普通心理學(xué) 第三講 biology

第3章心理學(xué)的生理基礎(chǔ)

BiologicalBasesofPsychology北大心理學(xué)系專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課01June20241Broca醫(yī)生工人腦部受傷額葉外側(cè)不能說話，但能理解他人的語言。Broca區(qū)01June20242Anatomy

解剖學(xué)（人體）01June20243OutlineofThisLecture

本章概要TheNervousSystemanditsBasicUnits

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的基本構(gòu)成TheEndocrineSystem

內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)TheInteractionofBiologyandMentalProcess

生理和心理的相互作用（舉例）01June202441NervousSystem01June20245人體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)大腦脊髓軀體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)01June202461神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)TheCentralNervousSystem(CNS)

中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)ThePeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)

外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Neurons:BasicUnitsoftheNS

神經(jīng)元：神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的基本單位01June202471.1TheCentralNS（CNS）01June202481.1.1EvolutionoftheCNS細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞節(jié)、神經(jīng)節(jié)索、腦TheSpinalCord(脊髓)TheHindbrain(后腦)TheMidbrain(中腦)TheForebrain(前腦)TheCerebralCortex(大腦皮層)01June202491.1.2TheSpinalCordReflexactionSpinalnerves（PNS）Relaystation01June2024101.1.3TheHindbrain位于脊髓之上，由延髓、小腦和部分網(wǎng) 狀結(jié)構(gòu)組成。MedullaOblongata(延髓)錐體交叉、橋腦（心跳、循環(huán)、呼吸）Cerebellum(小腦)（平滑的運(yùn)動(dòng)、平衡）ReticularFormation(網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu))網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng)（非特異性傳導(dǎo)）01June2024111.1.4TheMidbrain包括部分網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)和其它神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)01June2024121.1.5TheForebrainHypothalamusHomeostasis體內(nèi)平衡（體溫、心率、血糖）飲食、攻擊、性、情緒等內(nèi)分泌Thalamus（中繼站）Cerebrum(Subcorticalstructure) Thelimbicsystem ThebasalGanglia（主要與運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)）01June202413TheLimbicSystem高級(jí)進(jìn)化產(chǎn)物（哺乳動(dòng)物及以上動(dòng)物才有）Septalarea隔區(qū)曾認(rèn)為是快樂中樞Amygdala杏仁核參與情緒過程（學(xué)習(xí)和識(shí)記情緒事件）Hippocampus海馬記憶（不能記憶新的信息）01June2024141.1.6TheCerebralCortexLobesoftheCerebralCortexFunctionalLocalizationCerebralLateralizationPrimaryandAssociationAreas01June202415LobesoftheCerebralCortexTheFrontalLobes(額葉)TheParietalLobes(頂葉)TheOccipitalLobes(枕葉)TheTemporalLobes(顳葉)Hemispheres大腦半球Longitudianalfissure縱向裂Corpuscallosum胼胝體Centralfissure中央裂01June202416FunctionalLocalizationBrocaarea

Wernickearea視覺區(qū)聽覺區(qū)嗅覺區(qū)Somatosensorycortex軀體感覺區(qū)Motorcortex運(yùn)動(dòng)（言語）區(qū)01June202417CerebralLateralizationSplit-BrainStudies

割裂腦的研究(Sperry)Lateralization

功能的單側(cè)化（單側(cè)優(yōu)勢(shì)）Compensation01June202418OneBrainorTwo?R.W.Sperry&M.S.Gazzaniga01June202419大腦半球功能單側(cè)化語言積極情緒空間消極情緒01June2024201.2PeripheralNervousSystem

（PNS）TheSomaticNervousSystemTheAutonomicNervousSystem(ANS)01June202421TheSomaticNervousSystem腦神經(jīng)（面部肌肉、粘膜、腺體等）12對(duì)：嗅、視、動(dòng)眼、滑車、三叉、外展、面、位聽、舌咽、迷走（內(nèi)臟血管和腺體）、舌下脊神經(jīng)（頸部以下身體的感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)）31對(duì)頸神經(jīng)8對(duì)胸神經(jīng)12對(duì)腰神經(jīng)5對(duì)骶神經(jīng)5對(duì)尾神經(jīng)1對(duì)01June202422TheAutonomicNervousSystemThesympatheticnervoussystem交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)（處理麻煩）Theparasympatheticnervoussystem副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)（打理家政）01June2024231.3NeuronsFunctionalUnitofNSAnatomyofaNeuronFiringofaNeuronTransmissionofImpulsesbetweenCells01June2024241.3.1FunctionalUnitofNSNeurons神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，又稱神經(jīng)元，是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)基本功能單位。 三類Sensoryorafferentneurons感覺神經(jīng)元Motororefferentneurons運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元Interneurons聯(lián)絡(luò)神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)生和傳導(dǎo)沖動(dòng)01June2024251.3.2AnatomyofaNeuronCellbody細(xì)胞體Dendrites樹突Axon軸突Myelinsheath髓鞘NodeofRanvier朗飛氏節(jié)Terminalbuttons終端小球01June2024261.3.3FiringofaNeuron神經(jīng)傳遞是電化學(xué)過程“鹽水袋”：鈉、鉀和氯離子細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)外的交換01June202427神經(jīng)元放電Polarization極化現(xiàn)象（－70mv）Depolarization去極化現(xiàn)象Hyperpolarization過極化現(xiàn)象Restingpotential靜息電位GradedPotentials漸變電位Actionpotential動(dòng)作電位All-or-none全或無原理01June202428漸變電位的特點(diǎn)電位強(qiáng)度隨離刺激點(diǎn)距離增加而衰減電位是累積相加的01June202429動(dòng)作電位的特點(diǎn)不因距離而衰減無累積效應(yīng)(All-or-none)01June2024301.3.4TransmissionofImpulsesbetweenCells神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間并無直接的連接突觸結(jié)構(gòu)(synapse)是神經(jīng)元連接方式01June202431AnatomyofSynapse突觸前膜突觸間隙突觸后膜突觸囊泡(synapticvesicles)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)(neurotransmitter)受體(receptor)01June2024322TheEndocrineSystem

內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)內(nèi)分泌區(qū)別于外分泌，是無管腺體，分泌物為激素，直接進(jìn)入血液或淋巴系統(tǒng)人體主要內(nèi)分泌腺Pituitary垂體腺Thyroid甲狀腺Adrenals腎上腺Gonad(testicleorovary)性腺01June202433垂體腺主腺（Mastergland）控制其他腺體的功能分泌多種激素：生長(zhǎng)激素（巨人、侏儒）性腺激素（精子或卵細(xì)胞的成熟）抗利尿激素、分娩和乳汁分泌01June202434甲狀腺分泌甲狀腺素促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的氧化作用，增進(jìn)新陳代謝心境（昏睡、懶散和抑郁）01June202435胰腺位于胃和十二指腸的腸系膜上兼有外分泌和內(nèi)分泌的特征外分泌：消化酶，進(jìn)入腸道內(nèi)分泌：胰島素，進(jìn)入血液01June202436腎上腺腎臟頂端腎上腺皮質(zhì)：分泌葡萄糖皮質(zhì)素、礦物質(zhì)皮質(zhì)素及雄性激素。維持平衡腎上腺髓質(zhì)：分泌腎上腺素，使交感神經(jīng)興奮01June202437性腺睪丸卵巢01June2024383TheInteractionofBiologyandMentalProcess外傷導(dǎo)致心理障礙心理活動(dòng)是否導(dǎo)致腦結(jié)構(gòu)或功能改變？01June202439Rosenzweigetal(1972)Brainchangesinresponsetoexperience.ScientificAmerican,226,22-29.01June202440Moreexperience=Biggerbrain?被試：大鼠“Disneyland”Vs.“貧民窟slum”結(jié)果：大腦皮層更重更厚腦內(nèi)一種酶更具