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概要寫作考點(diǎn)揭秘(下)
01專題網(wǎng)絡(luò)?思維腦圖
02考情分析?解密高考
03高頻考點(diǎn)?以考定法
04核心素養(yǎng)?微專題
05創(chuàng)新好題?分層練
一.、定義
概要寫作是對原文的高度濃縮,是閱讀者在不改變原文的中心思想、體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下用簡潔、精煉的
語言表述一篇文章的主要內(nèi)容、基本觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)。它主要包括閱讀和寫作兩個(gè)過程。
二.、要點(diǎn)
簡潔、全面、準(zhǔn)確、連貫、客觀。
三、寫作的技巧
1)刪除細(xì)節(jié)。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。
2)把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個(gè)句子,那么你只要把它們變
成一兩句即可。
3)避免重復(fù)。在原文中,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題,可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該
刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。
4)壓縮長的句子。
5)你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。
6)使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞,
7)巧妙使用連接詞。
四、寫作的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
文章體裁主題句拓展句概要形式
記敘文故事的寫作目的/主故事大意,突出沖突主題句+若干拓展
題(1句)以及故事背后的深句;
意(23句)
研究報(bào)告類新聞/研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的概研究過程及最后結(jié)
新聞報(bào)道類要(1句)果(23句)主題句+若干拓展句
說明文說明的觀點(diǎn)/對象/解釋/分述(23句)+總結(jié)
現(xiàn)象(1句)
(-)如何概括主旨大意
概括主旨大意,首先要抓住文章的主題句,然后在完整理解文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行概括歸納。如前所
述,段落的主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首,段末,段落中間,甚至于沒有明顯的主題句。那么針對不同的情況,
我們可以有什么不同的方法呢?我們一起來看以下的示例。
1、找準(zhǔn)主題句概括主旨大意
中文段落寫作是螺旋/線型的發(fā)展方式:重鋪墊,講渲染,講究“言歸正傳”。而英文寫作主要體現(xiàn)為
直線型發(fā)展方式:第一句話“開門見山,一語破題”,結(jié)論句直接重復(fù),扣題。換句話說,英文文章表意
較直接,直奔主題。多數(shù)段落以主題句開端,在文章的開始部分就會(huì)闡明主題。英文寫作是由一般到特殊。
先概括后舉例,先講整體輪廓,后說諸多細(xì)節(jié)。了解英語寫作特點(diǎn)將有利于把握文章的主題句,請同學(xué)們
讀以下的段落,根據(jù)文本的特點(diǎn),快速尋找出主題句。
A
Indevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.Thereareseveral
reasonsforthis.First,inmanydevelopingcountries,themajorityofhousesinpoorvillagesandurbanslumsare
notyetservedbyapipedwatersystem.Peoplelivingintheseplacesoftenhavetowalkmanymilestofindwater
andcarryithomeinjugsandplasticcontainers.Second,thesepeopleusuallyhavefewalternativestothepiped
watersupply.Theremaybewatercloserbyinriversorlakes,butthisisoftendangerouslypolluted.Inpoorareas,
streetvendorsoftensellwaterbytheliter,buttheyoftenchargeextremelyhighpricesforwaterthatisnotalways
safetodrink.
本段的主題句是Indevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofclean
water.這一段落主要是說明在發(fā)展中國家,很多窮人所面臨的一個(gè)問題一清潔水源嚴(yán)重短缺。隨后在展開
部分闡述了造成這一問題的原因。是說明文“現(xiàn)象+原因”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
2、提取關(guān)鍵詞概括主旨大意
在沒有明確的主題句的情況下,學(xué)生需要通過定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的關(guān)鍵詞對段落或者篇
章進(jìn)行主旨概括。
B
Generally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandour
bodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinteractionssuchasfallinginloveorgivingbirth.Butina
previousexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringnegativesocial
interactionssuchasenvy.
這是一段關(guān)于人體荷爾蒙的產(chǎn)生和釋放的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究說明文,但是文中沒有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們就可
以利用關(guān)鍵詞信息來概括主旨大意。
首先通過段落中的銜接詞"Generally"和“but”了解到研究結(jié)果涉及到兩個(gè)方面;然后在前后兩個(gè)句
子中又可以找出"thehormoneoxytocin"、“isletout"、“create“、"positive"、“negative“、"social
interaction"等關(guān)鍵詞,通過整合,概括主旨大意為:
Experimentsshowourbodycreatesandletouthormoneoxytocinduringbothpositiveandnegativesocial
interactions.
C
TherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish.First,wecanreadasmanyEnglishbooks,
newspapersandmagazinesaspossible.Next,wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglish
programsonTVeveryday.Besides,itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinand
afterclass.Finally,itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish.
顯而易見,段落首句就是主題句,其中關(guān)鍵詞是“ways”“improveEnglish”。如果將主旨大意概括為
提高英語的方法有很多,未免顯得很空泛,所以我們可以從銜接詞“First"、“Next”、“Besides”和“Finally”
后的內(nèi)容中提取一些關(guān)鍵詞“read"、"listen"、“speaking”and“takingnotes和“keepingadiary”,
進(jìn)行整合,相對而言能夠更精確地表達(dá)主旨大意。這一段落的主旨大意概括為:
WecanimproveourEnglishbyreadingandlisteningtomoreEnglishmaterialsandtakechancestospeakand
writeinEnglish.
(二)如何提取核心內(nèi)容支撐主旨大意
區(qū)分核心內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)是概要寫作的一大難點(diǎn)。概要寫作不是篇章內(nèi)容的簡單羅列和呈現(xiàn),而是提取主
要內(nèi)容或關(guān)鍵信息的一個(gè)過程。所以同學(xué)們要仔細(xì)辨別什么是核心內(nèi)容,理清信息的主次,避免因?yàn)榉植?/p>
清楚主次而包含太多的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,從而影響概要寫作的簡潔性。
1、核心內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)間的區(qū)別
核心內(nèi)容是為了表明作者的寫作目的或論證作者觀點(diǎn)而使用的具體論據(jù),是概要中的必要信息,通常
不能省略。而細(xì)節(jié)描寫往往為了起到突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用,對文本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行更細(xì)致和深入的描述,通常被省
略。
一般而言,信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系可以幫助區(qū)分信息的主次關(guān)系。在一般和具體的關(guān)系中,主要內(nèi)容往
往是一般的,較多使用抽象詞;次要內(nèi)容較多使用具體的詞。我們不妨通過分析下面這個(gè)段落來具體了解
如何區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息,以便概要寫作時(shí)正確取舍。為了方便講解,我們對句子進(jìn)行編號(hào):
①"It'snotjuststudythat'sdifficult.②Youhavetogetusedtoawholenewwayoflife,whichcantakeup
allyourconcentrationinthebeginning,,,explainedXieLei,whohadlivedallherlifeinthesamecityinChina.
③Shetoldmethatshehadhadtolearnalmosteverythingagain.④“SometimesIfeltlikeachild,"shesaid.⑤力
hadtolearnhowtousethephone,howtopaybusfare,andhowtoaskashopkeeperforthingsIdidn'tknowthe
Englishfor.?WhenIgotlostandhadtoaskapasserbyfordirections,Ididn'talwaysunderstand.?Theydon't
talkliketheydoonourlisteningtapes,“shesaid,laughing.
第①句是一個(gè)過渡句,但difficult一詞是個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。第②句是本段的主題句,其中“getusedtoawhole
newwayoflife”“takeupallyourconcentration”是關(guān)鍵詞。從第③句到文末第⑦句都是關(guān)于“l(fā)earneverything
again”,通過舉例來說明gettingusedtonewwayoflifeisdifficult這樣一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。例證一般都是作為細(xì)節(jié)來
看待,因此概要中可省略。
通過對信息的篩選和整合,這段的主旨大意可以概括為:Gettingaccustomedtoapletelynewlifestyleis
noteasybecausemanythingsaretobelearnedagain.
除了前面所提到的利用一般和具體之間的關(guān)系來區(qū)分主要和次要內(nèi)容,因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、并列、
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系等也能幫助區(qū)分主次要信息。我們再來看一例:
XieLeiliveswithahostfamilywhogiveherlotsofgoodadvice.?Althoughsomeforeignstudentslivein
studentacmodationorapartments,somechoosetoboardwithEnglishfamilies.?Livingwithhostfamilies,in
whichtheremaybeothercollegestudents,givesherthechancetolearnmoreaboutthenewculture.④〃WhenI
hearanidiomthatIdon/tunderstand,Icanaskmyhostfamilyforhelp/'explainsXieLei.⑤“Also,whenImiss
myfamily,it'sagreatforttohaveasubstitutefamilytobewith.”
這一段落中沒有明顯的主題句,但是通讀文本后不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作者想要表達(dá)的是livingwithhostfamily的益
處。第①句中的定語從句是修飾hostfamily,但“giveherlotsofgoodadvice”是本句關(guān)鍵詞,提示了第一個(gè)
益處。第②句是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句,前后轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,一般而言Although引導(dǎo)的狀語從句部分是次要信息,
而主句部分則是主要信息,在這句中提取關(guān)鍵詞“toboardwithEnglishfamilies"。第③句中的hostfamilies
就是前面所提到的Englishfamilies,而此句中的關(guān)鍵詞“tolearnmoreaboutthenewculture”顯然是主要信息。
第④句是通過舉例的方式,進(jìn)一步證明livingwithhostfamily的好處。第⑤句的Also之后所提到的信息和
之前第③句的信息是同等重要的,因此在概要中需要提及,以保證要點(diǎn)齊全。
這一段落的主旨大意可以概括為:Livingwithahostfamilycanhelpstudentsgetmuchadvice,
understandanewcultureandrelievehomesickness.
2、例證重要性的判斷和取舍
分清重要信息和次要信息對于概要寫作很重要,有些同學(xué)認(rèn)為舉例,引入部分和定義等都屬于細(xì)節(jié)描
寫,因此在概要寫作時(shí)一律舍棄,但事實(shí)上這有失偏頗,有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一觀點(diǎn)或者表明觀點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性和
可靠性,會(huì)使用如舉例論證或者因果論證等方式,所以概要寫作時(shí),看到舉例論證,引入或者定義時(shí),不
能一概而論地舍棄。根據(jù)行文的需要來考慮例證的必要性和重要性,以此進(jìn)行取舍?,F(xiàn)在我們從“定義是
否需要作為細(xì)節(jié)而被刪減”的角度來看之前討論過的一個(gè)段落:
Plannedobsolescence,apracticeinwhichproductsaredesignedtohavealimitedperiodofusefulness,has
beenacornerstoneofmanufacturingfocusforthepast80years.Thisapproachincreasessales,butitalsostandsin
contrasttoatimewhengoodswereproducedtobedurable.Plannedobsolescencewastesmaterialsaswellas
energyinmakingandshippingnewproducts.Italsostrengthensthebeliefthatitiseasiertoreplacegoodsthanto
repairthem.In2009,anenterprisingmovement,the“RepairCafe95,saidnotothiswidelyacceptedbelief.
段落的首句,用同位語和定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)對plannedobsolescence一詞進(jìn)行了解釋。雖然一般來講,定
義是對某一名詞的具體說明和解釋,在概要寫作中被省略。但是plannedobsolescence對于大部分的讀者來
說是陌生的詞組,如果不加以一定的釋義,而是直接將這一詞組用于概要之中,許多讀者會(huì)因?yàn)椴焕斫膺@
個(gè)詞義而影響其對后文的理解;另一方面,第一句中的"aredesignedtohavealimitedperiodofusefulness”
為后文提到的這一做法的弊端做了鋪墊,進(jìn)而引出RepairCafe的出現(xiàn)。
由于plannedobsolescence的定義畢竟不是主要信息,所以在語言的表達(dá)和組織上還是要仔細(xì)斟酌。在
不超過規(guī)定字?jǐn)?shù)的前提下,盡量以分詞等結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn),不宜以單句形式表達(dá),以免本末倒置,偏離段落主旨
大意。
(三)如何使用自己語言表達(dá)原文要點(diǎn)
概要寫作強(qiáng)調(diào)寫作者用自己的語言言簡意賅地表達(dá)原文的主旨大意和重要內(nèi)容,要避免照搬原文。釋
義(Paraphrase)是將聽到或看到的內(nèi)容用自己的語言進(jìn)行表達(dá),可以借鑒原文的內(nèi)容,但是要學(xué)會(huì)用各種
方法來進(jìn)行改寫,達(dá)到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我們就具體來學(xué)習(xí)怎樣利用paraphrase來進(jìn)行改寫吧。
1、使用不同的詞匯
(1)同義替換:這是paraphrase最簡單的方法,就是用近義詞或者同義短語替換原文中相應(yīng)的部分。
通常使用這種方法時(shí),不需對句子的其它部分進(jìn)行改動(dòng)。
,Itismonlybelievedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople'shealth.
fItiswidelyacceptedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople'shealth.
(2)改變詞性:這一方法和同義替換較為類似,但是通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的形式替換原文中的相應(yīng)內(nèi)容。
,Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecausehegotinvolvedinamurder.
fTheyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecauseofhisinvolvementinamurder.
(3)使用不同的連接詞。連接詞不僅連接句子,也連接段落,所以掌握一些連接詞的替換,對改寫也有
很大的幫助。請看下面的例句:
,Hestayeduplateyesterday,asaresult,hefellasleepinclasstoday.
fHewenttobedsolatethathefellasleepinclasstoday.
(4)對原詞進(jìn)行逆向表達(dá)。對一些形容詞或副詞進(jìn)行修改,比如采用反義詞,雙重否定即肯定等改寫手
段也可以達(dá)到用自己語言表達(dá)原文的目的,比如:
,Thepresentfinancialsituationisnotassimpleashethought.
fThecurrentfinancialsituationismoreplicatedthanhethought.
2、使用不同的句型
(1)詞序的改變。
(2)主被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。
(3)從句和非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換。
(4)概括性的詞代替具體的詞。
說明文概要寫作是考試熱點(diǎn),一般來說說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類:
現(xiàn)象揭示類:
Thearticlepointsoutthemonphenomenon—(主題),which…(補(bǔ)充解釋)
利弊對比類:
Thearticleparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A,,,whileB…
Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.
Onthepositiveside,***,butitmayalso***
研究顯示類:
Thestudyrevealsthat…
Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat***
在日常的英語教學(xué)中,教師經(jīng)常讓學(xué)生就所學(xué)英語課文逐段概括段落大意或者復(fù)述課文,這在一定程
度上都為概要寫作打基礎(chǔ)。除此之外,作為考生,還要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
⑴積累常見的同義短語和句型轉(zhuǎn)換,掌握并運(yùn)用單詞、短語和句型?!扒蓩D難為無米之炊”,即使有再好的
寫作技巧,如果沒有相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)詞匯和句法知識(shí),也很難寫出概要寫作的上乘之作。因此,考生要在基礎(chǔ)
詞匯和句法知識(shí)上下功夫,以不變應(yīng)萬變。
⑵進(jìn)行適度地專題練習(xí)。有計(jì)劃地進(jìn)行適度練習(xí)有利于考生快速掌握概要寫作的要點(diǎn),找到概要寫作的感
覺,沖破對概要寫作的不適感。平時(shí)可多進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析和主旨概括訓(xùn)練。可按文體和題材,分類訓(xùn)練語篇
結(jié)構(gòu)的布局,增強(qiáng)對語篇上下文連貫性的把握。概要寫作首先要掌握各種文體的寫作特點(diǎn)和框架。如:
記敘文:what/who/when/where/why/how(語篇模式)
議論文:opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)(語篇模式)
說明文:phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,
howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)(語篇模式)
1.【上海市進(jìn)才中學(xué)20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期9月階段性測試】
HeightenYourAppreciationofMusic
Musicissuchafundamentalpartofhumanculturethatitlikelypredatesliteracy,theinventionofthewheel,and
eventhemusicalnoteitself.Whilepeoplegenerallyknowwhatkindofmusictheylike一andwhattheydon't-ifs
possibletoexpandyourappreciationbylearningnewwaystolisten.Herearesometipsforcultivatingsensitive
awarenessofmusicalelements.
Youmightfeelfrightenedpickingupaguitarorsittingdownatapiano-butlearninganinstrumentcanhelp
youbetterunderstandhowasongestogetherandwhatroleaspecifictypeofsoundplaysintheposition.Moreover,
themovementandeffortofaliveperformancecanoftenfocusyourattentiononpartsofasongyoumayhave
otherwisemissed.So,thenexttimeyouhearasong——particularlyaclassicalarrangement——trytoimagineitbeing
performed.Or,trytopictureascene(athunderstorm,arace)thatbestfitsthemoodandtempoofthepiece.
It'scertainlynotnecessarytograbyourfavoritemusician'sbiographyinordertoappreciateagoodditty,butit
mayhelpyoubetterunderstandthecontextinwhichheorshewrotethelyricsorrecordedatrack.Researching
backgroundscanalsoleadyoutodiscoversocialandpoliticalinfluencesatthetimethemusicwascreated.
Itcouldbehardtoappreciateawarmdayunlessyou'vespentawinterfreezing.Likewise,listeningtomusic
requiresacontrastthathelpsyoubetterunderstandhoworganizedandharmoniousitcanbe.Listento一don'tjust
hear——mon,everydaynoises.Whilesomemaybeirritating,othersmayhaveamelodyalltheirown.Eitherway,
you'llreturntoapieceofmusicwithanewrespectforafocused,deliberatebitofsound.
【答案】Asmusicisimportantinhumanculture,hereareseveralwaystolevelupone'sappreciation.First,
learninginstrumentshelpsunderstandmusicalpositionandliveperformancemakesonefocusonthedetails.
Second,musician'sbiographiesandbackgroundresearchtellthecontextknowledgeandinfluencesofmusical
pieces.Finally,onecanappreciatemusicbetterifhelistenstoeverydaynoisesasacontrast.
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章就如何提高對音樂的鑒賞力給出幾條建議。
【詳解】1要點(diǎn)摘錄
①M(fèi)usicissuchafundamentalpartofhumanculturethatitlikelypredatesliteracy,theinventionofthewheel,and
eventhemusicalnoteitself.
②Herearesometipsforcultivatingsensitiveawarenessofmusicalelements.
③Youmightfeelfrightenedpickingupaguitarorsittingdownatapiano——butlearninganinstrumentcanhelp
youbetterunderstandhowasongestogetherandwhatroleaspecifictypeofsoundplaysintheposition.
?Moreover,themovementandeffortofaliveperformancecanoftenfocusyourattentiononpartsofasongyou
mayhaveotherwisemissed.
⑤It'scertainlynotnecessarytograbyourfavoritemusician'sbiographyinordertoappreciateagoodditty,butit
mayhelpyoubetterunderstandthecontextinwhichheorshewrotethelyricsorrecordedatrack.Researching
backgroundscanalsoleadyoutodiscoversocialandpoliticalinfluencesatthetimethemusicwascreated.
?Likewise,listeningtomusicrequiresacontrastthathelpsyoubetterunderstandhoworganizedandharmonious
itcanbe.Listento一don'tjusthear一mon,everydaynoises.
2.縝密構(gòu)思
將第1、2兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合,將第3、4兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合,將第5要點(diǎn)概括大意,將第6要點(diǎn)重組。
3.遣詞造句
Asmusicisimportantinhumanculture,hereareseveralwaystolevelupone'sappreciation.
Learninginstrumentshelpsunderstandmusicalpositionandliveperformancemakesonefocusonthedetails.
Musician'sbiographiesandbackgroundresearchtellthecontextknowledgeandinfluencesofmusicalpieces.
Onecanappreciatemusicbetterifhelistenstoeverydaynoisesasacontrast.
【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型l]Asmusicisimportantinhumanculture,hereareseveralwaystolevelupone'sappreciation.
(運(yùn)用了as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句)
[高分句型2]Finally,onecanappreciatemusicbetterifhelistenstoeverydaynoisesasacontrast.(運(yùn)用了if弓|導(dǎo)
的條件狀語從句)
2.【上海市建平中學(xué)20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中英語試卷】
Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicof
sleepinessinthenation/41can'tthinkofasinglestudythathasn'tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyought
to,“saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.
Thebeginningofoursleepdeficitcrisiscanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.From
diaryentriesandourpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusion
thattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.9,Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwe
hadnothingtodointheeveningdownontheform,anditwasdark."Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehad
beenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock."'Peoplecheat
intheirsleep,andtheydon'tevenrealizethey9redoingit,“saysDr.David,9,Theythinkthey'reokaybecausetheycan
getbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8orevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.^^
Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,istheplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfrom
work,family,friendsandmunityincrease,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemontheirprogram.^^In
oursociety,you'reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouneedonly5.5hours5sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,
peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.9,
Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicaland
performancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonly
minutesearlier."We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,saysDr.David,“Shortterm
memoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.^^
【答案】Sleepdeficit,amonphenomenoninAmerica,iscausedbyseveralfactors.Firstly,theinventionofthelight
bulbhaschangedpeople'slifestyleandshortenpeople'ssleeptimebyabout2hours.Secondly,variouspressuresand
misleadingsocialconceptsalsocontributetosleepdeficit.Researchershavefoundoutthatsleepdeficitwould
influenceusintellectually.
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了美國人睡眠缺乏的原因,以及睡眠不足會(huì)帶來的影響。
【詳解】1.要點(diǎn)摘錄
?Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicof
sleepinessinthenation.
②Thebeginningofoursleepdeficitcrisiscanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.
③Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmost
peoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.
?Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,istheplexityoftheday.
⑤Inoursociety,you'reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouneedonly5.5hours5sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5
hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.^^
⑥“We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,saysDr.David,“Shorttermmemoryis
weakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.^^
2.縝密構(gòu)思
將要點(diǎn)1、6精簡,將要點(diǎn)2、3,要點(diǎn)4、5進(jìn)行整合
3.遣詞造句
Sleepdeficit,amonphenomenoninAmerica,iscausedbyseveralfactors.
Firstly,theinventionofthelightbulbhaschangedpeople'slifestyleandshortenpeople'ssleeptimebyabout2
hours.
Secondly,variouspressuresandmisleadingsocialconceptsalsocontributetosleepdeficit.
Researchershavefoundoutthatsleepdeficitwouldinfluenceusintellectually.
【‘點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]Firstly,theinventionofthelightbulbhaschangedpeople'slifestyleandshortenpeople's
sleeptimebyabout2hours.(運(yùn)用了and連接并列句)。
[高分句型2]Researchershavefoundoutthatsleepdeficitwouldinfluenceusintellectually.(運(yùn)用了that弓|導(dǎo)賓語
從句)
3.【上海市格致中學(xué)20232024學(xué)年高三9月月考英語試卷】
InstagramConcerns
AlthoughthepopularsocialmediaAPPInstagramcanbeusedinmanypositiveways,therearesignificantrisks
toyourchildthatallparentsshouldbeawareof.
ManyInstagramusersareknownfortheirperfectlyposedandeditedphotosofdelicatelife.Thelinebetween
realityandwhatispostedonsocialmediaisoftenvague.Teensoftenfinditimpossiblenottoparetheirappearance,
belongings,status,andlifestyletothelivesofthosetheyfollow.Itissoeasyforachildtobeeconsumedbythis
constantparison.IfyourchildhasgatheredalargeInstagramfollowingordoesnothavepropersettingsturnedon,
sharedinformationmaybepublicforalltosee.Althoughcontentshowedinyourchild'sInstagramfeedistailored
towardtheirbrowsinghistoryandinterests,itispossibletheycouldencounterpotentiallyinappropriatesubject
matter.
Feelingconcernedorworried?Ratherthanbanningyourchildfromtheplatformentirely,youmightconsiderthe
following:
Whenachildspendstoomuchtimeviewinglifethroughtheimagesofothers,theycanforgettotakethetimeto
trulylivetheirownlife.EncourageyourchildtoincorporateplentyofscreenfreeandInstagramfreetimeintotheir
dailylives.Onewayyoucaninfluenceyourchildtodevelopahealthyrelationshipwithsocialmediaisby
demonstratingoneyourself.Setasideyourownscreenfreetimeeachday.Also,itiscrucialthat,asaparent,you
understandyourchild'ssocialmediapresenceandhaveopenandhonestconversationsaboutthedangersof
selfparisonandoversharingonInstagram.Ifyounoticeyourchildisconstantlyexperiencingthesideeffectsof
Instagramdespiteyourbesteffortstakethestepsnecessarytoprotectyourchild.Forsome,thismaymeanlockingthe
apponyourchild'sphoneuntilapromisecanbereached.
【答案】Instagramusemaycauseteenagers5anxietybecausetheyfeeldwarfedbytheparisonwiththefancypostsby
theinfluencers.Privacyleakandinappropriatecontentexpositionareunderlyingrisks.Parentscansetscreenfree
time,setagoodexamplethemselvesinproperlyusingInstagram.Theycanhaveopenconversationsabouttheir
concernsandintervenewhenit'snecessary.
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文,文章介紹說,盡管流行的社交媒體APPInstagram可以有很多積極的用途,但
所有父母都應(yīng)該意識(shí)到,這對你的孩子來說有很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),文章也介紹了降低或克服這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一些措施。
【詳解】1.要點(diǎn)摘錄
①M(fèi)anyInstagramusersareknownfortheirperfectlyposedandeditedphotosofdelicatelife.Thelinebetween
realityandwhatispostedonsocialmediaisoftenvague.Teensoftenfinditimpossiblenottoparetheirappearance,
belongings,status,andlifestyletothelivesofthosetheyfollow.
②IfyourchildhasgatheredalargeInstagramfollowingordoesnothavepropersettingsturnedon,shared
informationmaybepublicforalltosee.
③Onewayyoucaninfluenceyourchildtodevelopahealthyrelationshipwithsocialmediaisbydemonstrating
oneyourself.Setasideyourownscreenfreetimeeachday.
④Alsoitiscrucialthat,asaparent,youunderstandyourchild'ssocialmediapresenceandhaveopenandhonest
conversationsaboutthedangersofselfparisonandoversharingonInstagram.Ifyounoticeyourchildis
constantlyexperiencingthesideeffectsofInstagramdespiteyourbesteffortstakethestepsnecessarytoprotectyour
child.
2.縝密構(gòu)思
將第1、2兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組,將第3、4兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。
3.遣詞造句
TeenagersfeeldwarfedbytheparisonwiththefancypostsbytheInstagraminfluencers,whichisthereasonwhy
Instagramusemaycauseteenagers5anxiety.Thereareunderlyingriskswhichincludeprivacyleakand
inappropriatecontentexposition.Parentscansetscreenfreetime,whichmeanstheysetagoodexamplethemselves
inproperlyusingInstagram.Theycanhaveopenconversationsthatareabouttheirconcernsandintervenewhen
it'snecessary.
【‘點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]TeenagersfeeldwarfedbytheparisonwiththefancypostsbytheInstagraminfluencers,
whichisthereasonwhyInstagramusemaycauseteenagers9anxiety.(運(yùn)用了which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句、
why引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句)
[高分句型2]Thereareunderlyingriskswhichincludeprivacyleakandinappropriatecontentexposition^運(yùn)用了
which引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句)
4.【上海市大同中學(xué)20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期開學(xué)考試英語試卷】
ToBeACreativePerson
Withoutcreativepeople,theworldwouldbeaterribleplace.Canyouimaginealifewithoutart?Thethought
alonemakesmetremble.CouldyoubethenextWilliamShakespeare,StevenSpielberg,orJ.K.Rowling?
Creativetypesdon'talwaysgetalongwellwithmanagementbecausetheywouldrathermarchtothebeatof
theirowndrum.Mostpeoplehaveastrongdesiretofitin,somethingthatyoudon'tunderstand.Followingtherules
makesyouunfortable.Whilemostpeoplearerunningandhidingfromproblems,youpurposelyseekthembecause
youlovenothingmorethanafreshnewchallenge.
Youwroteablogmanymonthsagoandthoughtitwaswonderfulatthetimeyoupublishedit.Butthenyouread
itagainlaterandwonder,4tWhatonearthwasIthinking?^^Youthenidentifyapproximatelyathousandwaysitcould
havebeenbetterandkickyourselfforbeingsostupid.Abrainlackingcuriosityisnotcreative.
Somewritersgotoacountryhouseorbeachtowritenovelsforareason.Someatmospheresaremorehelpfulto
creativitythanothers.Maybeyouliketopackupyourlaptopandgotoacoffeeshop,downtownbench,orundera
treeatthepark.Whateverthecasemaybe,youneedtoknowwheretogotodevelopyourcreativity.
Inspirationdoesn'thappenonitsown.Whetheritistheopeningofanartgallery,atheatricalproduction,orlive
musicatadowntownbar,yousearchforinspirationwhereveryoucanfindit.Ifsnicetoknowyou'renotalonein
yourdesiretocreate.Whetherapersonwhohatesyouthinksyourartisbad,afamilymemberthinksyoudeservea
realjob,orafriendthinksyourideaswillneverwork,andyouwillnevergiveintooutsidepressure.
【答案】Acreativepersonhasthefollowingcharacteristics.Firstly,whateverheisdoing,hewillbeusedtoactingat
hisownpaceandtakeonanewdemandingchallenge.Secondly,healwayshascuriosityinhisbrain,constantly
lookingfornewideasinanewenvironment.Lastly,howeverdifficulttheoutsideworldis,hewillnotgivein.(58
words)
【解析】
【分析】本篇書面表達(dá)是概要寫作,要求概括有創(chuàng)造力的人的三個(gè)特征,包括按照自己的節(jié)奏行事、接受
新的挑戰(zhàn)、總是有好奇心,不斷地在新的環(huán)境中尋找新的想法,以及不向困難低頭,注意詞數(shù)要求和使用
自己的語言。
【詳解】1、寫之前,需要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地讀幾遍原文材料,讓理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的邏輯順序,對重要部分的主題、標(biāo)題、細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行概括,全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、給摘要起一個(gè)好標(biāo)題,比如:可以采用文中的主題句。
4、盡量使用自己的話完成,不要引用原文的句子,篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一長。
5.【上海市復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中考試】
municatingscience
Oneofthemajorproblemsforscientistsliesinmunicatingthevalueofresearchtononspecialiststhat
matter:policymakersandthegeneralpublic.Inrecentyears,scientificorganisationshaveealongwayindeveloping
waystomakesciencemoreaccessibletononspecialistgroups.
Thedevelopmentofblogshashelpedsubstantiallyinbringingscienceclosertothepublic.Accordingto
Wikipedia,theScienceBlogsnetworkisnowranked37thamongthemostauthoritativeblogsworldwide,withtwoof
itssectionshavingwonweblogawards.Releasedfromeditorialrestrictions,sciencebloggersgenerallyfocuson
areasofsciencethattheyarebothpassionateandknowledgeableabout.Theyoftenwriteaboutscienceinan
accessible,livelymanner,anditisthisthatperhapsmostattractsmembersofthepublic.EdYong'sNotExactly
RocketScience,forinstance,isfilledwiththewriter'senthusiasmanddowntoearthattitudetowardsthesubject.His
chatty,youthfulstyleappealstoawiderangeofreaders.
Televisionhasalsoboostedtheimageofscience
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