英語論文寫作常用詞匯及句法

英語論文寫作常用詞匯及句法Definition一個完整的definition例子“Definition:Thedifferencebetweenthelargestandsmallestclassboundariesiscalledtherangeofthetable.”一個以上的definition“Definition1…”“One/Firstdefinition…”“Definition2…”“Two/Seconddefinition…”Define被動句AisdefinedasB.Aisdefinedasfollows:…AisdefinedtobeB.AisdefinedbyB.AisdefinedintermsofB.主動句WedefineAasB.使用“稱為”Aiscalled/termedB.：Whenthecopyisprintedoutonpaper,itiscalledhardcopy.AisknownasB.AisreferredtoasB.AisspokenofasB.3．帶修飾的“稱為”…統(tǒng)稱為……arecollectivelycalled……有各種叫法……isvariouslycalled…前者稱為…,后者稱為…Theformerisreferredtoas…,andthelatteras…通常簡稱為…oftenshortenedto…4．使用“意指”含義的詞語A的意思是…ByAonerefersto…Bythespeedoftransmissiononereferstotheinstantaneousrateatwhichtheinformationistransferredoverthecommunicationfacility.ByAwemean/implythat…Bythewordscientistwemeansomeonewhotakepartinbasicresearch,todiscoverandattachsignificantproblemsnotyetsolved,to…Aisdefinedtomean…其他定義用語所謂…是…SocalledAis…顧名思義，…A,asthenameimplies/suggests,is…Commandandcontrol,asthenameimplies,mustcomprisebothacommandandcontrolledactionelement.…稱為…，也可稱為…Aiscalled…,or,alternatively……是由…派生而來，意思是…AisderivedfromB,meaning…無明確定義沒有普遍公認的定義.1．ThereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitiontothetermA.2．ThereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitiontothetermSoftwareComponentpresently.目前很難給…下定義：AcleardefinitionofAisdifficulttogive.5．涉及“世紀”表達用語19世紀后期Inthelatenineteenthcentury20世紀的頭20年里Withinthefirst20yearsofthetwentiethcentury本世紀初期Earlyinthepresentcentury在本世紀末之前Beforetheendofthiscentury20世紀后半頁Thesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury約20年前Nearlytwodecadesago在過去的50年里Duringthepast50years在…之后的13年里For13yearsafter…從80年代開始Beginninginthe1980’s直到1990年Upto1990…追溯到datingbackto…/gobackto…6．抽象時間表達用語．今后若干年…forthenextfewyears…近期內(nèi)…inthenearfuture…在…之后不久shortlyafter…在寫本文時…atthetimeofwritingthispaper…目前forthetimebeing…當今的…Intoday’s…在…瞬間…Atthemoment……暫時……forthemoment,…此時…Bynow…一度…Atonetime…時代theeraof…月-日-年順序1997年8月16日Aug.16,1997與介詞配合有年或月無日期，用inin1997,inMar,1997有日期，用ononNov1,1998有幾點幾分，用atat12:30P.M.7．常用句首副詞實際上actually可以肯定的certainly奇怪的是curiously從概念上講conceptually從功能上講functionally從物理概念上physically從數(shù)學上講mathematically從理論上講theoretically從實驗上講experimentally從特性上講characteristically從圖形上講graphically從年代上看chronologically換言之a(chǎn)lternatively用解析的方法analytically直觀地講certainly按照慣例conventionally按照經(jīng)典理論classically具體的講specifically在正常情況下ordinarily從本質(zhì)上講essentially遺憾的是unfortunately嚴格的說strictly從功能上看operationally應(yīng)該承認admittedly順便指出incidentally等效地講equivalently與之對應(yīng)的是correspondingly理想情況下ideally歸納起來inductively從結(jié)構(gòu)上看architecturally從邏輯上講logically就個人而言personally與此同時simultaneously可能的情況是presumably歸根結(jié)底ultimately用符號表示的話symbolically很少rarely通常usually從視覺效果上看visually最后finally結(jié)果/因此consequently或許probably很清楚cleally粗略的講roughly從主要方面講mainly從技術(shù)上講technically與most/more組合的情況最值得注意的是mostnotably更/最重要的是more/mostimportantly更一般的情況moregenerally更確切地說moreprecisely/accurately更簡練地講morebriefly同段分類同一段落內(nèi)用(1),(2)…或(a),(b)…分隔Twoadditionalmemoryconsiderationsare(1)thecontrolofsharedmemoryand(2)theuseofcachememory分段分類將每一類的內(nèi)容另行書寫，前面加序號、字母(如1,2,…)或其他符號(“●”,“－”)Inputdevicesmaybebrokendownintothefollowingcategories:KeyboradCardreader分類常用詞匯(1)sort,type,class,variety,categorysort普通用語type技術(shù)用語類別Typesofmappingalgorithmsclass技術(shù)用語類型Classesofmodelinglanguagesvariety多樣的Varietyofsth.category范疇，類目Formalword分類常用詞匯(2)說明類別的表達用語有…類…Thereare…categoriesof……能被分解為…Canbedividedinto……能被劃分為…Canbecategorizedinto……能歸入…Canfitinto……將…分為…Classify…as…types 分類常用詞匯(3)說明類別及分類依據(jù)的表達用語…可按…分類…Canbecategorizedaccordingto…“Computerscanbecategorizedaccordingtotheirsizes.”…就…分類…iscategorizedwithrespectto…“Signalsiscategorizedwithrespecttotheirapplications”按照…來分類…maybeclassifiedby…“Signalsmaybeclassifiedbytheirfiniteenergyorpower.”…屬于……fallinto/within…“Manycomputersfallintothegeneralformdiscussedabove.”…有許多種，從…到……therearemanyvarietiesof…,from…to…“Therearemanyvarietiesofstoredprogramfromawiredlogictofullystoredprogramcontrol.”…不包含在…中…beexcludedfrom…“SystemsbelowMareexcludedfromthisclassification.”英語科技論文常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)；表達不同功能的常用句型；定義；定義是對一事物的本質(zhì)特征或一個概念的內(nèi)涵與外延的；Thetermmacromolecule(mea；(Inthisarticle、Inthispap；為了說明上述表達方式的用法，現(xiàn)舉例如下：；Paradigmreferstomodelsof；在對某些事物進行定義時，還可使用以下固定形式；從英語科技論文常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)。2.6.1表達不同功能的常用句型 1）定義定義是對一事物的本質(zhì)特征或一個概念的內(nèi)涵與外延的確切簡要的說明，常見的表達方式和句型有：Thetermmacromolecule(means…、signifies...isconsideredtobe…、istakentobe…、refersto…)(Inthisarticle、Inthispaper、Inthisessay、Inthiscontext、Incomputerscience、Forthispurpose)network(willbetakentomean…、willbeusedinthe、willbeconsideredtobe…、willreferto…、willbeusedin…)為了說明上述表達方式的用法，現(xiàn)舉例如下：Paradigmreferstomodelsofinquirythatguidesscientificwork.在對某些事物進行定義時，還可使用以下固定形式。(thewordstobedefined)isakindof(class)which(distinguishingfeatures)從以上例子中可以看出，一般定義的組成部分是：概念+屬性+種差，例如：Asolarcell（概念）isadevice（屬性）whichconvertstheenergyofsunlightintoelectricenergy（種差）。2）分類在科技論文中，作者有時需要對描述、說明的對象按其性質(zhì)、大小、作用等分成若干種類，然后依次闡述。常見的表達分類的句型有：(breakdown、divide、subdivide、beclassified)+…（總體）+into/as…（部分）具體用法舉例如下：·Classificationbreaksdownthegeneraltopicintoitsrelatedpartsinalogicalway.·Thisclassificationsystemdividedcarbidesintotwodistinctcategories.·Substancescan/maybeclassifiedasgases,liquidsandsolids.Themodels(fallinto、canbedividedinto、maybeclassifiedinto、areof)two(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)Therearetwo(major、general(groups、classesof…、categories)、broad)Two(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)Therearetwo(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)of…3）比例關(guān)系常見表達比例關(guān)系的句型有：·Mostobjectsarebiginproportiontothesizeofanatombutsmallinproportiontothesizeofthesun.·Therationbetweenstudentsofsciencetostudentsofengineeringis3:2.·Thereisarelationshipbetweenthecross-sectionalareaofaropeanditsstrength.Itsstrengthisdirectlyproportionaltoitscross-sectionalarea.·Pressureisinverselyproportionaltovolume.·Airandfuelaremixedinaproportionof15to1.·Threecolours:red,greenandbluewill,iftheyaremixedtogetherintherightproportion,giveuswhitelight.·Ionthefinalprintedversion,graphsanddiagramsareusuallyreducedinscalebyafactoroftwoorthree.·Themodelismadetoscale.·Asthedemandforpowerincreases,thesupplyisproportionallyincreased.·Agoodcoolantisformedbymixingwaterandsolubleoilinaratioof10:1to20:1.·Theaccelerationofabodyisdirectlyproportionaltotheforceactingonit.·Intensityofanelectricfieldisrelativetocurrent.·Thedensityofairvariesdirectlyasthepressure,withtemperaturebeingconstant.·Theelectriccurrentvariesdirectlywiththevoltage.·Theresultantmodulatedwavehasthesamefrequencyasthecarrier,butthecarrierwaveamplitudevariesindirectrelationtothemodulatingwave.4）用途和功能常見表達用途和功能的句型有：·Definitionsasgivenhereapplyonlytothesubjecttreatedinthisstandard.·Tosomeextentthesemethodsareonlyapplicabletolongseriesofproduction.·Althoughboththeplanerandtheshaperareadaptedtothemachiningofflatsurfaces,theydifferwidelyinconstructionandinmethodofoperation.·Whilethesemethodsarecorrect,theyarenotadaptabletotheviscousflowproblem.·Orbitalandplanetarycuttingmachinesareparticularlyusefulforcuttingofftubularwork.·Thebinaryscaleisperfectlyusedforthe“off-on”pulsesofelectricity.·Thistwo-bodyapproximationholdsforthemotionofplanetsaboutthesun.·Thesemotorsarefitformachinesrequiringconstant-torqueandadjustablespeed.·Filmcrotronscanfitintosmaller,flatterplaces.·Thismethodisnotfittedtotheoperation.·Rimmedsteelsaremoresuitablefordrawingandforming.·Vbeltsarewellsuitedforshort-centredrives.·Solenoidvalveslendthemselvesreadilytomultipleporting.5）行為與結(jié)果常見表達行為與結(jié)果句型有：This(causes…、givesriseto…、leadsto…、resultsin…、bringsabout…)Theresultobtained(agreeswith…、isinagreementwith…、isinlinewith…、isconsistentwith…、fitsinto…)·Theburningmatchisinverted,andasaresulttheflamebecomesbigger.·Gasesandsolidssometimesdissolveinliquidstoformsolutions,therebyformingsolutions.·Asaresultofcombustionofcoal,carbondioxideisgivenoff.6）目的科技論文中，常常要提及研究工作或?qū)嶒灥哪康?，常用的句型有：The(chiefaim、mainpurpose、primary、objectoftheexperimentis…、majorobjective、principalgoal)Theexperimentbeenconducted(inthehope(of…、that…)、withaviewto(do)…、inorderto(do)…、totheendthat…、sothat…)Performingthestudywe(hope、intendto(do)…、expect)·Toobtainbetterreception,anaerialshouldbefiltered.·Tofindtherequiredradiostation,thetunershouldbeturned.·Thisarticleaimsatdiscussingnewdevelopmentsincomponentmaterialandtechniques.·Thedesigneraimstopreventturbulentsteamflowthroughtheturbinenozzle.·Itistheaimofparticularbranchesofproductionengineeringtocreatethedesiredstateofmachinedcomponents.·Theexperimentwasdesignedtotestthenewdrug.·Theexperimentisintendtoshowthatdifferentmaterialsconductheatatdifferentspeeds.7）問題的相關(guān)性常見表達問題的相關(guān)性句型有：Thisisaproblem(concernedwith…、concerning…、relatedto…、relatingto…、bearingon…、dealingwith…)·Asecondarymechanismforthermalconductioninsolidsisassociatedwithlatticevibrations.·Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsindustryandagriculture.·Theoperator’sknowledgeismainlyconcernedwiththehardwareandnotwiththesoftware.·Inorganicchemistryislinkedcloselytogeology,mineralogy,andmetallurgy;organicchemistrytophysiology,biochemistry,andbiologyingeneral.·Boththattransferandboundarylayersarestronglydependentonthenozzleshapeandsize.·Thedensityofasoilisdirectlyrelatedtoitsbearingcapability.·Unitsofmassandweigharerelativeto/relevanttothechoiceofastandardweight.·Todayoneofthechiefusesisinconnectionwith“ethylgasoline”.·Magneticpropertiesofmetalhavetodowithreactionstomagneticorelectricforces.8）舉例常見表達舉例的句型有：·Thiscanbeillustratedby…·Aspecificcasecanbeprovidedtoshow…·Anexampleofthisinvolves…·Thiscanbedemonstratedthethrough…·Anothertypicalexampleis…·Oneexamplewillsuffice…9）狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換或變化常見表達狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換或變化句型有：(change、transfer、convert、transform、translate)…（變化前）(to、into)(變化后)·Thesiliconcontrolledrectifierisabletochangealternatingcurrenttodirectcurrent.·Theanalog-to-digitalconverterisadevicewhichchangesananalogquantityintoadigitalquantity,suchasvoltagetoadecimalorbinaryquantity.·Thesine-cosinepotentiometerisespeciallyusedtotransformpolarcoordinatesintorectangularcoordinates.·Acamisusedfortransformingrotationmotionintoreciprocatingmotion.10）比較常見表達比較的短語有：asacomparison,bycomparison,bycontrast,incontrast,bywayofcontrast等。如：·Nowcomparetheworkdoneliftingthecarwiththeworkdonepulingituptheinclinedplane.·Thearithmetic-logicalunitisalsoresponsibleforchoosingandcomparingtheappropriateinformationwithaprogram.·Bycomparison,verylittleisknownabouttheinternalstructureoftheearth.比較這個功能范疇所含的內(nèi)容，還可再細分為以下幾種小的類型：I.區(qū)分·Theobjectofthisexperimentistoseparateasolidfromthefluid.·Wemustdistinguishslidingfrictionfromrollingfriction.·Weknowonesubstancefromanotherbytheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.Oneshouldnotconfusebalancingforceswithforcesofactionandreaction.II．不同于Abe(different、distinctfromB、distinguished)表達A與B不同時還可用：·Hydraulicpressesdifferfrommechanicalpressesintheirwayoffunctioning.·Nuclearpowerstationsaredistinguishedfromordinarypowerstationsonlybythesourceofheat.·Ironunlikerubber,isagoodconductorofelectriccurrent.III．相當于·Oneturnofthehand-wheelisequivalentto2mmstroke.·Forfinishingelectrodes,thefoilthicknesscorrespondstothesparkgap.IV．優(yōu)越于A(has、possessesadvantageoverB、offers)A優(yōu)越于B還可用以下句型表達：·Syntheticrubberisinmanywayssuperiortonaturalrubber.·Threadmachinesareusedinpreferencetolathesforcertainthreadingoperations.·A.CispreferredtoD.Cforlong-distancetransmissionofelectricity.·Gearshapinghascertainadvantagesoverothermethods.V．相似·Turretlatheshavemanyfeaturessimilartothoseofmodernenginelathes.·ThetestingoftheHBcarburetorisverysimilartothatoftheHAcarburetor.·Althoughthepurposeofthemicroscopeisquitedifferentfromthatofthetelescopes,thetwoinstrumentsresembleoneanotherinsomeways.·Thiscurvebearslittleresemblancetoasinecurve.11）故障·Iftheseparatorisoutoforder,checkandtreatasrequired.·Therewassomethingwrongwiththeinstrument,theyhadtorepeattheirexperimentonceagain.·Becausecomputersareman-mademachines,theysometimesmalfunctionandhavetoberepaired.·Inmostinstanceswhenthecomputerfails,itisduetohumanerrorandisnotthefaultofthecomputeratall.·Theaeroplanewasforcedtolandthankstoenginefailure.·Incaseofanoil-pumpfailure,themovingpartswillbecomeoverheated.·Troubledevelopsintheenginewhenpressuresaretohigh.·Ifthereshouldbeapowerbrokendown,theemergencygeneratorisswitchedon.12）達到標準或程度·Asfarasthequalityisconcerned,theproductis(comes)uptothestandard.·Afterrepeatedtrialsthenewcalculatorseventuallymadethegrade.·Certificationmarksareusedonproductstoindicatethattheymeet(reach/attain)certainstandards,orcomefromacertaingeographiclocation.·Ahighdegreeofaccuracycanbeachievedbycold-workingthemetal.·Itisclaimedthatsettingcanbemadetoanaccuracyof0.02mm.·Theaircraftiscapableofreachingaspeedof800milesperhour.13）得到應(yīng)用·Theprinciplefindsanimportantapplication(use)inthehydraulicpress.·Continuoussand-mixershavealsofoundtheirplaceinhighproductioncore-making.·Havingbeentestedforseveraltimes,thisnew-typeproductwillbeput(go)intomassproduction.·Beforeputtingthepowersignalgeneratorintooperation,checkwhethertheACsupplyvoltagecorrespondswiththevalueadjustedintheunit.·Oncethemachinearetested,theymaybeputintoservice(use).·Closed-circuitcolorTVdidnotcomeintouseuntilveryrecently.14）符合標準或要求I．符合標準·Themachinesofthenearfuturemustbelightinweightandanswerto(meet)thehighesttechnicalstandards.·About98percentofthechemicalproductsturnedoutinthatpetrochemicalplantarefitforthenationalstandard.·SuchvalvesandfittingsshallbeinaccordancewithBS759.·Theinstrumenthasbeeninspectedandisinfullconformitywiththestandard.·Asfarasaccuracyandsensitivityofoperationareconcerned,theautomaticcontrolisquiteuptothestandard.·Thenoiseofthedeviceconformswith(complyto)“theNationalNoiseStandardofWorkingPlacesoftheWorker”.II．符合要求·TheapplicationofthemetricsysteminthedesignshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsofDOD-STD-1476.·Thetenderershallsubmitabasictenderwhichcompliesfullywiththerequirementsofthetenderdocuments.·Allstructuralsteel,plateandsheetconformtotherequirementsofcertainspecifications.15）方式與手段·Temperaturecanbemeasuredbymeansof(byusing/with/through)athermometer.·Withthehelp(aid)ofthenewlydisclosedinstrumenttheoptimalsurfaceconditioncanbedetected.·Controlofthepoweroutputisachievedbyvaryingthefuelsupply.·Bettercombustionisobtainedwithahemisphericalcombustionchamber.·Removalofexcessheatisaccomplishedwitharadiator.·Bythismeans,thelightraystravelbackandforthacrosstheaxisofthefiberinasinusoidalmanner.·Electricgeneratorsconvertthemechanicalenergyofrotationintoelectricitybywayofmagnetism.·Adriverwilleasilyraiseanautomobileweighingseveraltonswiththeassistanceofajack.·Theelectronsmoveinamoreorderly(verysimilar)fashioninaparticulardirection.·Plantsarealsousefulsourcesofenergythankstotheirstoringthesun’sradiationinchemicalform.·Thesehollowbodiesareconnectedtoeachotherinadetachable(reverse/violent)manner.·Theactualoptimalthrustdirectionvarieswithtimeinquiteacomplex(different/normal/following)way.16）滿足條件與要求I．滿足條件·Thetechnicaldesigndetailsoftheindustrialpackingshouldmeetallconditions(demand/need)ofthelevelofprotectionspecified.·Inorderformostlaserstooperate,thethreebasicconditionsmustbesatisfied.II．滿足要求·Nonconformanceisthefailureofaunitofproducttoconformto(cover/fulfil/meet/satisfy)specifiedrequirementsforanyqualitycharacteristic.17）物體相對位置關(guān)系·Thefeedmotioninlathesisthemovementofthecuttingtoolsinreferencetothework.·ThesatellitewillkeepafixedpositionabovetheequatorandwillnotmoverelativetotheEarth’ssurface.·Asuitcaselayingonaberthofamovingrailwaycarisatrestwithrespecttothecar,butmovesinrelationtotheearth.·Thiswilltellthepilottheexactpositionofthebuildingin(with)respecttotheairplane.18）與……一致Abe(compatible、inconformity、consistent、ingoodagreementwithB、inaccord、inline、uniform)表達A與B一致還可用以下句型：·Theconclusionaccordswithcurrentarchaeologicalandanthropologicaltheory.·Themealcontentsfoundfromthisagreequitewellwiththosevaluatedbyamicroscopicmethod.·Resultsshowthatcalculationsareingoodagreementwithexperimentaldata.·Thefollowingexamplesillustratetheagreementoftherulewithexperiment.·Herethedirectionofthemotionofabodyandtheearthsaxisofrotationcoincide,sothereisnoCoriolisforce.·Thedirectionofthemomentumcoincideswiththatofthemotionvelocityofthebody.·Succeedingexperimentalorapprovedmodificationsshallconformtothesequenceestablishedabove.·Thenoisecoefficientcorrespondsroughlytocalculationsobtainedonthebasisofthemanufacturer’sdatasheet.·Thecalculatedcomponentsmaynotmatchexactlyteoriginaldesignoftheoscillator.19）作出結(jié)論·Fromtheaboveexperimentwecanarriveat(cometo)theconclusionthatairhasweight.·Carefulstudiesofinteractionbetweenchemicalelementshaveledtoanumberofconclusionsaboutatomanditsproperties.·Anotherconclusionalsofollowsfromthefactthatsuperfluidmotiondoesnottransferheat.·Wecannotdraw(reach)anydefiniteconclusionfromtheavailabledata.·Itcanbeconcludedthatbaudrateisveryimportanttothetelephoneengineer.2.6.3論文主要結(jié)構(gòu)中的常用句型1）論文引言中常用的句型引言中作者通常提出問題并說明論文的研究目的。I.提出問題AlthoughmuchresearchhasbeendevotedtoA,、WhilemuchworkhasbeendoneonA,、AlthoughmanystudiesstudieshavebeenpublishedconcerningA,、WhilemanyresearchershaveinvestigatedA,、AlthoughmuchliteratureisavailableonA.(littleresearchhasbeendoneonB.、littleattentionhasbeenpaidtoB.、littleinformationisavailableonB.、littleworkhasbeenpublishedonB.、fewresearchershavestudiedB.、fewstudieshaveinvestigatedB.)在這一步驟中，作者通過指明過去相關(guān)研究中尚未處理或解決的問題或所派生出的新問題，常用句型的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在完成時。II．研究目的作者在敘述自己的研究性質(zhì)的目的時，可采用兩種方式，即論文導向和研究導向。（1）論文導向。當研究論文的主要目的是分析某個問題，提出某種論證或介紹新的方法或技術(shù)時，通常采用論文導向方式。論文導向方式中，作者把論文本身當作強調(diào)的內(nèi)容。這時要使用paper,report,thesis或dissertation這樣的特征名詞，直接提及研究論文本身，而且此類句子通常采用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。常用的句型有：Thepurposeofthispaperis、Theaimofthisreportis、Theobjectiveofthepresentpaperis(toobtainquantitativeabouttheparticlessizedistribution.、tomodelthedynamicbehaviorinthesuper-ornear-criticalCO2extraction.)（2）研究導向。若研究論文主要提出某些實驗或調(diào)查結(jié)果，則作者通常可以把研究活動作為重點，即采用所謂的研究導向方式。在采用研究導向方式時，study,research,investigation或experiment等特征名詞被用來強調(diào)研究活動本身。這類句子是表達已經(jīng)過去的事情，所以使用一般過去時態(tài)。常用的句型有：Thepurposeoftheexperimentreportedherewas、Theaimofthisstudywas、Theobjectiveofthisresearchwas(todeterminethepreferredviewingdistanceforworkatavisualdisplayunit.、toexaminetheapparentosmoticbehaviorofsomecontemporarycommercialreverseosmosismembranes.)Intheresearchdescribedhere,Inthisstudy,Inthepresentinvestigation,Inthisresearch,Int