Chinese-Poetry-中國詩歌介紹-英文版

ChinesePoetryClassicalChinesepoetry

中國古典詩歌ModernChinesepoetry

中國現(xiàn)代詩歌ClassicalChinesepoetrySincetheburningofbooksbyQinShihuang,theearliestextantanthologiesaretheShiJingandChuCi,datingtotheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,respectively.

ShiJing(詩經(jīng)"ClassicofPoetry")wasthefirstmajorsurvivingcollectionofChinesepoems,collectingbotharistocraticpoems(Odes)andmorerusticpoetry,probablyderivedfromfolksongs(Songs).Theyaremostlycomposedoffour-character(四言)lines.Asecond,morelyricalandromanticanthologywasChuCi(楚辭"SongsofChu"),madeupprimarilyofpoemsascribedtoQuYuanandhisfollowerSongYu.Thesepoemsarecomposedoflinesofirregularlengths,inthestyleprevalentinthestateofChu.Beginningsofthetradition:

關(guān)關(guān)雎鳩，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。參差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)。參差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。參差荇菜，左右毛之。窈窕淑女，鐘鼓樂之。關(guān)雎ClassicalChinesepoetry中國古典詩歌ShiCi〔Song〕“ancient-style”gushipoetry〔古體詩〕唐以前詩歌及唐以后詩人仿作“recent-style”jintishipoetry〔近體詩〕形成于唐代ChineseSanqupoetry(散曲)Yuanopera(元雜劇〕Qu〔Yuan〕小令〔五十八字以內(nèi)〕中調(diào)〔五十九字至九十字〕長調(diào)〔九十一字以上〕ClassicalChinesepoetry古體詩四言古詩(出現(xiàn)最早的是《詩經(jīng)》，另一代表是曹操詩)雜言詩〔可歸入七言古詩〕《登幽州臺歌》七言古詩〔成熟于唐代，簡稱七古〕五言古詩〔成熟于漢代，簡稱五古〕ClassicalChinesepoetry近體詩絕句律詩五言絕句〔五絕〕《江雪》七言絕句〔七絕〕《早發(fā)白帝城》五言律詩〔五律〕《春望》七言律詩〔七律〕《聞官軍收河南河北》排律〔八句以上的律詩〕Poetryofparticular(dynastic)periods:ClassicalChinesepoetryHanpoetryJian'anpoetrySixDynastiespoetryTangpoetrySongpoetryYuanpoetryClassicalChinesepoetryduringthe

HanDynasty,afolk-songstyleofpoetrybecamepopular,knownas

Yuefu

(樂府)“MusicBureau”poems,sonamedbecauseofthegovernment‘sroleincollectingsuchpoems,althoughintimesomepoetsbegancomposingoriginalworksin

Yuefustyle.Many

Yuefu

poemsarecomposedoffive-character(五言)orseven-character(七言)lines,incontrasttothefour-characterlinesofearliertimes.AcharacteristicformofHanDynastyliteratureisthe

Fu〔賦〕.Hanpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryTheFourMajorPoetofHanfu：SimaXiangruYangXiongZhangHengBanGuClassicalChinesepoetryJian'anpoetry：Jian’anpoety

referstothosepoeticmovementsoccurringduringthefinalyearsofthefailingHanDynastyandcontinuingtheirdevelopmentintothebeginningoftheSixDynastiesperiod.Typicalpoetsofthisperiodare

CaoCao,CaoPi,CaoZhi東臨碣石，以觀滄海。水何澹澹，山島竦峙。樹木叢生，百草豐茂。秋風(fēng)蕭瑟，洪波涌起。日月之行，假設(shè)出其中；星漢燦爛，假設(shè)出其里。幸甚至哉！歌以詠志。觀滄海ClassicalChinesepoetryTheSixDynastieseracoversthreemainperiods:theThreeKingdoms(220–280),JinDynasty(265–420),andSouthernandNorthernDynasties(420–589).Thegreat"fieldsandgarden"poet,TaoYuanming,thegreatandhighlypersonalpoetwhowasnotedforspeakinginhisownvoiceratherthanapersonaoranonymously.SixDynastiespoetry：結(jié)廬在人境，而無車馬喧。問君何能爾，心遠(yuǎn)地自偏。采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。山氣日夕佳，飛鳥相與還。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言?！讹嬀啤菲湮錍lassicalChinesepoetryAhighpointofclassicalChinesepoetryoccurredduringtheTangperiod(618-907);Poetrywasintegratedintoalmosteveryaspectoftheprofessionalandsociallifeoftheliterateclass,includingbecomingpartoftheImperialexaminationstakenbyanyonewantingagovernmentpost;Overtime,someTangpoetrybecamemorerealistic,morenarrativeandmorecriticalofsocialnorms;ThepoetryoftheTangDynastyremainsinfluentialtoday.Tangpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryEarlyTang:FourHeroesofEarlyTangYangJiongWangBoLuZhaolinLuoBinwangClassicalChinesepoetryZhangjiuling,HeZhizhang

Themostfamous:LiBai,DuFu

(Li-Du)The“FieldsandGardensPoetsGroup”(田園詩派)：

MengHaoran,WangWeiThe“BordersandFrontierFortressPoetsGroup”(田園詩派)：

GaoShi，CenCen，WangChangling,WangZhihuan,CuiHao

HighTang:ClassicalChinesepoetryTheLandscapeStylePoem(山水詩)：

LiuChangqing,WeiYingwuBaiJuyi,HanYu,MengJiao,LiuYusi,LiuZongyuan,LiHeMiddleTang:LateTang:DuMu，LiShangyin〔LittleLi-Du〕WenTingyun,WeiZhuangClassicalChinesepoetryBytheSongDynasty(960-1279),anotherformofpoetry,theCi(詞)—newlyricswrittenaccordingtothesetrhythmsofexistingtunes.Eachcipoemislabeled"Tothetuneof[TuneName]"(調(diào)寄[詞牌])andfitsthemeterandrhymeofthetune.Thetitlesofcipoemsarenotnecessarilyrelatedtotheirsubjectmatter,andmanypoemsmayshareatitle.Intermsoftheircontent,Cipoetrymostoftenexpressedfeelingsofdesire.Songpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryOuYangxiuWangAnshiSushiSuZheLiuYongLiQingzhaoZhouBangyan

YanShuHuangTingjian

TheNorthernSongDynasty:ClassicalChinesepoetryTheSouthernSongDynasty:LuYouJiangKui〔姜夔〕XinQijiClassicalChinesepoetryMajordevelopmentsofpoetryduringtheYuanDynasty(1271–1368)includedthedevelopmentoftypesofpoetrywrittentofixed-tonepatterns,suchasfortheYuanopera〔元雜劇〕librettos.AftertheSongDynasty,thesetrhythmsoftheCicametobereflectedintheset-rhythmpiecesofChineseSanqupoetry(散曲),afreerformbasedonnewpopularsongsanddramaticarias,thatdevelopedandlastedintotheMingDynasty(14th-17thcenturies).Yuanpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryFourplaywrightsofYuanPoetry：

GuangHanqingMaZhiyuanBaPuZhengGuangzu《倩女離魂》《竇娥冤》《天凈沙·秋思》《青衫淚》《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》ClassicalChinesepoetryzhangYanghao《西廂記》《山坡羊·潼關(guān)心古》WangShifuClassicalChinesepoetry詩經(jīng)—楚辭—樂府—賦—唐詩—宋詞—元曲總體順序總結(jié)ModernChinesepoetryModernChinesepoems("newpoetry"新詩

)usuallydonotfollowanyprescribedpattern.PoetrywasrevolutionizedaftertheMayFourthMovementwhenwriterstrytousevernacularstylesclosertowhatwasbeingspoken(baihua)ratherthanpreviouslyprescribedforms.ModernChinesepoetryEarly20th-centurypoetslikeXuZhimo,GuoMoruoandWenYiduosoughttobreakChinesepoetryfrompastconventionsbyadoptingWesternmodels.Mode