面向6G時(shí)代的先進(jìn)技術(shù)的初步研究：QITs 2021（英文）

PreliminaryStudyofAdvancedTechnologies

towards6GEra:QITs

2021

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PreliminaryStudyofAdvancedTechnologies

towards6GEra:QITs

2021

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ExecutiveSummary

Withthelarge-scalecommercializationof5Gin2021,theglobalindustryhaswitnessedastartingofexplorationandresearchonthe6thgeneration(6G)communicationsystems.6Gwillbuildanewtypeofnetworkthatisintelligentlyandefficientlyinterconnectedbetweenhumans,machineandthings.Onthebasisofgreatlyimprovingthenetworkcapability,ithasnewfunctionssuchasendogenousintelligence,multi-dimensionalperception,digitaltwin,endogenousnetworksecurityandsoon.Withthein-depthresearchon6Gnetworkandkeytechnologies,itsintegrationandapplicationwithQuantumInformationTechnologies(QITs)willbecomethefocusinthe

future.

In6Gera,theimportanceofcybersecurityinmobilecommunicationsisexpectedtoriseexponentially.Quantumcryptographyhasemergedasapotentialsolutionforsafeguardingcriticalinformationbecauseitisimpossibletocopydataencodedinaquantumstate.Inthefirstpart,thiswhitepapergivesanoverviewofQuantumSecureCommunication.Startingwithenablingtechnologiesofquantumkeydistribution(QKD),standardizationactivitiesforQKDanditsnetworkingtechnologiesarepresented,followedbyimplicationsofQKDfor6G.Inparticular,twotypicalapplicationsscenariosareintroduced.OneisthequantumencryptionsystemthatwillbeappliedtotheconstructionofWinterOlympicsSmartParkandXiong'anNewArea.TheotherisinXiong’anquantumcommunicationpilot,whereaquantumcommunicationtrunklinebetweenBeijingandXiong’anwillbedeployed,andaquantumkeydistributionplatformwillbeintroducedtoprovidesecuritykeysforcustomersinthefieldsofInternetofthings,Internetof

vehicles,smartenergy,smartgovernmentandsoon.

Theprovisionsofamany-foldincreaseinthe6Gcommunicationsystemperformancealongsidewithrichdiversityofinnovativeservicescallforarevolutionarypromotionininformationprocessingcapability.Inthisregard,theemergingQuantumMachineLearning(QML)hasattractedsignificantattentionduetoitsinformationprocessingparadigmbycombiningtheestablishedbenefitsofquantummechanismandmachinelearning.Inthesecondpart,followedbypreliminaryknowledgesofmachinelearning(ML)basicparadigmsandtheirapplicationinsolvingproblemacrossdifferentlayersofincommunicationsystems,andquantumtools,this

whitepaperpresentsexamplestogetinsightintotheresearchofQML.

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TableofContents

ExecutiveSummary

2

1Introduction

4

2QuantumSecureCommunication

6

2.1EnablingTechnologiesforQuantumSecureCommunication

6

2.1.1OverallPicture

6

2.1.2TypesofQKD

6

2.1.3TheNeededOptoelectronicComponentsofQKDandtheLow-Cost

Implementation

8

2.2StandardizationActivitiesforQKDN

1

0

2.2.1ITU-T

1

1

ITU-TStudyGroup11

1

1

ITU-TStudyGroup13

1

1

ITU-TStudyGroup17

1

4

2.2.2ETSIISG-QKD

1

6

2.2.3ISO/IECJTC1/SC27

1

7

2.3Implicationsfor6G

1

8

2.3.1State-of-the-artofQKDin5G

1

8

2.3.2Integrationof6GandQITs

1

9

2.3.3TypicalApplicationScenariosofQKD

2

0

3QuantumMachineLearning(QML)

2

3

3.1MachineLearningforCommunicationSystems

2

4

3.2QuantumTools

2

6

3.3QMLforCommunicationSystems

2

7

3.3.1Quantum-enhancedMachineLearning

2

7

3.3.2MachineLearningofQuantumSystems

2

8

3.3.3QuantumLearningTheory

2

8

4Reference

3

0

Acknowledgement

3

2

Abbreviation

3

2

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1Introduction

Thescopeofthisannuallyrevisedwhitepaperistointroducequantuminformationtechnologies(QITs)withtheaimoftakingadvantagesoftheirpowerfulinformationprocessingcapabilitiestofulfilstringentdemandsofcommunicationandcomputingenvisagedby6Gsystems.Ourpreviousversionin2020presenttheoverviewofQITsfromtheperspectivesofQITs&QuantumInternetandQTIsforClassicalSignalProcessing,respectively.Theversionof2021willfurtherintroducefromtwobenefitsexpectedfromQITstocommunicationsystems,i.e.,secure

communicationandenhancedinformationprocessingcapability.

Chapter2.QuantumSecureCommunication

In6Gera,theimportanceofcybersecurityinmobilecommunicationsisexpectedtoriseexponentially.Quantumcryptographyhasemergedasapotentialsolutionforsafeguardingcriticalinformationbecauseitisimpossibletocopydataencodedinaquantumstate.Chapter2givesanoverviewofQuantumSecureCommunication.Startingwithenablingtechnologiesofquantumkeydistribution(QKD),standardizationactivitiesforQKDanditsnetworkingtechnologiesarepresented,followedbyimplicationsofQKDfor6G.Inparticular,twotypicalapplicationsscenariosareintroducedasdeployingquantumencryptionsystemanddeployingquantumcommunicationtrunklineinprovidingsecuritykeysforcustomersinthefieldsofInternetof

things,Internetofvehicles,smartenergy,smartgovernmentandsoon.

Chapter3.QuantumMachineLearning(QML)

Theprovisionsofamany-foldincreaseinthe6Gcommunicationsystemperformancealongsidewithrichdiversityofinnovativeservicescallforarevolutionarypromotionininformationprocessingcapability.Inthisregard,theemergingQMLhasattractedsignificantattentionduetoitsinformationprocessingparadigmbycombiningtheestablishedbenefitsofquantummechanismandmachinelearning.Chapter3startswiththeconceptsofQMLonahigh

levelandthendiscussesmachinelearning(ML)basicparadigmsandtheirapplicationinsolving

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problemacrossdifferentlayersofincommunicationsystems.Followedbypreliminaryknowledgesofquantumtools,Chapter3presentsexamplestogetinsightintotheresearchofQML.Consequently,QMLforcommunicationsystemscanbeobtainedbyMLfor

communicationsystembeingsynergywithquantumspeedup.

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2QuantumSecureCommunication

2.1EnablingTechnologiesforQuantumSecureCommunication

2.1.1OverallPicture

Quantumsecurecommunicationmeanscombingthesecretkeygeneratedfromquantumkeydistribution(QKD)devicewithexistingsymmetricencryptor.Thedistributionprocessofthe

secretkeyisguaranteedbylawofquantummechanics.

Figure2.1Quantumsecurecommunication,asystemview

2.1.2TypesofQKD

ThetypesofQKDcanbecategorizedbythebehavioroftransmitterandreceiver,alsotheusageofphysicaldegreeoffreedom.Basedonthebehavioroftransmitterandreceiver,theQKDtypesareprepare-and-measure,twotransmitterstoonecommonreceiver(Measurement-device-independent(MDI)QKD,twin-field(TF)QKD),onecommon

entanglement-basedtransmittertotworeceivers(EntanglementbasedQKD),showninFigure2.2.

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Figure2.2TypesofQKDintermsofthebehaviorofTxandRx

Theprepare-and-measurementQKDismostcommerciallymaturedoneanditcanbefurther

dividedintotwotypes:DV-QKDandCV-QKD,asshowninTable2-1.

Table2-1DV-QKDandCV-QKD,acomparison

DiscreteVariableQKD(DV-QKD)

ContinuousVariableQKD(CV-QKD)

?MaximumBaudrateat1.25Ghzfor

product

?MaximumBaudrateat10Ghzrecord

?Basedonsinglephotondetection

?Degreeoffreedom:polarization,timebin+phase,frequency

?Darkfiberpreferred,goodathighlosschannel

?Co-existencewithdatacommunicationpossible,lowtolerance.

?Relativelysimplepost-processing

?RecordfromUniv.Geneva:6.5bps@69.3dB

?MaximumBaudratenomorethan

100Mhzforproduct

?MaximumBaudratearound1Ghzrecord

?Basedoncoherentdetection

?Degreeoffreedom:In-phasecomponentandquadratureofEMfield

?Darkfiberisnotamust,goodatlowlosschannel

?Co-existencewithdatacommunicationpossible,hightolerance

?Complexpost-processing

?RecordfromBUPT&PKU:6.2bps@32.45dB

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Phys.Rev.Lett.121,190502(2018)

Phys.Rev.Lett.125,010502(2020)

2.1.3TheNeededOptoelectronicComponentsofQKDandtheLow-Cost

Implementation

InFigure2.3,ThethreetypicalQKDsystemsusingphoton’sphysicaldegreeoffreedomarelisted:DV-QKDPolarization,DV-QKDTime-Phase,CV-QKDTransmittedLocalOscillator(TLO).ThesourceofhighcostcomesfromtheusageofLithiumniobatemodulator,electricpolarizationcontroller,fiber-basedAsymmetricMZIandsinglephotondetector.ThankstotherapidprogressofsiliconphotonicchipandIII-Vmaterialphotonicchipdevelopmentrecentyears,theQKDcanbenefitfromlow-costdevice.InFigure2.4,anexampleisshownhowthetraditionwayofmodulatingtheintensityandpolarizationofthequantumsignalcarriercanbeshrinkintoa

smalldevice.

Figure2.3CostissuewithQKDsystem

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Figure2.4ShrinkthesizeoftraditioncomponentintoasmalldeviceforQKD

WithcompactsiliconphotonicschipandIII-Vcomponents(Figure2.5)andapplication-specificintegratedcircuit(ASICs),thefulloptoelectronicfunctionscanbepackagedintoastandardCform-factorpluggable(CFP)sizemodulethatiswidelyusedintraditionalopticalcommunicationindustry,whichimpliesstandardandcost-effectiveQKDTxmoduleandQKDRxmodulearefeasibleinthenearfuture.ThentheQKDfunctionscanberealizedviaCFPQKDmodulewithon-boardcomputationelectronics,thiswillbenefittheimplementationof

quantumsecurecommunicationsystemintermsofsize,costandflexibility(Figure2.6).

Figure2.5CompactIII-Vmaterialbasedsinglephotondetector

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Figure2.6ThefutureofstandardCFPQKDmodule

2.2StandardizationActivitiesforQKDN

QKDanditsnetworkingtechnologieshaveattractedalotofinterestinmultipleSDOs,e.g.,ISO,IEC,ITU,IEEE,IETF,ETSI,asshownin2.7.ThestatusofQuantumKeyDistributionNetworks(QKDN)standardizationindifferentSDOswillbebrieflyreviewedinthefollowing

sub-clauses.

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Figure2.7QKDNstandardizationtimeline

2.2.1ITU-T

ITU-TisthefirstSDOtostandardizeQKDasanetworksince2018.Atthetimeofthisreport’spublication,ITU-TStudyGroups13and17hadcumulativelyinitiated18workitemson

thenetworkandsecurityandaspectsofQKDnetworks,respectively.

ITU-TStudyGroup11

Atthetimeofthisreport’spublication,SG11hadinitiated1workitemsonQKDNforstudy,

aslistedinTable2-2.

Table2-2:QKDrelatedworkitemsinITU-TSG11

Q

Reference

Title

Type

Status

Q2/11

Q.QKDN_profr

Quantumkeydistributionnetworks–Protocol

framework

Recommendation

Under

development

ITU-TStudyGroup13

Atthetimeofthisreport’spublication,SG13hadadopted5standardsonQKDN,including

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theQKDNoverview(Y.3800),functionalrequirements(Y.3801),functionalarchitecture(Y.3802),keymanagement(Y.3803),controlandmanagement(Y.3804)andinitiated17work

itemsonQKDNforstudy,aslistedinTable2-3.

Table2-3:QKDrelatedworkitemsinITU-TSG13

Q

Reference

Title

Type

Status

Q16/13

Y.3800

Overviewon

networkssupportingquantumkey

distribution

Recommendation

Published

(2019-11)

Q16/13

Y.3801

Functional

requirementsfor

quantumkey

distributionnetwork

Recommendation

Published

(2020-07)

Q16/13

Y.3802

Quantumkey

distributionnetworks

-Functional

architecture

Recommendation

Published

(2021-04)

Q16/13

Y.3803

Quantumkey

distributionnetworks

-Keymanagement

Recommendation

Published

(2021-03)

Q16/13

Y.3804

QuantumKey

Distribution

Networks-Control

andManagement

Recommendation

Published

(2021-01)

Q16/13

Y.3805

QuantumKey

Distribution

Networks-SoftwareDefinedNetworkingControl

Recommendation

Under

development

Q6/13

Y.3806

Requirementsfor

QoSAssuranceof

theQuantumKey

DistributionNetwork

Recommendation

Under

development

Q16/13

Y.Sup70

ITU-TY.3800-series

-Quantumkey

distributionnetworks

Supplement

Published

(2021-09)

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Q

Reference

Title

Type

Status

-Applicationsof

machinelearning

Q16/13

Y.QKDN_BM

QuantumKey

Distribution

Networks-Business

role-basedmodels

Recommendation

Under

development

Q16/13

Y.QKDN_frint

Frameworkfor

integrationofQKDNandsecurestorage

network

Recommendation

Under

development

Q16/13

Y.QKDN-iwfr

Quantumkey

distributionnetworks

-interworking

framework

Recommendation

Under

development

Q16/13

Y.QKDN-ml-fra

QuantumKey

Distribution

Networks-

Functional

requirementsand

architecturefor

machinelearning

Recommendation

Under

development

Q6/13

Y.QKDN-qos-fa

Functional

architectureofQoSassurancefor

quantumkey

distributionnetworks

Recommendation

Under

development

Q6/13

Y.QKDN-qos-gen

GeneralAspectsofQoS(Qualityof

Service)onthe

QuantumKey

DistributionNetwork

Recommendation

Under

development

Q6/13

Y.QKDN-qos-ml-req

Requirementsof

machinelearning

basedQoSAssuranceforquantumkey

distributionnetworks

Recommendation

Under

development

Q16/13

Y.QKDN-rsfr

Quantumkey

Recommendation

Under

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Q

Reference

Title

Type

Status

distributionnetworks

-resilience

framework

development

Q16/13

Y.supp.QKDN-roadmap

Standardization

roadmaponQuantumKeyDistribution

Networks

Supplement

Under

development

ThestructureofworkonQKDNstandardizationinSG13isillustratedinFigure2.8.

Figure2.8:QKDNstandardizationworkitemsinSG13

ITU-TStudyGroup17

SG17establishedanewQuestion,Q15/17,Securityfor/byemergingtechnologiesincludingquantum-basedsecurity,approvedbyTSAG’sSeptember2020meeting.TheQ15/17termsof

referenceareavailableat[1].

Atthetimeofthisreport’spublication,SG17hadadopted3standardsonQKDNandQRNG,

includingQKDNsecurityframework(X.1710),keycombinationandconfidentialkeysupply

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(X.1714)andQRNGarchitecture(X.1702),andinitiated10workitemsonQKDNforstudy,as

listedinTable2-4.

Table2-4:QKDrelatedworkitemsinITU-TSG17

Reference

Title

Type

Status

X.1702

Quantumnoiserandomnumbergeneratorarchitecture

Recommendation

Published

(2019-11)

X.1710

Securityframeworkforquantumkeydistributionnetworks

Recommendation

Published

(2020-10)

X.1714

Keycombinationandconfidentialkeysupplyforquantumkey

distributionnetworks

Recommendation

Published

(2020-10)

XSTR-SEC-QKD

Securityconsiderationsforquantumkeydistributionnetwork

TechnicalReport

Published

(2020-03)

X.1712

SecurityrequirementsandmeasuresforQKDnetworks-key

management

Recommendation

Under

development

X.sec_QKDN_AA

Authenticationandauthorizationin

QKDNusingquantumsafe

cryptography

Recommendation

Under

development

X.sec_QKDN_CM

Securityrequirementsandmeasuresforquantumkeydistribution

networks-controlandmanagement

Recommendation

Under

development

X.sec_QKDN_intrq

Securityrequirementsfor

integrationofQKDNandsecurenetworkinfrastructures

Recommendation

Under

development

X.sec_QKDN_tn

SecurityrequirementsforQuantumKeyDistributionNetworks-trustednode

Recommendation

Under

development

TR.hybsec-qkdn

TechnicalReport:Overviewofhybridsecurityapproaches

applicabletoQKD

TechnicalReport

Under

development

ThestructureofworkonQKDNstandardizationinSG17isillustratedinFigure2.9.

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Figure2.9:QKDNstandardizationworkitemsinSG17

2.2.2ETSIISG-QKD

ETSIinitiatedtheindustryspecificationgroup(ISG)onQKDin2008.ETSIISG-QKDhaspublishedninespecificationsonQKDuntil2019andhaveseveralworkitemsongoingaslistedinTable2-5.ThepreviousworkmainlyfocusedonQKDlink-levelissues,includingQKDopticalcomponents,modules,internalandapplicationinterfaces,practicalsecurity,etc.NotethatETSIhasalsoinitiatedthestudyofQKDnetworkarchitecturesrecentlyandthespecificationofQKD

securitycertificationbasedoncommoncriteria.

Table2-5:QKDrelatedworkitemsinETSI

Reference

Title

Status

GSQKD002

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);UseCases

Published

(2010-06)

GRQKD003

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);ComponentsandInternalInterfaces

Published

(2018-03)

GSQKD004

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);ApplicationInterface

Published

(2010-12)

GSQKD005

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);SecurityProofs

NOTE–Revisioninprogress

Published

(2010-12)

GRQKD007

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);Vocabulary

Published

(2018-12)

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Reference

Title

Status

NOTE–Revisioninprogress

GSQKD008

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);QKDModuleSecuritySpecification

Published

(2010-12)

GSQKD011

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);Componentcharacterization:

characterizingopticalcomponentsforQKDsystems

Published

(2016-05)

GSQKD012

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD)DeviceandCommunicationChannelParameters

forQKDDeployment

Published

(2019-02)

GSQKD014

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);

ProtocolanddataformatofkeydeliveryAPItoApplications;

Published

(2019-02)

GSQKD015

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);

QuantumKeyDistributionControl

InterfaceforSoftwareDefinedNetworks

Published

(2021-03)

DGS/QKD-0010_ISTrojan

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);

Implementationsecurity:protection

againstTrojanhorseattacksinone-wayQKDsystems

Under

development

DGS/QKD-0013_TransModChar

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);

CharacterisationofOpticalOutputofQKDtransmittermodules

Under

development

DGS/QKD-016-PP

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);

CommonCriteriaProtectionProfilefor

QKD

Under

development

DGR/QKD-017NwkArch

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);Networkarchitectures

Under

development

DGS/QKD-018OrchIntSDN

QuantumKeyDistribution(QKD);OrchestrationInterfaceofSoftware

DefinedNetworks

Under

development

2.2.3ISO/IECJTC1/SC27

ISO/IECJTC1/SC27initiatedthestudyperiod"Securityrequirements,testandevaluation

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methodsforquantumkeydistribution"in2017.In2019,thestudyperiodwascompleted,anda

newworkitemISO/IEC23837(Part1&2)wasestablishedaslistedinTable2-6.

Table2-6:QKDrelatedworksitemsinISO/IECJTC1

Reference

Title

Status

ISO/IEC

23837-1

Securityrequirements,testandevaluationmethodsforquantumkeydistributionPart1:requirements

Under

development

ISO/IEC

23837-2

Securityrequirements,testandevaluationmethodsforquantumkeydistributionPart2:testandevaluation

methods

Under

development

2.3Implicationsfor6G

2.3.1State-of-the-artofQKDin5G

In5Gera,theimportanceofcybersecurityinmobilecommunicationswillriseexponentially.Quantumcryptographyhasemergedasapotentialsolutionforsafeguardingcriticalinformationbecauseitisimpossibletocopydataencodedinaquantumstate.SomemobileoperatorshaveappliedencryptiontechnologyusingQKDto5Gnetworks,forexample,inApril2021,SKTelecom(SKT)anditssubsidiaryIDQuantique(IDQ),aGeneva-basedleaderinquantum-safecryptography,havedevelopedaquantumvirtualprivatenetwork(VPN)basedontheQKD.VPNisasecuredcommunicationschannelimplementedovershared,publicnetworkstoconnectremoteusersandmachinestoaprivatenetwork.QKDisasecurecommunicationmethodthatimplementsacryptographicprotocolinvolvingcomponentsofquantummechanics[2].In6G,

withthedevelopmentoftechnology,itmaturesdaybyday.

Inordertoresistthepotentialimpactontheclassiccryptographysystem,256bitsalgorithmswillbeendorsedtoreplacethe128bitsalgorithms.In5G,the128bitsalgorithmsNRIntegrityAlgorithm(NIA)/NREncryptionAlgorithm(NEA)1/2/3areusedfortheAccessStratum(AS)andNon-AccessStratum(NAS)securityprotectionbasedonthesharedkey,meanwhilethe

corresponding256bitsalgorithmsarealreadyunderinvestigationin3GPPSA3andETSI

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SecurityAlgorithmsGroupofExperts(SAGE).Thenew256bitsalgorithmswillprobablybeintroducedin6Gera.AES-256willbeoneofthecandidates,evenwithcurrentlyknownquantumalgorithmslikeGrover's,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)believesthatAES256keyswillstillbesafeforaverylongtimeandrecommendsthatcurrentapplicationscan

continuetouseAESwithkeysizes128,192,or256bits[3].

Forasymmetricalgorithms,e.g.,EllipticCurve-BasedCertificatelessSignaturesforIdentity-BasedEncryption(ECCSI),RSA,theyarewidelyusedin5GsystemandInternetservices.

NISThasinitiatedaprocesstosolicit,evaluate,andstandardizeoneormore

quantum-resistantpublic-keycryptographicalgorithms.Itisintendedthatthenewpublic-keycryptographystandardswillspecifyoneormoreadditionalunclassified,publiclydiscloseddigitalsignature,public-keyencryption,andkey-establishmentalgorithmsthatareavailableworldwide,andarecapableofprotectingsensitivegovernmentinformationwellintotheforeseeablefuture,includingaftertheadventofquantumcomputers.ItwasplannedtogetthedraftstandardsonPost-QuantumCryptography(PQC)availableat2022-2024.ThisisthemostcriticalissuetostandardizethemoststableandsecurePQCbeforedeployingthemintothe6G.Earlyadoptionofpostquantumalgorithmswouldbebothverycomplex,andyetresultinpotentiallyuncertain

securityguarantees.

2.3.2Integrationof6GandQITs

Thecompositionof6Gnetworkrequireshigh-precisiondatacapability,computingcapabilityandsecurity,whichcanbeenabledbyquantumtechnologiessuchasquantumprecision

measurement,quantumcomputingandquantumcommunication.

(1)Quantumcomputingwillhelp6Gmaximizespectrumutilizationandimproveresource

allocationefficiency.

Inthe6Gera,thewirelessindustrymayre-examinethetraditionalspectrumallocation

mechanismandfurtherevolvethedynamicspectrumsharingtechnology.Throughtheuseof

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ArtificialIntelligence,Blockchainandothertechnologies,moreintelligentanddynamicspectrumallocation,controlandschedulingcanberealizedtomaximizespectrumutilization.Quantumcomputingwillachieveoptimalwirelessresourceallocationandcellplanningandimproveenergy

efficiencyandspectrumefficiency.

(2)Quantumprivatecommunicationtechnologyensuresnetworkdatasecurityand

supportsthedevelopmentofdigitaleconomy.

Traditionalcryptographybasedoncomputationalcomplexitywillfacethethreatofquantumcomputerattacksinthe6Gera.Enhancedcryptographysuchasquantumkeyandwirelessphysicallayerkeywillprovideastrongersecurityguaranteefor6G.Inthefuture,6Gnetworkswillrelyonlightweightaccessauthentication,quantumkey,blockchainandotheradvanced

securitytechnologiestoprovideactivedefensefornetworkinfrastructure.

2.3.3TypicalApplicationScenariosofQKD

Quantumencryptedcommunicationcanbeappliedtoprotectthedataacquisitionandprocessingsystemofinfrastructure,ensuringthesecurityofdatacommunication.Itcanbewidely

usedinfrontierfieldssuchasdigitaltwins,smartparks,blockchainsandsoon.

Takingthemanagementandschedulingofthesmartparkasanexample,collectandanalyzetheenvironmentalinformationoftheparkthroughsensingequipment(camera,radar),roadsideunitandpositioningreferencestation,andbuildabusinesssystembasedon'vehicle-road-human-cloudcollaboration’,whichcanrealizetheefficientandfastmanagementofpersonnel,materialsandequipmentinthepark.Thecollecteddataiscloselyrelatedtothemanagementabilityofthepark,anditsauthenticityandintegritycanbeprotectedbyquantumkey

distribution.

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Figure2.10DataEncryptionofSmartParkBasedonQuantumSecuritySystem

DatatransmissionwiththequantumencryptionsystemisshownintheFigure2.10.Thequantumkeydistributionsystemprovideskeysforreliableauthenticationanddataencryptionofvideo,pictures,pointclouddata,trafficinformation,locationinformationandotherdataofthepark.Thequantumkeydistributionsystemcanalsochangethekeyaccordingtothespecificbusinessrequirements,realizingtheintelligentmanagementoftheparkandsecuredatatransmission.Inthefuture,thequantumencryptionsystemwillbeappliedtotheconstructionof

WinterOlympicsSmartParkandXiong'anNewArea.

Forexample,inXiong’anquantumcommunicationpilotasillustratedbyFigure2.11,aquantumcommunicationtrunklinebetweenBeijingandXiong’anwillbedeployed,anda

quantumkeydistributionplatformwillbeintroducedtoprovidesecuritykeysforcustomersinthe

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fieldsofInternetofthings(IoT),Internetofvehicles(IoV),smartenergy,smartgovernmentandsoon.Thequantumkeydistributionplatformandtheserviceapplicationservercanbedeployedtogetherwithoutchangingtheoriginalnetworktopology,andtheencryptedbusinessisstill

transmittedintheoriginalservicechannels.

Figure2.11QuantumCommunicationPilotinXiong'an

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3QuantumMachineLearning(QML)

Itishighlyexpectedthatthe6thgeneration(6G)communicationsystemswilllayafoundationofpervasivedigitization,ubiquitousconnectionandfullintelligence.Theprovisionsofamany-foldincreaseinthecommunicationsystemperformanceandrichdiversityofinnovativeservicescallforarevolutionarypromotionininformationprocessingcapability.Inthisregard,theemergingQuantumMachineLearning(QML)hasattractedsignificantattentionduetoitsinformationprocessingparadigmbycombiningtheestablishedbenefitsofquantummechanismandmachinelearning.Inthefollowing,westartwiththeconceptsofQMLonahighlevelandthendiscussmachinelearning(