中國流感疫苗預(yù)防接種技術(shù)指南（2022-2023）

1中國流感疫苗預(yù)防接種技術(shù)指南（2022-2023）一、病原學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、臨床特點(diǎn)和實驗室診斷 8二、流行病學(xué) 9（一）傳染源、傳播方式、易感人群 9（二）流行病學(xué)參數(shù) 9（三）流感在我國的流行特點(diǎn)和季節(jié)性 10（四）疾病負(fù)擔(dān) 11 112.經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和健康效用 19（五）流感的預(yù)防治療措施 20三、流感疫苗 21（一）國內(nèi)外上市的流感疫苗 21（二）免疫原性、效力和效果 22 22 24 25 30 326.慢性基礎(chǔ)性疾病患者 332 34（三）免疫持久性 35（四）安全性 36（五）疫苗成本效果、成本效益 39（六）流感疫苗與其他疫苗或藥物的同時使用 40四、2022-2023年度接種建議 44（一）抗原組份 45（二）疫苗種類及適用年齡組 45（三）建議優(yōu)先接種人群 45 462.大型活動參加人員和保障人員 463.養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)、長期護(hù)理機(jī)構(gòu)、福利院等人群聚集場所脆弱人群及員工 464.重點(diǎn)場所人群 465.其他流感高風(fēng)險人群 46（1）60歲及以上的居家老年人 47（2）6~23月齡的嬰幼兒 47（3）2~5歲兒童 47（4）罹患一種或多種慢性病者 47（5）6月齡以下嬰兒的家庭成員和看護(hù)人員 47（6）孕婦 47（四）接種劑次 483（五）接種時機(jī) 48（六）接種部位及方法 48（七）疫苗儲存 49（八）接種禁忌 49（九）與其他疫苗同時接種和藥物對疫苗的影響 50（十）接種注意事項 51（十一）接種記錄及評估 5145678流感感染主要以發(fā)熱、頭痛、肌痛和全身不適起病，體溫可達(dá)91.潛伏期：指感染者從暴露感染到出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀和體征的間隔2.排毒期：是指感染者首次排出病毒核酸到末次排出病毒核酸3.代間距：是指原發(fā)病例的發(fā)病日期與其傳染導(dǎo)致的續(xù)發(fā)病例一項在連續(xù)兩個流行季評估流感續(xù)發(fā)率的研究綜合發(fā)現(xiàn)在乙型流感一項研究對我國2005-2016年度乙型流感流行特征進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析部分年份，乙型流感的流行強(qiáng)度高于甲型，且B/Yamagata系和[29]4.3%~12.0%不同人群感染率（包 產(chǎn)、胎兒死亡、小于胎齡、低出生體重的影響未見統(tǒng)計學(xué)顯著性[45]。19流行季兒童和成人流感感染率的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，兒童季節(jié)性流感總體以下兒童開展的流感相關(guān)呼吸系統(tǒng)感染疾病負(fù)擔(dān)系統(tǒng)綜述模型研究提示[57]：2018年全球5歲以下兒童約有10950萬（不確定區(qū)間以學(xué)校為基礎(chǔ)的流感疫情暴發(fā)往往早于并加劇季節(jié)性和大流行性流發(fā)現(xiàn)，因流感樣癥狀缺勤人天數(shù)占總因病缺勤人天數(shù)的17.29帶病工作可能會增加醫(yī)務(wù)人員將流感傳染給其他醫(yī)務(wù)人員及患者的湖北荊州基于人群的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，≥65歲老年人中確診流感導(dǎo)致的老年人罹患流感后易出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥，重癥和死亡風(fēng)險較高。示，65歲及以上老人流感相關(guān)全死因超額死亡率為154.1/10萬2.經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和健康效用市地區(qū)病例經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)高于農(nóng)村地區(qū)[105]；患有慢性基礎(chǔ)性疾病的流感患者其門診和住院費(fèi)均高于無基礎(chǔ)性疾病的流感患者[107]；未接種流康效用值介于0.50~0.70之間，住院病例沒有接種疫苗或接種疫苗后尚未獲得免疫能力的重癥流感高危人群免疫原性（Immunogenicity）是指幾何平均效價（GMT）平均增長倍數(shù)和血清抗體保護(hù)率均達(dá)到上述段人群，結(jié)果顯示四價滅活亞單位疫苗安全性和免疫原性非劣效于不同型別和亞型的流感的預(yù)防效果有明顯差異，其中B型為54%類型/亞型流感高于任一季節(jié)未接種疫苗，兩個季節(jié)接種疫苗對于H1N1和乙型流感提供的保護(hù)效果優(yōu)于只在前一季接（H1N1）pdm09亞型的住院治療預(yù)防效果最高為68.7%（95%CI：行了總結(jié)[136-138]，發(fā)現(xiàn)與接種安慰劑組（生理鹽水）相比，接種IIV3一個月后A（H1N1）pdm09、A（H3N2）、B（Victoria）抗體滴度比基線分別增加9.4、6.0和9.6倍，抗體陽轉(zhuǎn)率分別為77.0%、64.8%和84.5%，血清抗體保護(hù)率分別為93%、83%和91%。法接種流感疫苗的新生兒免于罹患流感[13婦接種IIV3可以預(yù)防實驗室確診流感，保護(hù)效果點(diǎn)估計值為44%~種流感疫苗對6月齡以下嬰兒實驗室確診的流感相關(guān)住院的保護(hù)率種流感疫苗其嬰兒體內(nèi)的抗體滴度會更高[148]。多國的回顧性隊列觀齡兒童的實驗室確診流感的總體保護(hù)效果為54%（95%CI：37%~對于共享的A型毒株（A/H1N1和A/H3N2）和相應(yīng)的B型毒株IIV4，結(jié)果顯示流感疫苗對確診流感住院總的保護(hù)效果為65.6%了適當(dāng)干預(yù)措施或者對某些危險因素管控從而在特定人群中避免疾一項關(guān)于流感疫苗對實驗室確診的兒童流感相關(guān)住院的疫苗保（95%CI：30.1%~55.7%滅活疫苗對兒童流感相關(guān)住院的保護(hù)效的一項基于家庭的隨機(jī)對照研究探索了兒童接種流感疫苗對于家庭CI：27.6%~80.6%對A（H3N2）亞型流感的效力為63.3開展基于學(xué)校的流感疫苗接種可有效減少學(xué)齡兒童流感感染的流感疫苗大規(guī)模集中接種仍可使流感集中發(fā)熱疫情的發(fā)生風(fēng)險大幅種流感疫苗預(yù)防因流感導(dǎo)致的急性呼吸道疾病就診的效果分別為42%研究，流感疫苗對≥60歲老年人的流感樣疾病的預(yù)防效果為53%究表明，接種流感疫苗對≥65歲老年人流感病毒感染死亡的總體保流感和乙型流感感染后死亡的保護(hù)效果分別為48%（蘇開展的一項四價滅活疫苗的三期臨床實驗提示，60歲以上人群接準(zhǔn)了高劑量三價滅活流感疫苗，將每種抗原組分的含量由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的降低其住院風(fēng)險和與心臟病相關(guān)的死亡率[214]，減少ACS患者與流感95％CI：0.81~0.84心血管死亡風(fēng)險也降低18%（HR=0.82，95%種流感疫苗可以減少免疫功能受損的流感住院兒童并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)滋病毒感染者和其他免疫缺陷患者中產(chǎn)生較強(qiáng)的免疫原性反應(yīng)[221]。系統(tǒng)綜述研究表明接種流感疫苗可降低新冠肺炎的嚴(yán)重程度[226]新冠肺炎疫情大流行期間推薦醫(yī)務(wù)人員作為接種流感疫苗的最高優(yōu)傳播、降低衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)更廣泛的負(fù)擔(dān)[227]。接種流感疫苗還能有效人體對感染流感病毒或接種流感疫苗后獲得的免疫力會隨時間疫苗效果研究同樣證實了重復(fù)接種的必要性。據(jù)香港特區(qū)對2012-17連續(xù)五個流行季兒童住院病例中流感疫苗效果的分析[235]估每年接種流感疫苗后前幾季接種的流感疫苗在當(dāng)季仍存在一定保護(hù)疑似預(yù)防接種異常反應(yīng)（AdverseEventFollowingAEFI）是指在預(yù)防接種后發(fā)生的懷疑與預(yù)防接種有關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)或要表現(xiàn)為局部反應(yīng)（接種部位紅暈、腫脹、硬結(jié)、疼痛、燒灼感等）兒童型疫苗略高于成人型（4.47vs.4.17/10萬劑非嚴(yán)重異常反應(yīng)后不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險沒有顯著增加，在該隊列中僅觀察到1例與接種），一項評估深圳市≥60歲人群免費(fèi)接種流感疫苗的成本效果的研一劑次23價肺炎鏈球菌均可節(jié)省成本，增量成本效果比分別為良反應(yīng)略高于單獨(dú)接種組，各組間未發(fā)生三級及以上不良反應(yīng)[266]。同時接種的建議[277]，雖然上述兩種疫苗同時接種的證據(jù)有限，但現(xiàn)別為三價佐劑疫苗、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的四價疫苗、重組四價疫苗結(jié)果發(fā)同時接種組和間隔接種組間亦未存在顯著差異[282]。同期開展的另一進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大了樣本量（1132名參與者）和人藥物的使用可能會影響其接種后的免疫反應(yīng)，不建議兩者同時使用員接種流感疫苗既可預(yù)防個人因感染流感導(dǎo)致工作效率低下或缺勤2.大型活動參加人員和保障人員5.其他流感高風(fēng)險人群（5）6月齡以下嬰兒的家庭成員和看護(hù)人員：由于現(xiàn)有流感疫（6）孕婦：國內(nèi)外大量研究證實孕婦罹患流感后發(fā)生重癥、死1.實施接種后，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生人員應(yīng)當(dāng)在預(yù)防接種證/接種憑證以及3.由疾病預(yù)防控制機(jī)構(gòu)評價流感疫情監(jiān)測及控制情況、疑似預(yù)三價滅活四價滅活三價減毒30]/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(sea10.3201/eid1903.120965.[3]OsterhausAD,RimmelzwaanGF[4]BischoffWE,SwettK,LengI,etal.Exposuretoinfluenzavirusaerosolsduring10.1093/infdis/jis773.10.3389/fvets.2022.939456.[7]中華人民共和國國家衛(wèi)生健康委員會,國家中醫(yī)藥管理局.流行性感冒診10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.202[10]KimDK,PoudelB.Toolstodetectinfluenzavirus[J].YonseiMedJ,2013,54(3):[12]LesslerJ,ReichNG,BrookmeyerR,etal.Incubationperiodsofacuterespiratoryviralinfections:asystematicreview[J].LancpharmaceuticalinterventionsforpandemicindividualswithmedicallyattendedinfluenzaAvirusinfection[17]LauLL,NishiuraH,KellyH,etal.Householdtransmissionof20092012,23(4):531-542.DOI:10.1097/EDE[19]BiggerstaffM,CauchemezS,ReedC,etal.Estimatesoftherepric,andzoonoticinfluenza:asyf10.1080/21645515.2022.2071558.[22]ViboudC,AlonsoWJ,Simonsen2006,3(4):e89.DOI:10.1371/j[23]AzzizBaumgartnerE,DaoCN,Nasreedriversofinfluenzaactivityworldwide[J].JInfeactivityofinfluenzaandrespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV):aglobalcomparativedataonseasonalinfluenzaintheChinesemainlandduringthe2006-200910.1371/journal.pone.0058434.seasonalitypatternsinChinaandimplicationsforvaccinationsttemporalmodelingof10.3201/eid2408.180063.surveillanceofinfluenzavirusesinChin[29]ChineseNatioReport[EB/OL].(2022-07-09)[2022-0influenzaviruses,respiratorysyncytialvirus,oradenoviruses[Jinfluenza-associatedrespiratorfseasonalinfluenzaamon10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.063.from2010to2020usingamultipliermodel[J].JAMANetwOpen,2022,5(4):e227423.DOI:10.1001/jaman[34]FengL,Feinfluenza-likeillnessconsul[37]LinaB,GeorgesA,Buinfluenza:resultsfrsurveillanceamongp[40]ChenL,ZhouS,Bapregnancyandassociationwithpregnancyandperinataloutcomesinthree[42]RacicotK,KwonJY,AldoP,etal.Understandingthecomplexityoftheimmunepregnancy[J].Cardiova021.[45]WangR,YanW,DuM,etfhospitalizedpregnantwomenw[48]WenT,ArditiB,RileyLE,etal.Influenzacom10.1097/AOG.0000000000004462.52(4):457-465.DOI:10.109[50]FraaijPL,HeikkinenT.Seasonali[52]CowlingBJ,PereraRA,FangVJ,etal.Incidenceofinfluenzavirusinfections10.1093/cid/ciu356.[53]XuC,LiuL,RenB,etal.Incide10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4092.關(guān)門診就診率的估計[J].中華疾病控制雜志,2019,23(01):34-38.DOI:10.13315/ki.zhjcep.2019.01.008.incentralChina:surveillanceforsevyoungerthan5yearsofageJ,2019,38(5):445-452.D[61]GaglaniMJ.Editorialcomment10.1093/cid/ciu344.practicesinUSschoolstoreduceinfluenzatransmissiJPublicHealthManag10.1097/phh.0000000000001174.10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-409210.3784/j.issn.1003season:effectonschoolsecondaryillnessinfamilies[J].Arcofpediatricinfluenza-associatedhospitalizationinHoinfluenzavaccinationinhealthworkers:Animportantpolic10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100036.2011,6(10):e26239.DOI:10.1likeillness:Resultsofana10.1080/21645515.2015.1082014.2021,7(7):948-957.DOI:10.1016/j.eDis,2018,24(11):2098influenza-attributablemortalityinthe2017/1810.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.013.[81]ChowA,MaS,LingAE,etal.Influenza-ass10.1371/journal.pone.0020661.[84]FengL,ShayDK,JiangY[85]GallagherN,JohnstonJ,Crookshanks[86]徐郁,周伴群,周勇,etal.珠海市甲[89]向鎣飛,周德謙,鐘杰偉,etal.廣州市越秀區(qū)托幼機(jī)構(gòu)流感樣病例暴發(fā)疫情經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)評估和流感疫苗衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價[J].華南預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué),2021,10.3969/j.issn.1003-07床特征及疾病負(fù)擔(dān)[J].中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2018,39(6):5.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018One,2013,8(8):e690amongchildrenunder5yearso[95]何曉定,徐云蘊(yùn),李穎,etal.上海市長寧區(qū)某醫(yī)院流感樣病例的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[96]王相詩,蔡潔皓,姚瑋蕾,etal.上海地區(qū)某醫(yī)院門診兒童流感社會經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)后流感樣疾病經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[J].中國疫苗和免疫,2021,27(4):414-419.DOI:10.13329/ki.zyyjk.2017.0064.[100]董曉春,徐文體,李琳,etal.基于天津市漢沽街社區(qū)流行性感冒監(jiān)測結(jié)果[102]吳雙勝,馬春娜,張莉,etal.北京市成年流感樣病例就診行為及其經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4092.2[103]李曉光,林菲,陳靜,etal.發(fā)熱門診流感樣病例經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)及臨床結(jié)局的前10.1371/journal.pone.0063788.outpatientvisitsandhospitalizate60477.DOI:10.1371diseaseburden,costsandqualityoflifeforpa10.1371/journal.pone.0102634.vaccinationonhealth-relatedqualityimmunogenicityandbatchconsistencyofAlephinactivatedsplitinfluenzaquadrivalentinfluenzavaccine:arandomized,double-blind,contrecombinantadenovirustype-5vectoreopen-label,non-randomised,first-in-humantrial[J].Lancet,2020,395(10240):[117]MohnKG,BrokstadKA,IslamS,etal.EarlyinductionofcT-cellresponsesintonsilsafterlive-attenuatedinfluenzaimmuneresponsestotrivalentinactivatedandliveattenuatedinflu[J].JCellPhysiol,2019,234(4):5196-5202.andimmunogenicityamongchildreninTheobservational,phase4study[J].LancetRe10.1016/s2213-2600(19[121]劉書珍,孟麗,席佩佩,etal.四價流感病毒裂解疫苗安全性和免疫原性評價[J].預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué),2020,(11):1091-1095.DOI:10.19485/ki.issn2096-inactivatedsubunitnon-adjuvantedinfluenz3878.DOI:10.1016/j.vaccin≥3years:Arandomized,multicenter,double-blind,aEClinicalMedicine,2022,10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub6.effectivenessbysubtype:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysisoftest-negative[128]RamsayLC,BuchanSA,StirlingRG,etal.TheimpactofrepeatedvaccinationY,etf[130]BoddingtonNL,PearsonI,WhitakerH,evaccinationinpreventinghospiassociatedwithincreasinginfluenzavaccinationcoverageamongpregnant10.1080/21645515.2019.1664230.[132]MunozFM,PatelSM,JacksonLA,etal.Safetyandimmunogenicityofseasonalinactivatedinfluenzav10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.059.quadrivalentinactivatedi10.1080/21645515.2019.1667202.[134]NunesMC,Cutlandinhibitingantibodiesfollowingma[135]NakphookS,PatumanondJwomenandprotectionoftheirinfants[J].NEnglJMed,2014,371(10):918-931.inactivatedinfluenzavaccineforpreventioprospective,active-controlled,observer-blind,ra8.[138]AminAB,NunesMC,TapiaMD,etal.Immunogenicityofinfluenzavaccinesadministeredtopregnantwomeninrandomizedclinicaltrial10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.020.[139]SteinhoffMC,OmerSB,RoyE,etal.[140]Molgaard-NielsenD,Fiimmunizationwithtrivalentinactivat[141]MaltezouHC,AsimakopoulosG,StavrouS,38(29):4625-4631.DOI:10.1016outcomes,andinfantgrowthassociatedwithinfluenzavaccinationapooledanalysisofthreerandomisedcontrollefinfluenzavaccinesinelderly,paediatricandpregnantpopulations[J].TherAdvinfluenzavaccineforpreventinginfluenzavirusillnessamongpregnantwomen:apopulation-basedcase-cont10.1093/cid/cit750.influenzavaccinationagainsthospital-attended3656.DOI:10.1016/j.vaccin[146]NunesMC,MadhiSA.Influenzavaccinationduringpregnaofinfluenzaconfirmed10.1080/21645515.2017.1345385.[147]CuninghamW,GeardN,FieldingJE,etal.Optimaltimingofinfluenzavaccineduringpregnancy:As[148]ZhongZ,HaltalliM,HolderB,etal.Theimpactoftimingofmaternalinfluenza[149]SteinhoffMC,MacDonaldN,PfeiferD,etal.Influenza10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60583-[150]NolanT,FortanierAC,influenzavaccineinchildrenaged6-35months:Aglobal,m[152]NeuzilKM,JacksonLA,NelsonJ,etal.Immunogenicityandreactogenicityof1versus2dosesoftrivalentinactivatedinfluenzavaccineinvaccine-naive5-8-10.1086/507309.4054.DOI:10.1016/j.vaccvaccinationamongchildrenaged<9ye10.3390/vaccines9020079.2018,23(8):DOI:10.280laboratory-confirmedinfluenzainoutpatientsettings:Atest-negativ5780.DOI:10.1016/jinfluenzavaccineoninfluen10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.059.againstinfluenza-associatedhospital10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.049.preventinginfluenzahospitalizationinchildren,HongKong,winter2019/20[J].vaccinationcoverageandambulatoryantibioticprescriseasonalinfluenzawithvaccines:RecommendationsoftheAdvisoryCommi[169]陶焱煬,金鵬飛,朱鳳才.流感減毒活疫苗預(yù)防兒童季節(jié)性流感保護(hù)效果randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlledphase3clin10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.019.cold-adapted,trivalent,intranasalinfluenzavirusvacciinfluenzavaccineagainstinfluenza-associatedacutschools:Along-termecologicmeasureeffectivenessf10.3390/vaccines8040714.estimatesagainstinfluenzaA(H3N2)andA(H1N1)10.1080/21645515.2019.1677438.[177]Benjamin-ChungJ6302-6307.DOI:10.1016/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e45.[179]LauYL,WongWHS,Hattangdi-HaridasSR,etal.Evaluatingimpactofschool10.1080/21645515.2019.1678357.[180]陳達(dá)芹,蔣亞文,黃芳,etal.深圳市學(xué)齡兒童接種流感疫苗對缺課預(yù)防效果的實證研究[J].中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2021,42(10):1900-1906.DOI:[182]JacksonML,ChungJR,JacksonLA,etal.InfluenzavtheUnitedStatesduringthe210.15585/mmwr.mm6706[186]DarvishianM,vandenHeuvelER,BissieloA,etal.Effectivinfluenzavaccinationincommunity-dwellingelderlypeople:anindividualparticipantdatameta-analysisoftest-negativeLancetRespirMed,2017,5(3):200-211.DOI:10.1016/7.[187]星一,劉民.流感滅活疫 policiestovaccinateelderly6030-6033.DOI:10.10againstall-causemorta[190]RolfesMA,FlanneryB,ChungJR,etal.Effectsofinfluenzavaccinationin[191]ChungJR,RolfesMA,FlanneryB,etal.Effectsofinfluenzavaccinatio71(8):e368-e376.DOI:10.1093/[192]AndersonML,DobkinC,Gorr[193]GrossPA,HermogenesAW,SacksHS,etal.Theefficacyofinfluenzavaccineinelderlypersons.Ameta-analysisandreviewofthelitera[194]BeyerWE,NautaJJinactivatedinfluenzavaccinesreviewandmeta-analysis10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.040.inelderlyindividuals.ArandomiinfluenzavaccinationamongThaielderlypersonslivingMedAssocThai,2005,88(2)quadrivalentinfluenzavac2010[J].MMWRMorbMortalWkl25(44):7656-7663.DOI:10.1016/j[200]FalseyAR,Treacontrolledphase3trialcomparingtheimmunogenicityofhigh-dosea[201]KeitelWA,AtmarRL,CateTR,etal.Safetyofhighdosesofinfluenzavaccine2017,35(21):2775-2780.DOI:10.1016/j.vacci[203]DiazGranadosCA,DunningAJ,KimmelM,etal.Efficacyofhigh-doseversusstandard-doseinfluenzavaccin[204]IzurietaHS,ThadaniN,ShayDK,etal.Comparativeeffectivenessofhigh-doseversusstandard-doseinfluenzavaccinesinUSresi[205]ShayDK,ChillarigeY,KelmanJ,etal.Comparativeeffectivenesversusstandard-doseinfluenzaDis,2017,215(4):510-517.DOI:10.1093/inffhigh-doseversusstandard-dose10.1093/infdis/jiy088.fhigh-doseandstandard-doseinfluenzavaccineag222(2):278-287.DOI:10.1093/A,SeguinA,etfaplant-derived,quadrivalent,virus-likeparticleinfluenzavaccineinadults(18-[210]黃遠(yuǎn)東,趙曉平,萬濤,etal.慢性阻塞性肺病人群流感疫苗接種的效果觀[211]高忠翠,李江濤,展勝.卡舒寧聯(lián)合流感疫苗對老年性慢性支氣管炎合并急性感染的防治效果[J].中國生物制品學(xué)雜志,2011,24(10):12asthma:Asystematicreviewandme[215]SribhutornA,PhrommintikulA,Wopatienf2817.DOI:10.1016/j.vaccinwithcardiovascularrisk:e228873.DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkoppersonswithdiabetesmellDOI:10.1016/j.vaccinfimmunocompromisedchildrenhospitalizedwithla[222]NgAN,LaiCK.Effectivenessofseasonalinfluenzavaccinationinhealthcare10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.004.workersintheUK:appraisalofsystematicreviewsandpolicyoptions[J].B[224]ImaiC,ToizumiM,HallL,10.1371/journal.pone.0198685.amonghealthcareworkersinfluencetheriskofnosocomial10.1016/j.jhin.2014.01.005.vaccinationandCOVID-19inf,UngarWJ.Systematicreviewofthecost-effectif10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.044.[228]TaghioffSM,SlavinBR,HoltonT,etal.ExaminingthepotentialbenefitsofthegainstSARS-CoV-2:Aretrospectivecohf10.1371/journal.pone.0255541.[229]WilcoxCR,Islamvaccinationandhospitalisation[J].RevInfectDis,1producttrivalentA(H1N1),A(H3N2),andBinfluenzavaccines:reactogenicitimmunogenicityandpersistenceofantibodiesfollowingtwodosesof0421.1986.tb03043.x.[232]KunzelW,GlatheH,EngelmannH,etal.Kineticsofhumoralantotrivalentinactivatedsplitinfluenzavaccineinsubjectspreviouslyvacc10.1016/0264-410x(96)00061[233]SongJY,CheongHJ,HwangIpersistence[J].Vaccine,201010.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.067.Science,2020,370(6513):237-241.DOIinfluenza-associatedhospitalisationsovertimeamongchildreninHongKong:aZhejiangProvince,ChinImmunother,2022:2071061.DOI:10.vaccinationhistorywhenevaluatingtheeffectofinfluenzavaccinatiSurveill,2021,26(32):DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2021.fseasonalquadrivalentinfluenzavaccinesinEnglishPrimaryCare:In[239]GreenbergDP,RobertsonCA,Landolofaninactivatedquadrivalentinfluenzavaccineinchildren6monthsthyearsofage[J].PediatrInfect10.1097/INF.00000000000andsafetyofinactivatedquadrivalentinfluenzavaccinecandidateversusinactivatedtrivalentinfluenzavaccineinhealthyadultsaged≥18years:a10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.022.[242]StatlerVA,AlbanoFR,AiquadrivalentinactivatedinDOI:10.1016/j.vaccin[243]vandeWitteS,NautaJ,MontomoliE,immunogenicityandsafetyofquadrivalentversustinfluenzavaccineinadult36(40):6030-6038.DOI:10.1016/j.vac34(22):2507-2512.DOI:10.1016/j.47-52.DOI:10.3760/surveillanceofthreemarketedinfluenzavaccinesintheUKandtheRepublicofsafetyofaquadrivalentinactivatedinfluenzavaccineinchildrenage35months:Amulti-seasonrandomisedplacebo-controlledtrialintheNort10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.0[249]Febrileseizures:clinicalpracticeguidelineforthelong-t[J].PharmacoepidemiolDrugSaf,219(25-26):3493-349effectivenessofinactivatedinfluenzavaccinesinhealliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccine:Systematicreviewandmeta-analyVaccines(Basel),2ofRussian-backbone,seasonal,trivalent,live,attenuatedinfluenzaphaseII,randomized,placebo-controlledtrialamongpreschool-aged10.1093/cid/ciy1003.attenuatedinfluenzavaccineinthe2016-2017and2017-2018influen10.1093/cid/ciz719.recommendingliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccineforroutin10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.081.[258]BaxterR,EatonA,HansenJ,etalhigh-riskconditions:apopulation-basedprospectivecohvaccineinyoungpeoplewitheggallergy:multicentre[J].BMJ,2015,351:h6291[261]何琛璐,劉潤武,許欽,etal.西寧市學(xué)齡兒童接種流感疫苗效果與效益評[262]王巖,遲陽,王春平,etal.濰坊市老年人流感疫苗免費(fèi)接種效果及成本效1000.DOI:10.1016/j接種流感疫苗的成本效果分析[J].中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2022,43(7):1140-pneumococcalpolysaccharidevaccineandinfluenzavaccinationat50vs.DOI:10.1016/j.vaccin流感病毒裂解疫苗的免疫原性及安全性研究[J].中華微生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)雜志,2019,39(10):DOI:10fconcurrentadministrationofliveattenuatedinfl13-valentpneumococcalconjugatevaccineadministeevaluateimmunogenicityandsafetyof13-valentpneumvaccinegivenconcomitantlywithtrivalentinfluenzavaccineinadu10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.031.immunogenicityofconcomitantandsequentialadministrationpertussis(Tdap)vaccineandtrivalentinactivVaccine,2007,25(17):3464-[273]KerznerB,Murrvaccineliveadministeredwithquadrivalentinfluenzavirusversussequentialadministrationofa23-valentpneumococcalpovaccineandaquadrivalentinfluenzavaccineinolderindividuals:Ar1930.