。?Theclassroomhadn'tbeencleanedbeforetheteachercame.老師來之前教室還沒有打掃。?Hadthenewplanbeendiscussedbeforethemeetingstarted?會議開始前討論過這個新計劃嗎？用法（1）在told，said，knew，heard，thought等動詞后的賓語從句中，表示從句中的動作已被做完，用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。?Theysaidtheproductioncostshadbeenreduced.他們說生產(chǎn)成本已經(jīng)降低了。（2）當(dāng)bythetime，before，until，when等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語是一般過去時，或在by和before后接表示過去的時間，且主句謂語表示的動作在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)被完成，用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。?Bythetimehegottotheschool,thefirstperiodhadbeenfinished.他到學(xué)校時，第一節(jié)課已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。?Howmanybuildingshadbeendestroyedwhenthehurricaneended?颶風(fēng)結(jié)束時有多少建筑物被毀？（3）在“Itwasthefirst/second/...time+that從句”句型中，當(dāng)從句主語為動作的承受者時，從句用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)，表示“……第幾次被……”。?Itwasthefirsttimethathehadeverbeenawarded.這是他第一次獲獎。（4）在虛擬條件句中，表示與過去事實相反，當(dāng)主語是動作的承受者時，用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。?IftheAIrobothadbeeninventedearlier,theproductionefficiencywouldhavebeenimproved.如果早一些發(fā)明人工智能機器人,生產(chǎn)效率就會提高了。（5）在“Hardly/Scarcelyhad...when...”和“Nosoonerhad…than…”句型中，當(dāng)主句主語是動作的承受者時，主句用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)，表示“一……就……”。?Hardlyhadthefrontdoorbeenopenedwhenwecouldsmellthegas.一打開前門，我們就聞到了煤氣的味道。被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題①“一感覺(feel)”、“兩聽(hear,listento)”、“三使(make,let,have)”、“四看(see,watch,look,notice)”等動詞在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中要跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，但在被動語態(tài)中to不可省去。Bettyisoftenseentohelp

theoldmanwithhishousework.②后跟雙賓語的動詞在被動語態(tài)中，如果把主動句的直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，則間接賓語前常常要加介詞to或for。常接to的動詞有g(shù)ive,tell,lend,show,pass,hand等；常接for的動詞有buy,get等。Aspecialpresentwasgivento

meonmybirthday.Aspecialpresentwasboughtfor

meonmybirthday.③短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語動詞的介詞或副詞，也不能將其拆開。Mygrandpaistakengoodcareof

inthehospital.不用被動語態(tài)的情況①不及物動詞或短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如rise,fail,hap-pen,last,breakout,cometrue,takeplace,belongto等。e.g.Oilprices

haverisen

sharplyinrecentweeks.②系動詞無被動語態(tài)，如appear,be,become,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。e.g.Thefriedchicken

stayedfreshandcrisp.主動形式表示被動意義①某些不及物動詞（其主語大都指物），如smell,taste,sound,prove,lock,shut,open,read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,cook等，常用主動形式表達被動意義。Thedoor

won’tshut.Thepoemreads

smoothly.②在need,require,worth后用動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義。Thebath

neededrepairing=Thebathneededtoberepaired.

③toblame（責(zé)備）用主動形式表示被動意義。Ithinkitisyouwho

aretoblameforthisaccident.

Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.1.Itwasanamazingachievementforaplayerwho_________________(injure)sorecently.2.Theswimmingpool_________________(clean)thoroughlythedaybeforethecompetitionbegan.3.Hefeltthathistalents_________________(waste)asabasketballplayerandwaseagerforachange.4.Tomwastoldthathisteammatewontheracewhilehe_________________(treat)bytheteamdoctor.5.Photosoftheriders_________________(take)beforetheygotontheirhorses.hadbeeninjuredhadbeencleaned/wascleanedwerebeingwastedwasbeingtreatedhadbeentakenJessicagaveanaccountofherexperienceasavolunteeratthecityhalf-marathon.Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsintheboxbelow.maketrainblowplacecarrycheermaketrainblowplacecarrycheerBythetimeCathyandI,togetherwithothervolunteersforthecityhalf-marathon,arrivedat4:30a.m.,tables(1)_________________onbothsidesoftheroad.Bottlesofwaterandpapercups(2)_________________todifferenttables,soCathyandIimmediatelywenttohelp.Then,wetookourplaceatthetableandquicklystartedtoarrangethebottlesandcupssothattheylookedlikeanarmyofsoldiersstandinginlineforinspection.Itookastepback,andlookedatthescenewithsatisfaction.Forthepreviouscoupleofweeks,I(3)_________________onhowtobeavolunteerforthehalf-marathon.Idecidedtovolunteerforthisyear’shalf-marathonafterthechairmanoftheorganizingcommitteevisitedmyschool.Weweretoldthatthecompetitorswouldberaisingmoneyforcharity,andwhileIdidn’tfeelthatIhadastrongconstitutiontorunthatfar,Ithoughtthenextbestthingwouldbetohe