美國(guó)文學(xué)之《論自助》Unit-3-Self-Reliance市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省賽課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

IIOBJECTIVES:A)ReviewEmersonianTranscendentalismandAmericanPuritanismB)ThethemeofSelf-RelianceC)ThemainideaofSelf-RelianceD)Studyanddiscussionofkeypoints

ITOPIC:Self-Reliance1/23

Topic1―ReviewEmersonianTranscendentalism

andAmericanPuritanism

1.Keywords:over-soul,individualmanandnature.2.

Keywords:theologicalfoundation,styleoflife.2/23

Topic2―ThethemeofSelf-RelianceKeywords:

Fierceindividualism;Dignity3/23Topic2―ThethemeofSelf-Reliance

Thetheme:Thisessayfocusesonhisdiscussionontheindividual’srelationwithhisculture—cultureinthebroadestdefinition,thusexploringtheimplicationsofthefierceindividualismattheheartofhisTranscendentalfaith：thedignity,theultimatesanctityofeachhumanbeing.4/23Topic3―Themainidea

Keywords:

ConfidenceTheIndependenceThePersonalityNoSympathy5/23

Topic4―Studyanddiscussionofkeypoints

OnConfidence:

Thesoulisnotraveller;thewisemanstaysathome.

（P969—TheNortonAnthology）

Keywords:asenseofself-culture;themissionaryofwisdomandvirtue.

6/23

AccordingtoEmerson,amanisinwantofasenseofself-culture.Inmanlyhours,heshouldfeelthatdutyishisplace.Onanyoccasionheisathomestill,andshallmakemensensiblebytheexpressionofhiscountenance,thathegoesthemissionaryofwisdomandvirtue.7/23

Timeandspacearebutphysiologicalcolorswhichtheeyemakes,butthesoulislight;whereitis,isday;whereitwas,isnight.

（P964—TheNortonAnthology）

Keywords:asimplemindissimple;adivinewisdom;theworshipofthepast.8/23

InEmerson’sopinion,wheneveramindissimple,andreceivesadivinewisdom,oldthingspassaway.Andthesimplemindlivesnow,andabsorbspastandfutureintothepresenthour.ItshowsthatEmersonrejectedtheworshipofthepast.

9/23

Amanshouldlearntodetectandwatchthegleamoflightwhichflashesacrosshismindfromwithin,morethanthelustreofthefirmamentofbardsandsages.

（P956—TheNortonAnthology）Keywords:yourprivateheart;allformsofimitation;authorities;thespiritofself-trust10/23ForEmerson,tobelieveyourownthought,tobelievethatwhatistrueforyourprivateheartistrueforallmen.Speakyourlatentconviction,anditshouldbetheuniversalsense.Yetamandismisseswithoutnoticehisthought,becauseitishis.Ineveryworkofgeniuswerecognizeourownrejectedthoughts.Emersoncriticizedallformsofimitation,rejectedanyauthoritiesandopposedallself-abasedpeople.Hethoughtthattheconfidencewasaveryimportantvirtue.ThephilosophicalideahaditsspecialpowerandenlightenedmanypeopleandcateredtothespiritofoptimisminAmericaatthattime.

11/23OnIndependence:

Thegreatmanishewhointhemidstofthecrowdkeepswithperfectsweetnesstheindependenceofsolitude.（P21）WhatImustdoisallthatconcernsme,notwhatthepeoplethink.(P21)Tobegreatistobemisunderstood.（P22）

Keywords:nottobeinfluencedbytheothers12/23

Emersonthoughtthatthepeopleshouldn’tbeinfluencedbytheothers.Eachoneisthefirstwhoknowshimselfmuch.Itisknownthattheonlyrightistoconformtotheman’sownwill,namely,theonlywrongthingiswhatisagainsthisownwill.Emersonsupportedthatthepeopleinsistoncarryingthemselvesinthefaceofallopposition.Thetrueself-independenceisvoidofother’sencouragement;prizeisjustasanauxiliaryfunctionforachievements.Thetrueself-independentmanisonewhostillstandsfirmlywhenallpeoplefallover,andwhohimselfplaysthemajorroleinhisworld.Emersonpointedoutthatitwaseasytoliveaftertheworld’sopinion.Mostpeopleprefertothisindailylives.Butagreatmanalwaysseparateshimselffromthecrowds.

13/23

Theotherterrorthatscaresusfromself-trustisourconsistency;areverenceforourpastactorword,becausetheeyesofothershavenootherdataforcomputingourorbitthanourpastacts,andweareloathtodisappointthem.（P22）Keywords:environment;innovation14/23

Manypeopleareeasilyinfluencedbyenvironment.Emersonsharplyopposedthisideaandthoughtthemanshouldcultivatethepersonalityofself-independence.Indeed,alargenumberofpersonsalwayscopewiththeirlivesinthesameway,becausetheyareafraidofbeingdefeatedby

newmethods.However,theylackinnovation,whichmakesthemlackindependence.Becauseoftheirconsistency,itisverydifficultforthemtomakeprogressorstrideinlife.Independenceisestablishedonthebasisofcontinuousnewprogress.Therefore,thespiritofinnovationcanstrengthenself-reliance.AccordingtoEmerson’swords,thesocietyrefusesthepersonswithoutself-reliance.Noonecanhelpthemanexcepthimself.Thoseindependentpeoplecanstandeasilyandstably.Independenceisanindispensablequalityforone’ssuccess.Emersonpointedoutthatthemanwithoutanyindependentideaisdifficulttoconducthimself.Therefore,itisverynecessarytoformthehabitofself-reliance.

15/23AccordingtoEmerson’swords,thesocietyrefusesthepersonswithoutself-reliance.Noonecanhelpthemanexcepthimself.Thoseindependentpeoplecanstandeasilyandstably.Independenceisanindispensablequalityforone’ssuccess.Emersonpointedoutthatthemanwithoutanyindependentideaisdifficulttoconducthimself.Therefore,itisverynecessarytoformthehabitofself-reliance.16/23OnPersonality:

Nolawcanbesacredtomebutthatofmynature.Goodandbadarebutnamesveryreadilytransferabletothatorthis;theonlyrightiswhatisaftermyconstitution,theonlywrongwhatisagainstit.Amanistocarryhimselfinthepresenceofallopposition,asifeverythingweretitularandephemeralbuthe.（P20）

Letusneverbowandapologizemore.Agreatmaniscomingtoeatatmyhouse,Idonotwishtopleasehim;Iwishthatheshouldwishtopleaseme.”(P23)Keywords:

ownwill;ownworth;innerpower

17/23

Emersonadvocatedthatamanshoulddoeverythingaccordingtohisownwill.Thisthoughtiscloselyrelatedwiththeideaofconfidence.Aconfidentmanistheonewhoalwayskeepshisownpersonality.

Nowadays,manypeopletendtochasefashionandimitatestars.Somepeoplelovethestars’charactersdeeplyandevenwanttobestars.Infact,thesepeopleareexcellentinmanyaspects,buttheyneverlookfortheirmeritscarefully.Wemaysaythateachmanisdifferent,andeachmanhashisownworthintheworld.Itisuselesstoimitateanyone.

18/23NoSympathy:

Yourgoodnessmusthavesomeedgetoit,—elseitisnone.（P20）Thyloveafarisspiteathome.（P20）Theirvirtuesarepenances.

（P20）Keywords:thepoormind;harm;fullidea;emptyidea;noinnovative;atool19/23

Thispointofviewshowsthatifthesepoorpeopleareself-supported,theirlivingconditionswouldbebetter.Helpingthiskindofpeopleistodoharmtothemandmakethemmoreandmorepoor.Thereisapopularsaying:“Ifone’spocketisempty,butideaisfull,that’stemporary;onthecontrary,ifone’spocketisfull,butideaisempty，that’salsotemporary”.Atmosttime,thepoorlackindependentconducts,optimisticattitudes,andadventurousspirits.Theyhavenoinnovativeabilities,becausetheyneverthinkthattheyshouldchallengelifeandmakeprogress.Therefore,inmanyaspects,thepoorlagsfarbehindthesociety.FromEmerson’sopinion,hedefinitelyrejectedtohelpthiskindofpeople.20/23However,sometimesthesituationisdifferent,justasEmersonsaid“ThereisaclassofpersonstowhombyallspiritualaffinityIamboughtandsold;forthemIwillgotoprison.”(P20).Thesekindsofpeoplearepoorinpocket,buttheyarefullofideasinmind.T