中式英語之鑒第十二部分省公開課一等獎全國示范課微課金獎課件

TheTranslator’sGuidetoChinglish

ΧΙΙ.LogicalConnectives制作人：李潔宋錦霞李雨涵劉天鳳劉思雨1/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本

Wetalkedmanyaboutunnecessarywordsandsentencestructurebefore.Then,let’sthinksomethingaboutthelogicalconnectives.Alogicalconnective(alsocalledalogicaloperator)isasymbolorwordusedtoconnecttwoormoresentences(ofeitheraformaloranaturallanguage)inagrammaticallyvalidway,suchthatthesenseofthecompoundsentenceproduceddependsonlyontheoriginalsentences.2/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本W(wǎng)earegoingtoanalyzeitinthefollowingaspects:ExamplesoflogicalconnectivesTypesoflogicalconnectivesExamplesofmissinglinksDubiouslogicalconnectivesWronglogicalconnectivesExamplesofrevision3/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ExamplesoflogicalconnectivesInthispart,wearegoingtotalkaboutsomeexamplestoshowhowthelogicalconnectivesmakethetextsufficientandeasiertounderstand.4/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Examples

oflogicalconnectives

Sentencecomposedofmorethanasingleindependentclauserequiresaconjunction.E.g.Forty-twothousandrefugeeswillbeshortoffoodinthecomingmonths,and3000housesneedtoberestored.(joinedbycoordinatingconjunction)SincemostofHunan’scoalminesarelocatedinremote,hillyland,theprovincehasencouragedlaid-offworkerstheretoswitchtoagriculturetoearnaliving.(joinedbysubordinatingconjunction)5/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ExamplesoflogicalconnectivesTwosentencesneededtobeconnectedlogicallyrequirecoordinatingconjunctions.E.g.Luo’sartisbasedontraditionaltechniques,

but

hedoesnotallowhimselftoberestrictedbytradition.(twoindependentclauses)Luo’sartisbasedontraditionaltechniques.Buthedoesnotallowhimselftoberestrictedbytradition.(twosentences)6/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ExamplesoflogicalconnectivesThelogicallinkcanbeadverbs.E.g.Zinssergoesontociteothershortadverbsthatareequallyefficientatconveyingcomplexmeaning:“‘InsteadItookthetrain.’‘Still

Ihadtoadmirehim.’‘ThusIlearnedhowtosmoke.’‘Itwasthereforeeasytomeethim.’‘MeanwhileIhadtalkedtojohn.’”andhegratefullyconcludes,“whatavastamountofhuffingandpuffingthesepivotalverbssave!”7/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本AnexampleofadverbsusedinChinesepublications:InnewChina,menandwomen–especiallywomen,whosufferedmostfromfeudaloppression–havegainedfreedomofmarriageandequalrights.Thus,inournewsocietytheyaretakingagreaterpartinallkindsofpoliticalactivitiesandinallfieldsofconstruction.8/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ExamplesoflogicalconnectivesThelogicallinkcanbeadverbsphrases.E.g.Accordingtolocalstatistics,theprovincenowhasgreenareasaveraging3.2squaremetersperperson.Inaddition,there29scenicspotsandnaturereserves,coveringatotalareaof3088squarekilometers.9/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本TheproblemofChinesetranslatorsisthatrunninglessriskofsprinklingatextwithtoomany“however”sand“moreover”sthanoffailingtoinsertenoughofconjunctionstoprovidecoherence.10/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本TypesoflogicalconnectivesClassifiedaccordingtothedifferentrelations,theyhavefollowingcategories:additionoramplification:and,moreover,inadditioncontrastoropposition:but,onthecontrary,insteadcauseoreffect:because,thus,hencesimilarity:likewise,similarly,inthesameway11/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本purpose:inorderthat,tothisend,forthispurposetimesequence:after,then,meanwhilelogicalsequence:inthefirstplace,next,finallyIllustration:forinstance,asanexample,specificallyconcession:granted,tobesure,ofcourseintensification:indeed,infact,surelyrestatement:thisis,inotherwords,ashasbeensaidconclusion:tosumup,inshort,inconclusion12/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本W(wǎng)hatwesaidisonlyalittleofthelogicalconnectives.Inordertoestablishtheprincipleofwhenandwhytheyrequired,wehavetoconsidersomeexamplesofeachofthem,andtrytousethemcorrectly.13/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ExamplesofmissinglinksThispartwillconcentrateonsomeexamplesaboutmissinglinksinChinesewriters’writings.Lackingtheselinks,ourwritingscannotachievearticulation,coherenceandcannotbewellunderstoodbyreaders.WeChinesewritersshouldpaymoreattentiononthecommonbutimportantlinks.Andtheexampleswillfocusonthreeaspects:additionoramplification;contrastandopposition;causeoreffect.14/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本AdditionoramplificationE.g.AsforChinese,inthestageofstrategicdefensive,theKuomintangtroopsstagedoneretreatafteranotherinfront-linebattlefields.Althoughthepeople’santi-Japaneseforceshadexpanded,theywerefarfrombeingabletocarryoutastrategiccounter-offensive;beforetheywerereadytothattheywouldstillhavealong,hardstruggletogothrough.15/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本AdditionoramplificationAnalysis:Thepassagecontainstwosentences,andtheyholdthatinthestageofstrategicdefensive,theChineseforceisweak.ThefirstsentencetalksabouttheKuomintangtroops;thesecondonethepeople’santi-Japaneseforces.Thetwosentenceshavedifferentsubjectivebuttheyserveonetopic--theChineseforce.Theyarecoordinatelyconnected,andshouldhavelinkbetweenthemtomaketheparagraphmorecoherentandnatural.16/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本AdditionoramplificationRevisedversion:AsforChinese,inthestageofstrategicdefensive,theKuomintangtroopsstagedoneretreatafteranotherinfront-linebattlefields.AndAlthoughthepeople’santi-Japaneseforceshadexpanded,theywerefarfrombeingabletocarryoutastrategiccounter-offensive;beforetheywerereadytothattheywouldstillhavealong,hardstruggletogothrough.17/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本AdditionoramplificationAndtheconnectingwordsusedthispartcanbe:“and”,“also”,“too”,“moreover”,“besides”,“furthermore”andetc.18/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ContrastoroppositionE.g.Duringthesixmonths,becausetheBritishsidestucktoitspositiononthequestionofsovereigntyoverHongKong,therewasnoprogressinthenegotiations.InMarch1983Mrs.ThatcherwrotetotheChinesePremierpromisingthatatacertainstageshewouldproposetotheBritishParliamentthatsovereigntyoverallofHongKongbereturnedtoChina.19/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ContrastoroppositionAnalysis:Inthisparagraph,thefirstsentencestatesthat“…therewasnoprogressinthenegotiations.”Butthenextsentencestatesthat“…Mrs.ThatcherwrotetotheChinesePremierpromising…”Asthereisnolinkbetweentwosentences,readerswillbeeasilymisledbytheauthorandconsiderthatthelatteroneistheexplanationtotheformer.Andafterreadingthewholesentencecantheyjustfindoutthemeaningoftheparagraph.Sothereshouldbealinktoshowthecontrast.20/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ContrastoroppositionRevisedversion:Duringthesixmonths,becausetheBritishsidestucktoitspositiononthequestionofsovereigntyoverHongKong,therewasnoprogressinthenegotiations.InMarch1983,however,Mrs.ThatcherwrotetotheChinesePremierpromisingthatatacertainstageshewouldproposetotheBritishParliamentthatsovereigntyoverallofHongKongbereturnedtoChina.21/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ContrastoroppositionAndtheconnectingwordsusedthispartcanbe:“but”,“yet”,“although”,“however”,“nevertheless”,“ontheotherhand”,“inspiteof”,etc.22/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本CauseoreffectE.g.Privateschoolsareindifficultynowbecausetheycannolongerrelyonwarlordsandbureaucrat-capitalistsforfinancialresourcesastheyusedto.Theirschoolfarmlandwasdistributedtopeasantsduringtheagrarianreform.Thegovernmentshouldshowconcernforthesedifficulties.23/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本CauseoreffectAnalysis:Thisparagraphcontainsthreesentences:thefirstoneexplains“theschool’sdifficulty”;thesecondoneseemstobeareasonofthe“difficulty”too;andthethirdoneseemslikeaconclusion.Sothereisambiguitybetweenthefirstandthesecondsentence—theyarebothexplanationstothe“difficulty”,howeverthereisnoclearlinkbetweenthem.Ifcombinethefirsttwosentenceandthereforethelastsentencewillbetheconclusion,theparagraphwillbebetterlogic-organized.Andreaderscanseeaclearerstructureandgetthemeaningfromtheauthor.24/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本CauseoreffectRevisedversion:Privateschoolsareindifficultynowbecausetheycannolongerrelyonwarlordsandbureaucrat-capitalistsforfinancialresources,andbecausetheirschoolfarmlandwasdistributedtopeasantsduringtheagrarianreform.Thegovernmentshouldshowconcernforthesedifficulties.25/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本CauseoreffectAndtheconnectingwordsusedthispartcanbe:“because”,“since”,“sothat”,“asaresult”,“forthisreason”,“therefore”,“accordingly”,etc.26/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本ConclusionWhenwearewriting,weshouldhavethe“reader’ssense”,whichmeansthatweshouldcheckourwordsiftheycanbewellunderstoodbyreaders.So,weshouldpaymuchattentiontomakeourlogicclearandthereforeachievearticulation,coherence.Duringwritingpractices,wecannotignorethecommonwords,suchaswhathasbeenmentioned“thus”,“and”,whichwillplayaimportantroleinagreatpieceofwork.27/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Dubiouslogicalconnectives28/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Twofrequentlyusedconnectivesthatmeritparticularattention:

WhileandWithReason:Theyareoftenvagueandambiguous.29/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本W(wǎng)hile——asubordinatingconjunction1.Primarymeaning:atthesametimeasExample:WhileMotherreadtheletteraloud,thefamilylistenedinsilence.Analysis:Inthissentence,“while”means“duringthetimethat”.2.“While”usedtorepresentacontrastwithoutanyreferencetotime,whichrefersto“although”or“whereas”.Example1:Whileeveryonewasastonishedbythenews,noonesaidaworduntilshehadfinished.analysis:“while”=“although”

30/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Example2:Notallthelistenershadthesamereaction.ThechildrenweredelightedattheprospectofmeetingtheirTaiwancousinsatlast,whileGrandfathermaintainedafrostyreserve.Analysis:“while”=“whereas”=“but,bycontrast.”·ATTENTION“While”shouldnotbeusedfor“although”or“whereas”ifitsmeaningisambiguous.Example:Thevisitorswereofferedteainthecourtyard,whiledinnerwasservedindoor.Analysis:inthissentence,readersmayhavedifficultiestotellimmediatelywhether“while”refersto“whereas”or“atthesametimeas”.31/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本3.“While”shouldnotbeusedmerelyasanelegantsubstituteforaplain“and”.Example:Asheturnedthepagesofthealbum,Grandfathertookakeeninterestinthephotographsofhisbrotherandsister-in-law,whilethewholefamilyeagerlyexaminedthepictureofTaipei.Analysis:“while”=“and,”whichshouldreplaceit.32/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本#Exampleof“while”thathaveappearedintheworkofChinesetranslators:1.“while”——“atthesametimeas”Example:Whenthecongressopened,theleaderofthecommunistpartyorganizationinGuangdongwereinfavorofattackingtheRightwingoftheKuomintang,isolatingthemiddle-of–the-roadersandexpandingtheLeftwing,whilepreparingtorepelChiang’sattack.33/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本2.“While”——ambiguousExample:Allofuslackexperienceindiplomacy,weshouldcarryforwarddemocracy.ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiang,themastermind.Whilesolicitingeverybody'sopinion,weshouldstresscentralism.Effortsmustbemadetomakedemocracyprevailinourembassies.Stressonlyoncentralismwithoutdemocracywillleadtobureaucracy.Advocatingdemocracycanhelpusgetridofbureaucracy.Analysis:在上面例子中，我們不清楚while表示意思是atthesametimeas還是although,因為，這么表示實在是太含糊了。而且最終三句話之間有什么邏輯關系也讓人費解。34/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Revision：Sincenoneofusexperiencedindiplomacy,weshouldcultivatedemocracy.Astheoldsayinggoes,“ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedmatchZhugeLiang,themastermind.Ofcourse,whileitisnecessarytosoliciteverybody‘sopinion,weshouldstresscentralism.Butwemustestablishdemocracyinourembassies.Stressingcentralismtotheneglectofdemocracywillleadtobureaucracy,whilepromotingdemocracycanhelpusgetridofit.Intherevision,thefirst“while”refersto“although”;thefollowingsentenceswereareturntothemainpointpresentedatthebeginning;thesecond“while”plainlymeant“whereas”.35/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本W(wǎng)ith——aprepositionTherearemanyusesof“with”thatisentirelylegitimate,andfollowingaresomerelationsthat“with”canexpress:1.Accompaniment:hewentwiththechildrentoseetheirteacher2.Agency:withanailandsometwineshewasabletorepairthelatch3.Characterization:thegirlwithmostcouragespokeupfirst4.Manner:withdoggedpersistence,theytrudgedonthroughthesnow5.Possession:themanwiththekeyisnothereTheseusesof“with”maketheconnectionclearandspecific.36/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本However,whenitcomingtoavaguesensewhichgivesnopreciseindicationoftherelationbetweenthetwoelementitjoins,troublesarises.Example：With

therapidincreaseofautomobileproduction

andimportstartingfromtheearly1980s,ChenwaspromotedasthedirectorofthenewlyformedAutomotiveOfficeintheMinistry.Analysis:The“with”suggeststhatChenwaspromotedbecauseoftheincreaseofautomobileproduction.Butthatisbynomeansclear,anditisnotlogicalatall:someoneelsemighthavebeenappointedjustaswell,forthesamereason.Thetrueconnectionwassimplyoneoftiming.Revision:Whentheproductionandimportofautomobilesbegantoincreaseintheearly1980s,ChenwaspromotedtothepostofthenewlyformedAutomotiveOfficeintheMinistry.37/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本W(wǎng)rongLogicalConnectives

Itisnecessarytouselogicalconnectives,butsometimesatranslatorrecognizestheneedforaconnectiveinEnglishbutsuppliesthewrongone.38/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Thefirstmistakeistoputawordindicatingadditionoramplificationwherethesensedemandsoneexpressingcontrastoropposition.Usually,heputsan“and”oran“also”whererequiresa“but”ora“however”.Forexample:Inoursystem,thepublicsectoristhemajorsectoroftheeconomyandtherearealsoothersectors.Inoursystem,thepublicsectoristhemajorsectoroftheeconomybuttherearealsoothersectors.39/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本It’sobviousthatthesecondsentenceisbetterthanthefirstbecausethereneedsawordtoexpresstheideathatinoursystem,thepublicsectoristhemajorsectoroftheeconomybutitisnottheonlyone.Anda“but”isbetterthana“and”toexpressthetransitionrelations.40/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Thesecondmistakeistoputawordindicatingcontrastoroppositionwherethesensedemandsoneexpressingadditionoramplification.Forexample:Inmostofthesenewareaslastautumn’spublicgrain,whichconstitutesthegreaterpartofnationalrevenue,wascollectedonlyinJanuaryandFebruaryofthisyear.However,inmanylocalitiesithasnotyetbeencollected;taxcollectioninnewlyliberatedareashasnotbeenorganizedveryquickly.41/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Thefirstsentencetellsreadersthatinmostofthenewlyliberatedareasthereisaproblem;thesecondsaysthatinsomeareastheproblemisevenmoreserious.Thus,thesecondidea,insteadofcontrastingthefirst,as“however”indicates,expandsuponit.Sothesentenceshouldbe:Inmostofthesenewareaslastautumn’spublicgrain,whichconstitutesthegreaterpartofnationalrevenue,wascollectedonlyinJanuaryandFebruaryofthisyear.And,inmanylocalitiesithasnotyetbeencollected;taxcollectioninnewlyliberatedareashasnotbeenorganizedveryquickly.42/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Thethirdisthewronguseof“and”and“or”.Forexample:“l(fā)owtemperatureandearlyfrosts”shouldbechangedinto“l(fā)owtemperatureorearlyfrosts”becausetwodidnotnecessarilycoincide.“thenationalbourgeoisieadoptedtheneutralandsympatheticandevencooperativeattitudetowardrevolution”shouldbechangedinto“thenationalbourgeoisieadoptedtheneutral,sympathetic,orevencooperativeattitudetowardrevolution”becausetherearethreedifferentattitudes.43/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Conclusion:ForChinesetranslators,realizingtheimportanceofusinglogicalconnectivesrightlyisimportant.Thenaccordingtotheauthor,thereisnorulestoavoidthesemistakes,sothebestwayistopayattentiontotheconnectivesweuse,andbeforewechooseone,givesomethoughttothelogicalrelationbetweentheideasweareexpressing.44/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本Examplesofrevision45/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本1）A：Weholdcountlessmeetings，andourarticlesandspeechesaretoolongandtoorepetitious，inbothcontentandlanguage.Reiterationinspeechisneeded，butonemustbeconcise.B：Weholdcountlessmeetings，andourarticlesandspeechesaretoolongandtoorepetitious，inbothcontentandlanguage.Ofcourse，somewordshavetoberepeated，butweshouldtrytobeconcise.46/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本[-InthefirstsentencethespeakertellsPartyleadersthatwhentheyspeakorwritetheyaretoorepetitive.Inthesecondheconcedesthatrepetitionissometimesnecessarybuturgesthemtotrytoreduceit.-Thisnotion（“Igrantthat…,but…”）wasonlyimpliedinthedraftversion.Intherevisionitwasmadeexplicitbythephrase“Ofcourse”meaning“ofcourse，Iknowthat…”-（Review：Toeliminateaformidableabstractnoun，thereviserchanged“reiterationisneeded”totheplain-Englishconstruction“somewordshavetoberepeated”）]47/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本2）A：They[localgovernments]bearfullresponsibilityforcollectingpublicgrainandtaxes，forstoringandtransportinggrain，andforsupervisingthelocalenterpriseandhelpingthemcarryoutthetakesassignedbytheparentministries.Iflocalgovernmentsdonothelpinthisconnection，itwillbeimpossiblefortheseenterprisetofulfilltheirtasksaccordingtoplan.B:Theybearfullresponsibilityforcollectingpublicgrainandtaxes，forstoringandtransportinggrain，andforsupervisingthelocalenterpriseandhelpingthemcarryoutthetakesassignedbytheparentministries.Indeed,withoutsuchassistancefromlocalgovernments，itwillbeimpossiblefortheseenterprisetofulfilltheirtasksaccordingtoplan.[-Thesecondsentenceaddedanideathatnotonlysupportsbutintensifiesthefirst.Thesequenceofideasis：（1）localgovernmentshavecertainresponsibilitiesthattheymustfulfill；（2）itisabsolutelyessentialforthemtofulfillthoseresponsibilities，becauseotherwise…-Intherevisionthisreinforcementwasneatlyindicatedby“Indeed”]48/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本3）A：Wecan’texpecttoparticipateinmanyeventsinthenextOlympicGamesin1956.Sixyearslater，by1960，manytopathleteswillemergeifoursportsactivitiesareundertakenalongthecorrectpath.B:Wecan’texpecttoparticipateinmanyeventsinthenextOlympicGamesin1956.Butby1960，sixyearsfromnow，manytopathleteswillemergeifoursportsprogramiscarriedoutcorrectly.[-“Later”canbeausefulconnectiveindicatingatimesequence，buthereitisthewrongoneandthereforeconfusing.Comingafterthereferenceto1956，“sixyearslater”means1962，not1960.Thespeaker，whomadethisremarkin1954，meant“sixyearsfromnow”.Thechangewasmadeintherevision.-Withthiscorrection，thetwoideaswereclearenough，buttheyweresimply“l(fā)aidsidebyside”withoutanyapparentlogicalconnection.Evenaninattentivereaderwouldfeelthatsomethingwasmissing.- Intherevision“But”wasinsertedasalinkshowingthatthesecondideawasincontrasttothefirst.]49/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本4）A：TheChineseCommunistPartyputforwardaproposalthatweshouldestablishanewChinawhichwouldbe，inthewordsofMaoZedong,“independent，free，democratic，united，prosperous，andpowerful.”WhiletheChiangKai-shekcliquestucktothepointthattheChinesesocietyshouldstillbekeptinasemi-feudal，semi-colonialstatus，undertheruleofthebiglandlordsandthebigbourgeoisie…B:TheCommunistPartywasproposingtheestablishmentofanewchinathatwouldbe，inthewordsofMaoZedong,“independent，free，democratic，united，prosperous，andpowerful.”TheChiangKai-shekclique，ontheotherhand，wasinsistingontheperpetuationoftheoldChina—semi-feudal，semi-colonialstatus，ruledbythebiglandlordsandthebigbourgeoisie…50/56點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本點擊添加文本[-“While”isasubordinatingconjunctionthatintroducesasasubordinate（dependent）clause.Bydefinition，suchaclau