現(xiàn)場8K視頻制作與5G mmWave（英文）

Live8KVideoProduction

with5GmmWave

TableofContents

1.Background:BusinessNeeds 1

2.8KVideoUseCases,ProtocolsandDemands 2

2.1.8KVideoWirelessBackhaulUseCaseDescription 2

2.2.VideoCompressionFormats 3

2.2.1.VisuallyLosslessCompression 3

2.2.2.HeavyCompressionProtocols 5

2.3.8KUHDVideoRadioTransmissionKPIs 7

3.mmWavefor8KVideoTransmission 8

3.1.End-to-endTransmissionSchemes 8

3.1.1.NetworkArchitectureSelection 8

3.1.2.CoreNetworkSchemes 9

3.1.3.RadioNetworkSchemes 10

3.2.UplinkTransmissionTechnology 10

3.2.1.DSUUUFrameStructure 10

3.2.2.MU-MIMO 12

3.2.3.High-PowerUserEquipment(HPUE) 12

3.3.ProtocolAdaptionandLinkAggregation 13

3.3.1.TransmissionProtocolBackground 13

3.3.2.ISSPProtocolIntroduction 13

3.3.3.ISSPAdvantageRoundup 15

3.4.ResearchonKeyEcosystemCompanies 15

3.4.1.mmWaveMobileCommunicationIndustrialChainMaturity 16

3.4.2.UHDEncoderMaturity 16

3.4.3.5G-basedUHDVideoMobileBackhaulMaturity 18

4.TypicalTransmissionCases 18

4.15GmmWave-based8KVideoFieldEnd-to-EndTransmissionDemo 18

4.2ExtendedDiscussionover5GmmWaveNetworkApplications 19

4.2.1.VariousMobileLiveBroadcastandCoverage 20

4.2.2.FieldProduction/In-VehicleProduction 21

4.2.3.RemoteProduction 22

4.2.4.SlowLivestreamwithLandscapeCameras 22

5.Conclusion 24

References 26

Acknowledgements 27

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1.Background:BusinessNeeds

“Informationpresentedwithvideoinultra-highdefinition”hasalreadybecomeadevelopment

mega-trendintheglobalinformationindustrythankstofull5Gdeployment.Intermsofgrowth

andsize,ultra-highdefinition(UHD)willaccountfor35%ofvideo-on-demand(VOD)IPtrafficbyendof2022,andtheUHDvideoindustrywillsurpassRMB4trillioninChina;bothChina

CentralTelevision(CCTV)andJapan’sNHKachieved8KeventbroadcastattheTokyoOlympicGamesin2021.The2022SpringFestivalGalaandBeijing2022WinterOlympicshavebeen

broadcastedvialive8Kstreams.ItishenceinferredthatUHDproductionandtransmissionwillbeusedtolivebroadcastthemostcompellingsporteventsinthefuture,includingtheOlympic

GamesandFIFAWorldCup.WiththecontinuouslyrisinguplinkdemandintheUHDvideo

service,China’sUHDindustryhasafantasticopportunityfordevelopment,whilealsofacinghugechallengesinuplink/downlinknetworkspeedsandcapacity.

Fromtheindustrialchainperspective,developmentoftheUHDindustrywillfuelproductupgrade,replacementandbusinessprocessreengineeringalongthelongUHDindustrialchain,including

chips,videoproductionequipment,storageequipment,networktransmissionequipment,displaypanelsanddevices.Inhardware,developmentoftheUHDvideoindustryand8Kinparticularwilldriveprojectors,VR/ARandoutdoorlarge-formatscreenstobecomeanewtypeofgateways;in

application,developmentofconvergedtechnologiessuchas8K+AI,8K+VR/AR,

8K+holographicand8K+interactionwillpropelfurthergrowthin2Cmarketssuchashomeand

culture&entertainment,andexplosioninToBfieldslikesafety&security,healthcare,industrial

controlandprecisionmanufacturing.InChina,ascompetitivenessandcoverageofUHDdevicescontinuetoincrease,60-inchorabovelarge-formatdisplaypanelswillbefullyUHD,thebasic

devicecapabilitythatcatapultsUHDexperiencesintohomesalreadygetsreadyandtherobust

foundationwillstronglypushindustryandconsumptionupgrade,thefutureofexplosivegrowthin

theUHDmarketisincreasinglypromisingandChinawillbecometheworld’slargestUHDmarket.

IntheTechnicalRequirementsfor8KUHDTVProgramProductionandBroadcast(InterimProvisions)[1]issuedinJanuary2021,ChinaMediaGroup(CMG)hasstipulated:

1)8Kequipmentinvideossystemsat8KUHDstudiosoroutsidebroadcastvans(OBVan)directlyuse8Kbasebandsignalsorconvert8KbasebandsignalsintouncompressedIPsignals

compliantwithSMPTE-2110standardsforproductioninthesystems.Forsignalssenttothe

mastercontrolroom,4-stream12GbpsvideoIPmulticastsignalflowsareusedfor8KUHD

signaltransmissioninaccordancewiththeSMPTE-2110-20standard.LightweightcompressionprotocolsdefinedintheSMPTE-2110,suchasJpegXS,areusedforproductiondomain

transmission.

2)Intechnicalrequirementsfor8KUHDTVbroadcastsignalsandinteractive

video-on-demand(VOD)codingcompression,AVS3/H.266/H.265standardsareusedandvideobitratesrangebetween80-120Mbps.

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Asshownintheabovedata,although8Kuncompressedsignalsinbroadcaststandardscan

guaranteeultra-lowlatency,therequirementfortransmissionratesusingthebaseband(12GSDI

x4)orSMPTE-2110-compliantIPstreamscanonlybemetwithopticalfibertransmissionasthe

currentwirelesstransmissioncannotcarrysuchsignals.The80-120Mbpstransmissionrates

currentlyusedin8KbroadcastandinteractiveVODcodingstandardsarebasicallyclosetothe

upperlimitof5Guplinkratesintoday’spublicnetworkenvironment;however,theencode/decodelatencyusingtheexistingencode/decodemodesforInternetvideodeliveryisatthesecondlevel,whichcannotshowthelow-latencynatureof5G;furthermore,itishardtomeetthemastering

requirementinviewoftoolowbitrates.

Therefore,theuseofJPEGXSencode/decodetechnologyforlightweightcompressionof8K

videointohundredsofMegabps,closeto10bitrecordingratesfor8Kbroadcastvideoand

significantlyhigherthan8Kbitratesforbroadcasttransmission,canretainmoreimagedetailsand

quality.Meanwhile,therelativelylowencode/decodelatency,incollaborationwiththe5G

network,translatestothehigh-speed5G+8Ktransmissioncapability,whichisnotavailableinprevioussolutions.

2.8KVideoUseCases,ProtocolsandDemands

2.1.8KVideoWirelessBackhaulUseCaseDescription

TotransmitvideostreamsathundredsofMbpsandevenmultipleGbps,high-bandwidthopticalfiberchannelsareusuallyusedforproductiondomaintransmissionoftraditional8Kvideo.Thebiggestlimitationofthistransmissiontechnologyisthatcamcordersandencodersneedtobe

placedatpositionssetinadvanceandcannotmoveflexibly.Therefore,thistechnologyisnotfitforsporteventrecordingwithhighmobilityoroutdoorprogramsmovinginalargerange.

5GtechnologyusingmmWavehasbrokenthebottleneckoftransmissionbandwidthsandcan

offerGbps-gradeuplinkbandwidths,makingitpossiblefor8Khigh-bandwidthvideobackhaulonuplinksinmobilecommunication.Thebelowfigureshows8KUHDvideotransmissionon5G

links.8Kcamcorderstransmitdatacapturedtoencodersforencoding,anddataencodedissentas

uplinkdataviaroutersandCPEs.SignalsaredeliveredtotheInternationalBroadcastCenter(IBC)throughMECandcommunicationmachinerooms.

Figure15GlinksforUHDvideobroadcastandbackhaul

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2.2.VideoCompressionFormats

Videocompressionformatscancommonlybedividedintotwomajorcategoriesinaccordancewithdifferenttransformdomains,i.e.,discretecosinetransform(DCT)-basedandwavelet

transform(WT)-based.Thesetwotypesoftechnologieshavedifferentcharacteristics.Today’s

relativelyhighcompressionratiostandardssuchasMPEGH.264,H.265andH.266andChina’s

AVSseriesstandardsareallbasedonDCT/DSTtransform;lightweightcompressionstandardsforproductiondomainsuchasTICO,JPEG-XSandJPEG-2000commonlyusewavelettransform.

IPdataratesof4-stream12GbpsSDIsignals,which8Kcamcordersoftenoutput,arecommonlyathundredsofMbpsandevenmultipleGbpsafterbeingconvertedwithlightweightcompressionencodersforproductiondomain.Thesesignalscanonlybetransmittedoveropticalfibersor

ethernetbefore5GmmWavenetworksarecommercialized,astheyarefarbeyondthecapabilitiesofcurrent5Glow-band(sub-6GHz)and4Gcommercialnetworks.8Kvideosignalsare

commonlytransmittedinheavycompressionformatslikeH.265.Toadapttothecapabilitiesof

4Gand5Gcommercialnetworks,relativelyhighcompressionratiosarecommonlyusedtocontroldataratesattensofMbps.

Figure2Comparisonofimagequalityprimarilyencoded/decodedbasedonwavelettransformandDCTalgorithms

2.2.1.VisuallyLosslessCompression

Asnetworktransmissionbandwidthscontinuouslyimprove,eitherwiredprivatenetworksor

wirelessnetworksincludingradiomicrowavetechnologyand5GmmWavetechnologycontinuetobedrivenandimplemented,anddatatransmissionlinkbandwidthsincreasecorrespondingly.Theindustryandusershavehigherrequirementsforlivebroadcastandvideotransmissionquality,

especiallyincultural,entertainmentandsportevents.However,lowerisbetterforthevideotransmissionlatencyrequirement.

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While8Kvideogainstractioninthebroadcastindustry,UHDHDR(highdynamicrange)andBT.2020broad-color-gamutvideoprocessingbecomesafoundationfortoday’shigh-end

professionalvideoprocessing,andhighqualityofvideoalsoposeshighrequirementsfortransmissionlinkbandwidths.

InthewakeofTICOformat,JPEG-XShasbecomeanoptimalformatforlong-distance,

high-qualityandultra-lowlatencytransmissionof8Kor4KUHDvideocurrentlyinbroadcastandhigh-endvideoindustries.TheJPEG-XS(ISO/IEC29170)standardspecifiesimage

compressionbasedonlow-complexitysub-framediscretewavelettransform(five-layerhorizontal,

two-layervertical),whichcombineswithentropycodingandfinallydoesbitrateallocationas

required.Imageencodeanddecodecanbeseparatelycontrolledwith9~16scanninglines,anddonotneedimagegroup-relatedpredictiontransform,fundamentallydeterminingthatend-to-end

latencyofJPEG-XSencodeanddecodeisminimumincurrently-knownalgorithmformats.Itisworkabletoadapttostorageequipmentornetworktransmissionbandwidthsbytakinginto

accounttransmissionbandwidthsandvideoqualityrequirementsonthepreconditionthatoverallvideoqualityismaintained.

Inbroadcast-gradeprofessionalprogramproduction,typicalJPEG-XScompressionratiossetby

largetelevisionstationsinChinaandothercountriesrangebetween10:1and16:1,JPEG-XS

videostreamsandrelevantaudioandsupplementarydataaretransmittedseparatelywiththe

SMPTEST2110protocols,fullydemonstratingflexibilityofRTPdatamulticastforhigh-end

videoandaudio.Furthermore,masterimagequalityofend-to-endlatencyaslowasupto0.3ms

canberealizedtomeetrequirementsforvideoprogramproductionandlong-distancetransmissionatstudios.

MajorcharacteristicsofcompleteproductsaredeterminedbyJPEG-XSonthealgorithmbasis:

1)VideoencodedanddecodedinJPEG-XShashighreproduction,andinparticularvideoencodedanddecodedaftermultipleiterationsboastsstablequality.Intypicalvideo

sequencetestsbyB&MModernMediaInc.amongJapaneseusers,thePSNRvalueofvideosecondencodedanddecodedinJPEG-XSisclosetothatfirstencodedand

decoded.Thisisalsothegreatestadvantageofwavelettransform-basedintraframe

codingformatJPEG2000overotherDCT/DSTtransform-basedinterframecompressionandcodingformats.

Table1ComparisonofimagereproductioniterativelyencodedanddecodedinJPEG-XS4K12G-SDI–actualPSNRtestvalue

Item

PSNRfirstencoded/decoded

PSNRsecondencoded/decoded

JPEG-XS8:1

52.25

52.19(AlmostSame)

2)Lowlatencyofend-to-endvideotransmission

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3)ThealgorithmictheoreticalvalueofJPEG-XSencode/decodelatencyislowerthan

0.1ms,andconsideringLineBufferonthedecodingdevice,theend-to-endlatencyoflinkproductsactuallyfinishedcanbelowerthan0.3ms.Actuallatencyinnetwork

transmissionsystemswillproducedifferentvaluesbetween3ms~40ms,dependingonlinkconditionsinprivatewiredorwirelessnetworksandreferencephaseprecisioninST2059networkclockandvideotransmissionsystems.

4)JPEG-XSencodeddataatconstantrateshasstablerequirementsfortransmissionlinkbandwidths

5)AftercompressionbitratesofJPEG-XSvideostreamsaresetinaccordancewithimagetransformation,thereisnoneedtoconsiderotherrelevantpredictioninformation

quantizationandstorage,asbandwidthstakenbydataareconstant.IPtransmissionlinkbandwidthsforUHDsignalsystemswithSMPTEST2110-22protocolarereducedto

oneofdozensofthoseintraditionalbroadcastsignaltransmission.Thishasgreatly

decreasedthecostofUHDsystemsandalsobroughthighreliabilityandflexibilitytoIPinteractionandcentralmanagementsystems.Aslinkbandwidthsavailableinradio

transmissioncanincreasetohundredsofMbpsandeven1Gbps,highquality,ultra-lowlatencyandgreatstabilityofJPEG-XSencoded/decodeddatadeliverafresheffectin

high-endvideotransmissionapplications.

6)8K/4KUHDsignalstransmitvideoandaudiodatastreamswiththeSMPTEST2110protocols,whilegatheringremoteequipmentorinteractioninformationforsync

transmission.JPEG-XSstreamsandsyncinformationorinteractioninformationon

remotedevicescanbeseparatelytransmittedsynchronouslywithST2110.Such

innovationmakesapplicationslikevirtualreality(VR)andUHDremotecontrolmorelifelikeandtimelier.

7)JPEG-XSsupportsCPU-basedencodeanddecodeprocessinginFPGAhardwareand

software,butithasrelativelyhighrequirementsforinterfacespeedsandprocessing

resources.Thehigherthevideoresolutionis,thehigherthecomputingfrequencyis,thehighertheprocessingbandwidthsareandthemorehardwareresourcestakenare.WiththeemergenceofsoftwareproductswithsupportforJPEG-XS,international

organizationVSFhasissuedmoredetailedstandardsandguidancespecificationsfor

JPEG-XSstreamstransmittedthroughtheST2110-22protocolwithcontinuousupdates,whichcoverJPEG-XS-22packagingformatsandvariousdataranges,relativelyunify

JPEG-XS-22dataformatsanddriveJPEG-XSencode/decodecompatibilityinsoftwarebasedonthehardwareandserverfoundation.

2.2.2.HeavyCompressionProtocols

HeavycompressionprotocolsarecommonlydesignedforpublicIPlinksinconsiderablychangingtransmissionenvironments,featuringhighcompressionratiosandsuperiorlinkadaptability.Whendeep-compressionvideocodingmodesareadoptedinrelativelycomplexchangingenvironments,highly-efficientvideocompressioncodingschemesshouldbeusedforvideocompressiontothe

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maximum,whichcaneffectivelyreducevideobitratesandlowerrequirementsfornetworkuplinkbandwidths.Inlivestreameco-systemH.265(HEVC)andAVSarewildlyusedfordifferent

terminals,whicharedevelopedbyMPEGandAVSalliance.

1.H265

H265,alsoknownasHighEfficiencyVideoCoding(HEVC),isthenewgenerationofencoding

anddecodingstandardasasuccessortoH.264,whichwasjointlydevelopedbyISO/IECMovingPicturesExpertsGroupandITU-TVideoCodingExpertsGroup(VCEG),similartoH.264.With50%highercompressionefficiencythanH.264,itwasmainlyreleasedinresponsetothecurrenttrendofvideoapplicationscontinuouslymovingtowardshighdefinition,highframeratesandhighcompression.ThefirstreleaseofHEVCprotocolstandardswasannouncedinJuly2013tomore

thandoublethecompressionratioontheH.264standardcomplexity.Asthenew-generationvideocodingstandard,HEVCisstillaprediction+transformhybridcodingframework,butmakes

revolutionaryupliftsinmanyaspectsoverH264.Itskeytechnologicalhighlightsinclude:

1)Flexiblecodingstructure

H.265expandsmacroblocksfrom16×16pixelinH.264to64×64tofacilitatehigh-resolutionvideocompression.Meanwhile,itusesamoreflexiblecodingstructuretoimprovecoding

efficiency,includingCodingUnit,PredictUnitandTransformUnit.

2)Flexibleblockstructure—ResidualQuad-treeTransform(RQT)

ResidualQuad-treeTransform(RQT)isanadaptivetransformtechnology,anextensionand

expansionofAdaptiveBlock-sizeTransform(ABT)inH.264/AVC.Forinterframecoding,it

allowsfortransformingthesizeofblockstomakeadaptiveadjustmentinaccordancewithmotioncompensationblocks;forintraframecoding,itallowsfortransformingthesizeofblockstomakeadaptiveadjustmentinaccordancewithcharacteristicsofintraframepredictionresiduals.

Comparedtotransformingsmallblocks,transformingbigblockscanofferabetterenergyconcentrationeffectandretainmoreimagedetailsafterquantization.

3)SampleAdaptiveOffset(SAO)

SampleAdaptiveOffset(SAO),locatedintheencodeanddecodeloopandbehindDeblock,sortsreconstructedimagesandaddsoneoffsettoorsubtractsoneoffsetfromthepixelvalueineach

categoryofimagesforthepurposeofreducingdistortion,whichthusincreasescompressionratiosandreducestreams.TheuseofSAOcanreducestreamsby2%~6%onaverage,andonly

increasesperformanceconsumptionoftheencoderanddecoderbyapproximately2%.

4)AdaptiveLoopFilter(ALF)

AdaptiveLoopFilter(ALF),locatedintheencodeanddecodeloopandbehindDeblockandSAO,isusedtorestoreimagesreconstructedinordertominimizethemean-squareerror(MSE)betweenreconstructedimagesandoriginalimages.

5)ParallelDesign

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Asthechiparchitecturehasnowadaysevolvedfromsingle-coreperformancetomulti-core

parallelization,HEVC/H265wasintroducedwithmanyoptimizationideasforparallelcomputinginordertoadapttotheimplementationofhighlyparallelchips,mainlyincludingTile,SliceandWPPparallelization,whichcanfullyleveragethemulti-coreparallelprocessingadvantageof

modernchips.

2.H266Coding

H266,alsoknownasVersatileVideoCoding(VVC),wasborninthecontinuousevolutionof

UHDtechnologiesinthecurrentUHDerawithframeratesgraduallymovingfrom30fpsto60fps,120fpsandeven240fpsandvideoresolutionalsocontinuouslydevelopingfromprevious1080Pand4Ktotoday’s8KUHD.VVCwasjointlydevelopedbyMPEGandITU,andmanyleading

companiesaroundtheworldgetinvolvedincludingQualcomm,HHI,Huawei,Samsung,Sony,Intel,Nokia,Ericsson,Huawei,TencentandAlibaba.

TherequirementforVVCencodersistoinclude30%(ormore)lowerbitratesthanHEVC(H.265/MPEG-H)withoutcompromisingquality.VVChasthepotentialtosupportimmersivecontent,withvariousresolutionsfrom4Kto16K,and360-degreepanoramicvideo.VVCissimilarto

HEVCinvideocompression,butmakesimprovementsinpartitioning,predictionandentropycoding.

3.AVS3

AudioVideocodingStandard(AVS)wasdevelopedbyAudioVideocodingStandardWorkgroupofChina.Twogenerationsofcodingdevelopedbytheworkgroup,includingAVS1andAVS2,

wereissuedasChina’snationalstandardsrespectivelyin2006and2016.Today,AVSstandardsarewidelyappliedinChina’sradioandtelevisionfields,andexpandingintoInternetvideoandmonitoringfields.AVS3,thethird-generationstandardinAVSseries,benchmarksVVCinkeydesigncriteria,whosetechnologicaladvantagesaremainlyreflectedintwoaspects:1)

Optimizationoftraditionalsignalprocessing-relatedtechnologies,suchasblockpartitioningandmotionpredictionetc.;2)Optimizationandexplorationusingintelligentalgorithms,suchas

optimizingsignalpredictionandcodingusingneutralnetworks.TheAudioVideocodingStandard

WorkgroupcompletedthedraftbenchmarkdocumentofAVS3inMarch2019,whose

performancesurpassesAVS2by30%orso.TheChinaMediaGroupTechnicalRequirementsfor8KUHDTVProgramProductionandBroadcast(InterimProvisions)wasissuedonJanuary21,

2021,specifyingtheAVS3standardisadoptedforvideodeliveryinencodeanddecodetechnologiesandAVS3/HEVC/VVCstandardsareadoptedforinteractiveVODvideo.

2.3.8KUHDVideoRadioTransmissionKPIs

TheTechnicalRequirementsfor8KUHDTVProgramProductionandBroadcast(InterimProvisions)issuedbyChinaMediaGroup(CMG)inJanuary2021havestipulated:

1)8Kequipmentinvideosystemsat8KUHDstudiosoronoutsidebroadcastvans(OBVan)directlyuse8Kbasebandsignalsorconvert8KbasebandsignalsintouncompressedIP

8

signalscompliantwiththeSMPTE-2110standardsforproductioninthesystemsto

realizehigh-bandwidth,low-latencyprocessingandtransmission.Forsignalssenttothemastercontrolroom,4-stream12GbpsvideoIPmulticastsignalflowsareusedfor8KUHDsignaltransmissioninaccordancewiththeSMPTE-2110-20standard.

2)In8Kvideorecording,XAVC-IClass300/480/MXF(10bit)isusedasthecompression,codingandpackagingformatwithbitratesof500MbpsX4(Class300/MXF)or

800MbpsX4(Class480/MXF).

3)Intermsoftechnicalrequirementsfor8KUHDtelevisionbroadcastsignalcodingand

compression,theAVS3standardisused,8KUHDsignals(7680×4320/50P/HDR)withbenchmark10-bitprofilesand10.0.60levelsareused,withvideobitratesnotlowerthan120Mbps.

4)Intermsoftechnicalrequirementsfor8KUHDinteractiveVOD,videoiscodedinAVS3/H.266/H.265withtotalbitrategreaterthan80Mbps.

TheabovedatashowsthatAVS3/H.266/H.265codingstandardswithbitratesrangingbetween

80-120Mbpsareusedinbroadcastdomain,basicallyclosetotheupperlimitof5Guplinkratesintoday’spublicnetworkenvironments.Screen-to-screenlatency,aslowassecondsandfarlower

thanthatbasedon4GandInternet,canofferviewinguserswithexcellentexperiences.In

productiondomain,theSMPTE-2110lightweightcompressionstandardisusedforcompressed8Ksignalscompliantwiththebroadcaststandardtoretainmoreimagedetailsandqualityand

guaranteetensofmillisecondsoflatency.BitratesaftercompressionathundredsofMbpsarefarhigherthan8Kbitratesfortransmissiononthebroadcastside.Forhugechallengesonthe5G

mobilecommunicationsystem,mmWavetechnologyisneededtoenhanceuplinkcapacity.

3.mmWavefor8KVideoTransmission

3.1.End-to-endTransmissionSchemes

TosupporttheUHDvideobackhaularchitectureshowninFigure1,considerationsaretakeninnetworkarchitecture,corenetworkandradionetworkschemeselectionasfollows.

3.1.1.NetworkArchitectureSelection

Inoverallnetworkarchitecture,NSAorSAnetworkingmaybeselected,dependingonsupport

capabilitiesandnetworkingrequirementsofcommercialdevices.IntheNSAnetworkingscheme,radiobasestationsneedtosupportbothLTEand5GmmWave,correspondingradionetwork

administrationisalsorequiredtosupportboth4Gand5Gatthesametime,andthecorenetwork

isselectedtoaccessvirtualEPC.IntheSAnetworkingscheme,highlow-bandNR-DCormmWavestandalonenetworkingcanbeselectedinradiobasestations,correspondingradio

networkadministrationonlyneedstosupport5Gandthecorenetworkisrequiredtoaccess5GC.

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Figure3Networkarchitecture

3.1.2.CoreNetworkSchemes

Differentconfigurationsneedtobechosenforthecorenetworkinaccordancewithdifferent

networkarchitectures.IntheNSAnetworkarchitecture,anoperatorcanchoosetoaccesslive4GEPCorbuildnewEPC,andthereisnodifferencebetweenEPCandtraditional4Gnetworks.IntheSAnetworkarchitecture,anoperatorcanchoosetoaccesslive5GCorbuildnewprivate

network5GC.The5Gcorenetworksupportsaseparationarchitectureforcontrol/userpanelstorealizedistributeddeployments.

BasedonChinaUnicom’slatencyrequirementforlive4K/8KvideobroadcastattheWinter

Olympics,theoperatorcanconsiderintroducingaMECschemeinthecorenetwork,wherethecorenetworklinkswithIBCvideoservers,asshowninthefollowingsystemarchitecturefigure.ZTE’s5GcorenetworksupportsMulti-accessEdgeComputing(MEC)technology,UPFsare

deployedattheedgedatacenter(EdgeDC)closertousersinabidtogetclosetouserstothe

greatestextentandaccessapplicationnetworkssuchasInternetnearby.TrafficattheuserpanelexportsfromthenearbyUPF,entersapplicationnetworks,andnolongerexportsfromthecorenetworkthroughthebackbonenetwork.ThiscaneffectivelyreducenetworkpressureandshockfrommmWaveusers’high-bandwidthapplicationsonournetworks,whilebeingabletooffer

lower-latencyservicesandfurtherimproveuserexperiences.

Figure4Corenetworkscheme

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3.1.3.RadioNetworkSchemes

Differentconfigurationsarechosenforradionetworksinaccordancewithdifferentnetwork

architecturematurity.IntheNSAnetworkarchitecture,radionetworksneedtoaccess4Gand5Gradiobasestations,soanoperatorcanchoosetooverlap5GmmWavebasestationsonlive4G

basestationsorbuildallnew4Gand5GmmWavebasestations.IntheSAnetworkarchitecture,radionetworksonlyneedtoaccess5Gbasestations.IfNR-DCisselectedfornetworking,the

operatorcanchoosetooverlap5GmmWaveonlive5Glow-bandbasestationsorbuildallnew

5Ghigh-bandandlow-bandstations.IfSAFR2isselectedforstandalonenetworking,anoperatorshouldchoosetobuildallhigh-bandmmWavestations.

Forlivestreambroadcastoftopsportgames,itissuggestedtointroducealocaltrafficoffloadschemeatthebasestationlevel,wheretheNodeEngineinradiobasestationslinkswithIBCvideoservers,asshowninthefollowingnetworkarchitecturefigure,applicabletoNSAorSA.ZTEsupportsthebuilt-incomputepowerengineNodeEngineinbasestationsthatmoves

computepowerdowntobasestationsbyofferingcompute,storage,networkandacceleratorresourcesonthebasestationBBUchassis.Inthecontainerizedmicro-servicearchitecture,theenginemoveslocaltrafficoffloadandradionetworkcapabilitiesdowntobasestations,offersPLMNandsliceID-basedprivatenetworkmodels,buildsbasestation-gradeindustryedge

computing,allowsdatanottomoveoutofthecampusandrealizes“directaccesswithonehoponairinterface”,whilesupplementingwithEdgeQoSrefinedguaranteethatcanmeetlow-latency

performancerequirementsneededforVRservices.

Figure5RadioNetworkScheme

3.2.UplinkTransmissionTechnology

3.2.1.DSUUUFrameStructure

ToaddresstheissueofinsufficientmmWaveuplinkcapacity,moreslotresourcesmaybe

allocatedforuplinkservicedevicestoincreaseuplinknetworkcapacity,suchasusingDSUUU

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framestructuretechnology.InDSUUUframestructureconfigurationandDDDSUframestructureconfiguration,therearesamesymbolconfigurationsinanysingleD,SandUslot.Forexample,

theD/Uslotrespectivelycontains14fullDL/ULsymbols,SslotDLsymbol:nospecialsymbol:ULsymbol10:2:2.TheproportionsofUL/DL