押湖南卷第28-31題 說明文閱讀（原卷版）-備戰(zhàn)2024年中考英語臨考題號押題

押湖南卷第28-31題閱讀理解之說明文閱讀【題型概述】說明文是對客觀事物的性狀、特點、功能和用途等作科學解說的。它既不像記敘文那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張和論點論據(jù)；說明文是通過解說事物、闡明事理，說明文是中考英語閱讀理解題中的重點，難點之一。說明文具有與自己特點相適應(yīng)的說明方法，因此說明文結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，專業(yè)術(shù)語多，易于拉開考生分數(shù)檔次，對于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點突破長句結(jié)構(gòu)特點和邏輯關(guān)系，以便對其做出準確的語意理解?！鹃喿x策略】二、出題特點1.

生詞詞義判斷題；2.

標題判斷題；3.

主旨大意題；4.

文章結(jié)構(gòu)題；5.

觀點態(tài)度題。三、閱讀方法閱讀說明文的關(guān)鍵：抓住事物的特點，即抓住說明對象的本質(zhì)特征。1.

明確說明對象。閱讀事物說明文，首先從整體入手，把握文章的說明對象是什么；閱讀事理說明文，首先弄清文章說明了什么事理?？梢酝ㄟ^把握段落主題句來明確說明對象。2.

逐段概括要點，理清說明順序。概括要點要重視首尾句的作用，重視概念句或解說性語句的作用。閱讀時可以把這些語句勾畫出來。3.

整體感知，把握中心。分析文章段落之間是并列、遞進還是總分關(guān)系；是由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，還是由個別到一般，或是從結(jié)果到原因。最后總結(jié)出文章的中心思想。四、解題技巧1.

閱讀做標記。在閱讀的時候可給段落標上序號，并給重要的句子和關(guān)鍵詞匯做上記號，尤其是各段中心句，為答題提供更快捷、更多的信息。2.

審清題干。發(fā)掘和把握試題中有效的提示性信息，確認命題的角度、閱讀范圍和答題方式。3.

定位閱讀,強化對應(yīng)意識。絕大部分的說明文閱讀題都有一個共性，那就是答案基本上都能直接和間接從選段中找到依據(jù)?；卮饐栴}時要注意原文利用和自我加工相結(jié)合。PassageA（2023湖南長沙卷）AnyonewhohasseenTheSoundofMusic,theOscar-winningmovie,knowsthefamouscityofSalzburginAustria.Themusicalmoviewasfilmedinandaroundthecity.Toenjoytheamazing(令人驚嘆的)city,youonlyhavetowalkthroughthealleys(小巷).ThesoundsofmusicinSalzburgarenotjustfromthefamousfilm.Mozart,oneofthegreatestmusicians,wasbornhere,andthecityisproudofhim.You’llhearMozart’smusicalloverthecity.AndyoucanvisitMozart’sbirthplace,learnabouthischildhoodandeventrythechocolatenamedforhim:aMozartball!Don’tmissvisitingtheSalzburgResidenz,whichwastherulers’palaceinthepast.ItwasherethatMozartperformed(表演)forthefirsttimeinhislife.AvisittoSalzburginDecembermustincludetimeintheChristmasmarkets,whichcanbefoundhereandthere.Visitthemarketplacesforahotdrink.Thenenjoythebeautifulhandiworkforsale.SaltwassoimportanttothecityofSalzburgthatthecitywasnamedforit.This“whitegold”broughtwealthtotherulers.YoucanvisittheHalleinSaltMine(礦),oneoftheoldestintheworld.Takeatrainrideintothemountain,whereminerswillexplaintheminingprocess(過程).Thenenjoyaboatrideacrossanundergroundlake.ThesearejustafewoftheenjoyableplacesinthissmallAustriancity.Therearemuchmorewaitingforyoutoexplore.Makesuretoplanatriptothisbreathtakingcity.Itshistoryandculturewillexciteyoursenses.26.WhatdoweknowaboutTheSoundofMusic?A.ItwasfilmedbyMozart.B.ItisanOscar-winningmovie.C.ItisamovieofSalzburg’schocolate.27.WheredidMozartperformforthefirsttimeinhislife?A.InaChristmasmarket.B.AttheHalleinSaltMine.C.AttheSalzburgResidenz.28.Whatisthe“whitegold”inParagraph4?A.Salt. B.Music. C.Ahotdrink.29.Whichofthefollowingdoesthewriteragreewith?A.Salzburgistoosmalltovisit.B.Salzburgisaplaceworthvisiting.C.ThereisnothinginterestinginSalzburg.30.Whatsection(部分)ofamagazineisthetexttakenfrom?A.Travel. B.Sports. C.Science.PassageB（2022湖南永州卷）Haveyouevernoticedplasticwasteeverywhereinyourcommunity?Dr.AboubacarKampohas.HewaslivinginC?ted’Ivoire,acountryonthecoastofWestAfrica,whereplasticisabigenvironmentalproblem,comparedwithwaterandairpollution.C?ted’Ivoire’sbiggestcity,Abidjan,producesmorethan300tonsofplasticrubbishaday,andonlyabout5%isrecycled.“Howcanweturnplasticintosomethinguseful?”Kampowondered.SoKampo，whoworksforUNICEF,theUnitedNationsChildren’sFund,googled,researched,andthennoticedacompanyinColombia,acountryinSouthAmerica.Plasticpollutionisaproblemthere,too.ConceptosPlásticos,theColombiancompanythatKamporeadaboutonline,recyclesplasticwasteandturnsitintobig,Lego-likebricks（磚）forbuildingschoolsandhouses.Next,KampowenttoColombiatolearnaboutthecompanyinperson.Hetouredschoolsthatwerebuiltwithitsbricksandthefactorywherethebricksweremade.“ConceptosPlásticosgaveusasolution.”Kamposaid.Hethoughtitcouldhelpwithmorethanjusttheplasticproblem.Itcouldalsoimprovechildren’seducation.AccordingtoUNICEF,1.6millionchildreninC?ted’Ivoiredon’tgotoschool.Onereasonisthattherearen’tenoughclassrooms.Forkidswhodogotoschool,classroomsareoftenverycrowded.Kidsoftensitonthefloorandcan’tstandupbecausethereisn’troomtomovearound.In2018,UNICEFbuiltitsfirstclassroomsinAbidjan,usingbricksproducedinColombiabyConceptosPlásticos.Rightaway,thelocaleducationimprovedalot.Peoplecouldn’tbelieveitatthebeginning,thattheclassroomsweremadeofplastic.Butnowalltheparentswanttheirchildrenintheseclassrooms.Bytheendof2021UNICEFhadbuilt528classroomsinC?ted’Ivoire.ThenewConceptosPlásticosfactoryinAbidjanwillsoonbeproducingbricksfromrubbishcollectedinchildren’splaygroundsandonthebeach.Theenvironmentalinfluenceishuge.Kamposaysittakesaboutfiveandahalftonsofplasticandjustafewweekstobuildaclassroom.Unliketraditionalbuilding,nocement（水泥）isneeded.“It’sjustahammer（錘子）andthosebricks.”headded.16.WhatisthemainproblemC?ted’Ivoirefaces?A.Plasticpollution. B.Waterpollution. C.Airpollution.17.WhatcanwelearnaboutConceptosPlásticos?A.It’sacompanyinWestAfrica.B.Itrecyclesplasticwasteonline.C.ItoffersbricksforbuildingtheclassroomsinAbidjan.18.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheparentsabouttheirkids’futureinParagraph5?A.Doubtful. B.Excited. C.Surprised.19.Howmanytonsofplasticareneededtobuildaclassroom?A.About5.5tons. B.Onlyabout15tons. C.Morethan300tons.20.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.BuildingGreenB.AnintroductiontoKampoC.C?ted’Ivoire’sEnvironmentalProblem一、主旨題文章段落的首句和末句，一般表達文章的主題和段落的中心思想，其他句子只起補充、說明、解釋或引申的作用。因此，首先要搜索目標，找出文章及段落中的主題句，了解了它們的含義，就可以順著提供的主要線索去捕捉文章的相關(guān)信息，從而獲得解決問題的答案。最有效的辦法是找出主題句。主題句一般具有三個特點：（1）表述的意思通常是總結(jié)性的；（2）句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式；（3）段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想的。二、

推斷題推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義，即某一問題、某一觀點沒有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行間，要求通過文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過對文章進行符合邏輯的綜合分析，推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否，很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語氣及觀點。（1）事實推斷。這種推斷常常針對某一個或幾個具體細節(jié)，是比較簡單的推斷。進行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。（2）指代推斷。確定指代詞的含義和指代對象是閱讀理解題常見的題目。要確定指代詞所指代的對象，關(guān)鍵在于對上下文的正確理解。指代名詞的指代詞，其單復數(shù)形式應(yīng)與被指代的詞一致，因此數(shù)的形式可作為識別指代對象的第一個輔助標志。（3）邏輯推斷。這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景、人物的表情、動作和語言來推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感受。（4）對作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷。這一類考題大都要求學生就作者對論述對象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷，如作者對所陳述的觀點是贊同、反對，還是猶豫不定，對記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進行這種推斷時，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語?？傊灰綍r善于積累，并熟練運用上述解題技巧，初中閱讀理解題就將不再是難題。三、

猜測詞義題閱讀短文時，常常會遇到一些生詞。這時，考生要沉著、冷靜，細心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通過對全篇短文的理解，就有可能猜測出生詞的大意。另外，還可以從含有生詞句子的上下文，以及句子和段落之間的關(guān)系來判斷、理解生詞以求獲得其真正含義。猜測生詞的另一種方法是，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推測。遇到生詞后，可從構(gòu)詞法角度分析判斷生詞。例如：

inexpensive一詞，其中詞根expensive的含義是“貴的”。前綴in是“不”的意思，因此可以猜測此詞詞義為“不貴的，便宜的”?？傊?，猜詞題可以用到以下技巧（1）.

根據(jù)文中的解釋（2）.

使用逗號、破折號和括號等（3）.

根據(jù)同位語或根據(jù)同等關(guān)系（4）.

根據(jù)語義的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（5）.

根據(jù)因果關(guān)系（6）.

根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識（7）.

根據(jù)常識，上下文邏輯PassageAAccordingtoarecentstudy,theMiddleEastiswarmingalmosttwiceasfastastherestoftheworld.Withoutadoubt,hightemperatureswillhavedeepinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthearea.Thatshowsthegrowingrisktohumanscausedbyextreme(極端的)weather.Withmoreandmoreextremeweatherevents.wemustfindbettertechniques(技術(shù))tomakepredictionsaboutthemandmitigatetheirinfluences.AIisapowerfultool.Itcandealwithinformationandprovideadvicetohelpusbetterunderstandandmakepredictionsabouttheweather.Traditionalweathermodelsuseinformationfromsatellites(衛(wèi)星).Butthesemodelshavetheirdisadvantages:theyarenotveryexact.Theyalsofailtodiscovercomplex(復雜的）conditionsoftheairaroundtheearth.AIcanovercomethesedisadvantagesbyusingthetechnologyofdeeplearning.Itcanlearnfromhistoricalandreal-timeinformationandproducetrustfulpredictions.AIcanalsodealwithinformationfromdifferentplaces,suchassatellitephotosoronlineposts,toprovideclearerpicturesoftheweathersituation.ApaperonthePangu-WeatherAImodelhasdrawnalotofattention.Pangu-WeatheristhefirstAIpredictionmodelthatismoreexactthantraditionalweatherpredictionmethods.Thismodelcanincreasethepredictionspeedby10,000times,makingglobalweatherpredictiontimedroptoseconds.InMay2023,Typhoon(臺風)MawarappearedinthePacificOcean.AccordingtotheChinaMeteorologicalAdministration,Pangu-WeathermadeexactpredictionsaboutthedirectionofMawarfivedaysbeforeitchangeditswayintheeasternwatersoftheislandsofTaiwan.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mitigate”probablymeaninChinese?A.利用 B.減輕 C.承擔29.WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Thedifficultyinmakingweatherprediction.B.TheadvantagesofAIinweatherprediction.C.Thedisadvantagesoftraditionalweatherpredictionmethods.30.WhyisTyphoonMawarmentioned?A.ToshowhowexactPangu-Weather'spredictionsare.B.Toexpressthattheproblemsofextremeweatherhavebeensolvedcompletely.C.Totalkabouthowuselesstraditionalweathermodelsare.31.Wherecanyouprobablyreadthepassage?A.Inatravelmagazine.B.Inahealthmagazine.C.Inasciencemagazine.PassageBAvolunteergroupFree-GoinGeneva,Switzerlandismakingfridgesavailablesoshopsandrestaurantscanmakefoodavailabletothepublicbeforeitgoesbad.Thefridgesarebeingplacedalongstreetsforanyonetouse.TheprojectispartofacontinuingeffortbypeopleinSwitzerlandtocutdownonfoodwaste.Free-GohasputfridgesinSwitzerlandsopeoplecangetfruit,vegetables,breadandotherfoodsatnocost.Free-GostartedayearagowithasinglefridgeoutsideacommunitycenterinwesternGeneva.Therearenowfourfridgesaroundthecity.Thegroupplansafifthbeforetheendofthisyear.MarineDelevauxistheproject'sdirector.Shesaidthefoodinitsfridgesisusuallytakenwithinanhourofbeingleft.“Generally,whenthefoodcollectedfromshopsandrestaurantsarrivesinthemorning,peoplearealreadywaitingtohelpthemselves."Delevauxsaid.SheaddedthatthefirstGenevafridgehelpedsave3.2tonsoffoodfromgoingtowastelastyear.Ofthefooddonated(捐贈)，onlyabout3%hadtobethrownawaybecausenobodywantedit.Free-Gosaidtherestaurantsorfoodsellersmustpromisetomakesurethedonatedfoodissafetoeat.ShalaMoradihaslivedinGenevafor10years.Sheis65yearsoldandcamefromIran.Shesaidsheappreciatestheproject."It'sverygood.Icantakemeat,cabbages,strawberriesandthingslikethat,”shesaid.“Ithelpsmegetthroughhardtimesandmakesmefeelwarminmyheart.”SeverineCuendetisa54-year-oldteacher.Shealwaysleavessomevegetablesthatshegrows.“Wehavetoomuch,”shesaid.Shealsopraisedtheproject,"Thisneighborhoodhasalotofneed.”Sheadded."Andithappenstoallofustobuytoomuch.”28.Whatcanthefridgesonthestreetshelpdo?A.Savemoneyonstoringfood.B.Reducethewasteoffood.C.Preventfoodfromgoingbad.29.HowmanymorefridgeswillbeputinGenevabytheendofthisyear?A.One. B.Three. C.Four.30.Theunderlinedword“appreciates”inParagraph5means“____”A.敬畏 B.熟悉 C.感激 31.Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?A.SeverineCuendetisahelpfulperson.B.ShalaMoradiistheproject'sdirector.C.TheGenevafridgeshavehelpedsave3.2tonsoffoodfornow.PassageCYoumaythinkthebestwaytosolveadifficultproblemistokeepworkingonit，evenovernight.Butthetruthisjusttheopposite：Yourbestchancetogettothebottomofaproblemisactuallytosleeponit.AteamofresearchersatNorthwesternUniversity，US，didastudyandfoundthatsleepingisusefulinbothstrengthening（強化）（重組）memory.Thiscanhelpyousolveproblems.Theresearchersdidanexperimentwith57students.Theyaskedthemtosolve42difficultpuzzles（謎題）onthefirstday.Thestudentsworkedoneachpuzzlewhilelisteningtodifferentmusic.Theresearchencouragedstudentstorememberthemusictheyheardwhilesolvingthepuzzles.Bytheend，thereweresixpuzzlesthatthestudentsstillhadn'tsolved.Thestudentsthenwentbackhometosleep.Theyweregivenspecialsleep—monitoring（睡眠監(jiān)測）andmusicdevices（設(shè)備）.Thedevicesplayedmusicconnectedwiththeunsolvedpuzzleswhilethestudentswereintheslow—wavesleepperiod.Thisperiodiswhenpeoplearelikelytodreamandre—organizetheirmemories.Thenextmorning，thestudentstriedtheunsolvedpuzzlesagain.Researchersfoundtheywere55%morelikelytosolvethem.Themusicactivatedthememoriesaboutthepuzzleswhiletheyweresleeping.Itallowedthemto"work"onthepuzzlesintheirsleep.Earlierstudiesofbothpeopleandanimalshaveshownthatsleepcannotonlystrengthenmemory，butalsohelpusorganizeinformationinourbrains.Thisstudyseemstosupportthatunderstanding.Sothenexttimeyoufaceadifficultproblem，sleeponit.Thenplaysomemusictohelpyourselfthinkoftheproblem.28．WhatdidtheresearchersatNorthwesternUniversityfind?A．Listeningtomusiccanhelppeoplesleepwell.B．Sleepingcanhelppeoplesolveproblems.C．Solvingpuzzlescanimprovepeople'smemory.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"They"referto?A．Thestudents. B．Theresearchers. C．Thepuzzles.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"activated"inParagraph4meaninChinese?A．失去 B．抑制 C．激活31．WhatdoweknowfromParagraph5?A．Thefindingisnotvaluableforstudents.B．Thisstudysupportstheearlierfindings.C．Theearlierstudiesneededthehelpofmusic.PassageDBynow,mostpeopleknowtheyshouldeatmorevegetables.Butaretherewaystogetmorefromthevegetablesyoualreadyeat?Researchshowsthatwhenitcomestovegetables,it'sn?tonlyhowmuchweeat,butalsohowwepreparethem,whichdecideshowmanyvitamins(維他命)andothernutrients(營養(yǎng))enterourbody.Manystudiesshowthatpeoplewhoeatlotsofvegetableshavefewerillnessesandeyeproblems.Butraw(生的)vegetablesarenotalwaysthebest.Theresearchersfoundthat198Germanswhoaterawfoodwereshortoflycopene(番茄紅素),whichisfoundintomatoesandotherredvegetables."Thereisanideathatrawfoodsarealwaysgoingtobebetter,"saysStevenK.Clinton,aprofessoratOhioStateUniversity."Forfruitsandvegetables,sometimesalittlebitofcookingcanbehelpful."Anumberoffactorsdecidehowthevegetablesdogoodtopeople'shealthbeforetheyreachthetable,includingwhereandhowtheyweregrownandstoredbeforebeingbought.Nosinglecookingwayisthebest.Somenutrientsareeasilylostincookingiftheyarecookedindifferentways.VitaminsCandBareoftenlost.InJanuary,anotherreportsaidthatboilingwasbetterforcarrotsthanfryingorservingthemraw.Frying(炒)wastheworstwaytocook.Whatcookedwiththevegetablescanalsobeimportant.Whenthevegetableswerecookedwithfat,thedinerscangetmorenutrients.Fatcanalsomakethetasteofvegetablesbetter,meaningthatpeoplewilleatmoreofthem.Puttingonsomeotherthingscanalsomakethemtastebetter.Forexample,alittlesaltcanmakethefoodtastebetter.28．Whatdoweknowaboutvegetablesfromthefirstparagraph?A．Themorevegetableswehave,thehealthierwewillbe.B．Thewaypeopleeatvegetablesisofgreatimportance.C．Peoplecan'tgetmorefromthevegetablestheyalreadyeat.29．Peoplewhohaverawvegetablesforalongtimewill____.A．havemoreeyeproblemsB．havemoreillnessesC．beinneedoflycopene30．ThefollowingsdecidehowmuchgoodvegetablesdoEXCEPT____.A．theplacewheretheyaregrownB．thepriceofthevegetablesC．thewayofpreparingvegetables31．WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A．Thewayhowvegetablesarestoredinfluenceshowmuchgoodvegetablesdotopeople.B．ThebestwaytokeepvitaminsCandBinvegetablesistofrythem.C．Peoplewillgetfewernutrientsfromvegetableswhencookedwithfat.PassageEWhatdoesthis"thing"lookliketoyou?Isitasnail(蝸牛)?Orisitacar?Actually,itismydesignforthecarofthefuture—asnailcar.Thesnailcardoesn'tlooklikeanyofthecarsthatweseeeveryday.Ifanything,thiscaristheoppositeoftoday'scars.Forexample,today'scarsarenoisyanddirty,whilethisoneissilentandclean;today'scarshavewheels,butthisonedoesnot;traditionalcarsusepetrol(汽油)whilethiscarwillusecleanenergy.Onemoreimportantpointaboutthesnailcaristhatitiseasytodrive.Infact,youdon'thavetoworryaboutdrivingbecauseitcantakeyouwhereveryouwanttogowhenyousayit.Let'ssayyouneedtotakeashoppingtriptoasupermarket.Allyouhavetodoisgiveaninstructiontothecar,like"Takemetothesupermarket",andthesnailcarwillfollowyourinstructionandtakecareofyourtrip.Andthechancesarethatitwilltakeyouthereevenfasterthanyouthink.Alotofthetechnologyrequiredformysnailcaralreadyexist(存在),althoughsomemaybeexperimental(試驗性的).Today,scientistsaredevelopingnewmaterialsforthesurfaceofroads.Fiftyyearsfromnow,perhapssooner,somenewroadswillstoresolarenergy(太陽能)undertheroad,andthesnailcarwillbeabletouseit.However,youprobablywon'tseeacarlikethisontheroadsanytimesoon,evenifyou'reunder20today.This,perhaps,isthecaroftheyear2100,andthecarthatyourgrandchildrenortheirchildrenwillprobablydrive.28．Howdoesthewritershowthatthesnailcaristheoppositeoftoday'scars?A．Bytellingstories.B．Bylistingnumbers.C．Bygivingexamples.29．WecanlearnfromParagraph3thatthesnailcaris____.A．clean B．smart C．quiet30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph4referto?A．Solarenergy.B．Cleanenergy.C．Thesurfaceofroads.31．Whatwillthewriterprobablytalkaboutinthefollowingparagraph?A．Whatthesnailcarwilllooklikein2024.B．Whythesnailcarwillbepopularamongchildren.C．Whattheworldwillbelikewhenthesnailcariswidelyused.PassageFTheAngelfishCanChangeFromToMaleIntheoceanworld,thereisakindofamazingfishcalledtheangelfish.Itcanchangefromfemaletomale.Thechangehappensforanexactreason.Theangelfishliveingroups.Eachgrouphasonemalefis