備戰(zhàn)2023年高考英語一輪復(fù)習（新高考專用）考點 28-閱讀理解推理判斷題（重難題型）（原卷版）

考點28 閱讀理解推理判斷題（重難題型）推理判斷題主要考查學生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題。做這類題時，考生應(yīng)在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運用邏輯思維，同時借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷。提問整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思時，問句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest(推斷，暗指)等詞。對付這類題時我們不僅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潛在的含義，和作者所給的提示。同時要對文章的含義和作者的暗示作合理的猜測和推論。關(guān)鍵是：意思要靠推斷得出，而不是原文照搬。這就要把握住文章的主題思想和每段的內(nèi)容；明確作者的觀點及其寫作該文的目的；分析文章里所給的有關(guān)信息；注意詞匯在詞典的定義和詞典以外的含義；最后運用自己的知識進行由表及里的邏輯推理，挖出文章的伏筆，得出正確的推論。這種問題的提問方式通常有：1.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat./Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?/Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.2.Wecaninferfromthetextthat…/Whatcanwelearnfrom…?/Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat…3.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat.4.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2080,.5.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould.6.Theauthormentionsthefactthat…toshow.7.Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_________?8.Theauthor’sattitudetoward…is_________?9.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas_________?這些提問方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必須根據(jù)提問中的某些關(guān)鍵字眼與短文中相應(yīng)的有關(guān)內(nèi)容加以邏輯推理或演算，從而得出某些作者并未說明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思及觀點。具體的說，考生應(yīng)當注意以下幾點：1.首先要注意一定要忠實于原文，以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)。立足已知，推斷未知，遵循“詞不離句，句不離段，段不離篇”的原則。千萬不能主觀臆想，憑空想象，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。2.要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。有的推斷，考生完全可以根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細節(jié)，再結(jié)合自己所掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識、有關(guān)背景知識或常識來幫助進行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論。3.要對文字的表面信息進行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合、判斷等，進行深層處理，合乎邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全。4.要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時還要體會文章的基調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，摸準邏輯發(fā)展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。5.在解答推理性問題時，一定要注意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍。應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問題需要針對某個細節(jié)進行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進行推斷。針對細節(jié)的推斷可運用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進行推理判斷。針對主題思想作推斷時，則常常要縱覽全篇文章。推理判斷題常見有以下形式：1．細節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件、具體信息等?？忌獜奈恼卤旧硭峁┑男畔⒊霭l(fā)，抓住關(guān)鍵的信息詞，運用邏輯思維，并借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷。（2021·江西·二模）Afterbeatingbonecancer,HayleyArceneauxthinksrocketingintoorbitonSpaceX’sfirstprivateflightshouldbenoproblematall.St.JudeChildren’sResearchHospitalannouncedthe29-year-olddoctor’sassistantwillrocketintospacelaterthisyear.Arceneaux,aformerpatientatSt.Jude,willbecometheyoungestAmericaninspace,beatingNASArecord-holderSallyRidebyovertwoyears.ShewilltravelwithbusinessmanJaredIsaacman,whoisusingthespaceflightheboughttoraisemoneyforcharity.Twootheryet-to-be-chosenspaceflyerswilljointhem.Arceneauxwillbethefirstpersontolaunchwithaprosthesisanartificialdevicethatreplacesamissingorinjuredpartofthebody.Whenshewas10,ArceneauxhadanoperationatSt.Judetoreplaceherkneeandapieceofmetalwasputinherleftleg.Shestilllimpsandhasoccasionallegpain.“Mybattlewithcancerreallypreparedmeforspacetravel,”sherecentlytoldTheAssociatedPress.“Itmademetough,andthenalsoIthinkitreallytaughtmetoexpecttheunexpectedandgoalongfortheride.”Arceneauxwantstoshowheryoungpatientsandothercancersurvivorsthat“theskyisnoteventhelimitanymore.”“It’sgoingtomeansomuchtothesekidstoseeasurvivorinspace.”shesaid.IsaacmanannouncedhisspaceflightonFebruary1,promisingtoraise$200millionforSt.Jude.Astheflight’sself-appointedcommander,heofferedoneofthefourseatsaboardSpaceX’sDragonspacecrafttoSt.Jude.ThehospitalchoseArceneauxfromamongitsmanyworkerswhohadoncebeenpatients.Theideawasthatoneofthemcouldrepresentthenewgeneration,notedRickShadyac,presidentofSt.Jude’sfinancingorganization.ArceneauxwasathomeinMemphis,Tennessee,whenshegotasurprisingcallinJanuary.ShewasaskedifshewouldrepresentSt.Judeinspace.Asalifelongspacefanwholovesadventures,Arceneauxhastraveledwidelyandlovesrollercoasters.Isaacman,whofliesfighterairplanesforfun,considersheraperfectfit.ThelaunchisplannedforthisfallatNASA’sKennedySpaceCenter,withthespacecraftorbitingEarthfortwotofourdays.1．WhichstatementistrueaboutHayleyArceneaux?A．Sheworkswheresheusedtobeapatient.B．Sheisanadventurehater.C．SheistheyoungestAmericaninspace.D．Sheisthefirstwomanspaceflyer.2．What’sthecorrectorderforwhathappenedtoHayleyArceneaux?a.Shereceivedasurprisingcall.b.Shewasdiagnosedwithaseriousdisease.c.Shewaschosentorocketintospace.d.ShewasoperatedonatSt.Jude.A．a(chǎn)cdb B．bcda C．bdac D．cabd2．因果推斷題要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結(jié)果?？忌獪蚀_掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。最關(guān)鍵的是要找準事物間存在的因果關(guān)系信息，根據(jù)已有信息，進行分析判斷推理，從而推出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。（2021··二模）“Theresearchisclearthatusableknowledge--thatis,learningthatcanbetransferredtonewsituations-onlyoccurswhenindividualsareactivelymakingsenseoftheworld”(ScienceandEngineeringforGrades6-12:InvestigationandDesignattheCenter,p.57)Oneoftherecentinnovations(創(chuàng)新)inscienceandengineeringeducationisthecentralfocusonhavingstudentsfigureoutpuzzlingphenomenaandsolvingreal-worldproblems.Thisideabuildsondecadesofresearchonhowpeoplelearnandshiftsthefocusfrom“l(fā)earningabout"asciencetopicortheengineeringdesignprocessto“figuringout”howtoexplainaphenomenontheyseeorsolvingaproblem.Withthisfocus,studentslearnideasandskillsbecausetheyrealizetheyaremissingsomeknowledgeorskillthatwouldallowthemtoanswertheirownquestions-tosatisfytheircuriosity.Students'engagementintheirownlearningisastrongpredictoroftheirachievement,andteachersoftenreportthatitisachallengetoengagestudentsinlearningwhentheyarenotfaceto-faceinaclassroom.However,bycenteringstudents'experienceonfiguringsomethingoutthattheyaregenuinelycuriousabout,scienceandengineeringlearningcanbecomethemostengagingpartofastudent'sday,eveninremotelearningenvironments.Aphenomenon-andproblem-centeredfocusprovidesopportunitiestoconnectlearningmorecloselytostudents'ownlivesandthereforetomakeitmorerelevanttothemwhentheyareathome.Ifstudentsexploreaphenomenonorproblemthattheyseeintheirownhome,neighborhood,orcommunity,theycanmoreeasilyapplythelearninginotheraspectsoftheirlives.1．Whyisthequotationputatthebeginningofthetext?A．Topopularizetheideaofabook. B．Toleadintheauthor'sconcept.C．Toarousethereaders'interest. D．Tointroducethebackground.4．Howwillstudentsbenefitfromtheinnovationinscienceandengineeringeducation?A．Theywillbecomemorecurious. B．Theywillbecomethecenterofthecourse.C．Theywillbemotivatedtolearn. D．Theywillhavebetterlearningenvironment.3．人物性格、心情處境、態(tài)度及觀點等推斷題高考閱讀測試中有些題目考查學生對文章作者的主導(dǎo)思想、被描寫人物語氣、言談話語中流露的情緒、性格傾向和作用或文中人物的態(tài)度、觀點等方面的理解。做這一類題時一定注意：（1）由表及里地準確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點代替作者的思想觀點。（2）特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言，以及表達感情，態(tài)度觀點的詞語。要特別注意作者在文章中的措辭，尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。（3）能結(jié)合自己平時積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風俗習慣等背景知識來識別評價。（2021·河南鄭州·二模）Iwaswithmymomonedayaswetookawalkwhilewindowshopping.Webothknewwewouldn'tbebuyingmuch.IrememberIwaslookingupatthepeoplewepassedaswewalked.Ladieswore5-inchheelsandbrightclothes.Menworeexpensiveperfumesandcreamsthatwipedawaythewrinklesontheirfaces.Anuneasyfeelingstartedtosettleinmychest.IcoulddenyitnolongerandIwasashamedofmymom.Wewereinahigh-classneighborhood.Welivedinasmall,expensiveapartmentbuildingattheedgeofourcounty.Momchosetomovetherebecausesheknewtheschoolsweregood.Irealizedforthefirsttimethatwedidn'tbelongthere.Icouldseetheheavylinesaroundmymom'seyesandmouth.Sheworecheapclothesandworm-outshoes.Hereyesweretiredfromworkinglonghourstomakeendsmeet,andherhairwastoograyforherage.Shewasnothingextraordinary,yetatthatmoment,shestoodoutbecauseshewasjustsoplain.Ididn'twanttobeseenwithheralthoughtherewasnooneimportantaroundtoseemeanyway.Ifeltembarrassedaboutbeingatherside.Wewerestandinginthemiddleofahigh-endstore,andshewasholdingasweater.Momsaid,“Anna,thiswilllookgoodonyou.Doyouwantit?”ItWasmuchtooexpensive,butIalmostthoughtlesslyanswered“Yes”.ThenItookacloserlookatthesmall,tiredwomanwithabigsmileandasweaterinherhands,happytobegivingmesomethingsonice.Mywordsdiedinmythroat.Herclotheswerewornandoldbecauseshespenthermoneybuyingmenewones.Shelookedsotiredbecauseshewasbusyworkingtoprovideforme.Shedidn'twearjewelryorperfumesbecauseshewascontentwithspendingwhatlittlemoneyshehadonme.Suddenly,mymomwasbeautifulandextraordinarilywonderfulinmyeyes.Iwasnolongerashamedofher,butofmyself.“Doyouwantit?”Momrepeated.“No,thanks,”Ireplied.5．Whydidtheauthordescribethepassers-bywhilewindow-shopping?A．Tostresshermotherwasplain.B．Toshowsheenviedrichpeople.C．Tosuggestshewascuriousaboutothers.D．Toindicateshewasinanexpensiveneighborhood.6．Whatmostlikelymadetheauthorfeeluneasy?A．Studyingatatopschool. B．Goingwindow-shopping.C．Beingseenwithhermom. D．Livinginasmallapartment.（2021·山西·二模）HewasanoldmanwhofishedaloneinasmallboatintheGulfStreamandhehadgoneeighty-fourdaysnowwithouttakingafish.Inthefirstfortydaysaboyhadbeenwithhim.Butafterfortydayswithoutafishtheboy’sparentshadtoldhimthattheoldmanwasnowdefinitelyandfinallysalao,whichistheworstformofunluck,andtheboyhadgoneattheirordersinanotherboatwhichcaughtthreegoodfishthefirstweek.Itmadetheboysadtoseetheoldmancomeineachdaywithhisboatemptyandhealwayswentdowntohelpcarryeitherthefishinglinesorthespear.Thesailwasoldand,rolled,itlookedliketheflagofpermanentdefeat.Theoldmanwasverythinwithdeepwrinklesinthebackofhisneck.Thebrownspotsoftheskincancerthesunbringsfromitsreflectiononthetropicseawereonhischeeks.Thespotsranwelldownthesidesofhisfaceandhishandshadthedeepscarfromhandlingheavyfishonthethickropes.Butnoneofthesescarswerefresh.Theywereasoldaserosions(侵蝕)inafishlessdesert.Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeated.“Santiago,”theboysaidtohimastheyclimbedthebankfromwheretheboatwaspulledup.“Icouldgowithyouagain.We’vemadesomemoney.”Theoldmanhadtaughttheboytofishandtheboylovedhim.:“No,”theoldmansaid.“You’rewithaluckyboat.Staywiththem,”“Butrememberhowyouwenteighty-sevendayswithoutfishandthenwecaughtbigoneseverydayforthreeweeks.“Iremember,”theoldmansaid.“Iknowyoudidnotleavemebecauseyoudoubted.”14．Whatcanwelearnabouttheoldmaninparagraph2?A．Hewaseasy-goingandtalkative.B．Hewasheart-brokenandhelpless.C．Hewasugly-lookingbutwarm-hearted.D．Hewasweather-beatenbutstrong-willed.（2021·河北邯鄲·二模）It'snotoftentoseeawomanwho’ssevenmonthspregnantrunningamarathon.ButBeatieDeutschisanythingbuttypical.The30-year-oldmotheroffiveisrankedasoneofthetopwomenmarathonrunnersintheworldand,asoftoday,hasqualifiedforthe32ndSummerOlympics.Whatimpressespeoplemoredeeplyisthat,unlikemanyOlympichopefulswhohavebeentrainingtheirwholelives,Deutschonlytookuprunningfouryearsago.Whydidshetrainforamarathon?"Iwasreallyoutofshapeafterhavingfivekids,"shesaid."SoIsetthegoalformyselfofrunningamarathonandthathelpedme.Ineededsomethingtobemotivatedtogetoutthereandtraineveryday.Ididn'teverexpectittotakemetothis."TheIsraelipresshasbeentrackingherwithpride,callingher"SpeedyBeatie".Hopingtoaddmorepurposetohernewfoundfame,DeutschusesherrunningasawaytoraisemoneyforacharityBeitDaniella.Thisnonprofitorganizationprovidesarecoverycenterforyouthswhoarestrugglingwithmentalhealthissues.Thatmission（使命）ishelpingfuelherOlympicdreams.AttheTiberiasMarathonlastmonth,Deutschwasthefastestwomanintherace.ThispastSeptember,shefinishedtheCapeTownMarathonintwohoursandthirty-sixminutes.That'safewminutesshyofherpersonalbestoftwohoursandtwenty-nineminutes,atimethatqualifiesherfortheOlympics.ShewilltrytoshaveevenmoretimeoffwhenshecompetesintheRotterdamMarathonthisApril.It'sremarkableforsomeonewhostartedherathleticcareerinherlate20s."Ialwaystellpeopletohavebigdreams,andsethugegoals.Don'tgetcaughtupintheplacewherewearerightnowandhavetunnelvisionandarelimitedinwhatweseeofourselves,"saidDeutsch,whonowtravelstheworldasamotivationalspeaker.18．WhichwordcanbestdescribeDeutsch?A．Creative. B．Caring.C．Modest. D．Adaptable.（2021·遼寧·模擬預(yù)測）Softrobots,whichcanmovearoundtheoceanwithoutharmingsealife,areidealforunderwaterexploration.However,theyarenotsowelcomeinrobotmarketbecausetheyareextremelyslowandhaveahardtimeoperatingthroughthewater.Butthatmaychangesoonthankstoaself-drivensoftrobotcreatedbyresearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.Therecently-developedrobot,whichresemblesapaperlantern,wasprimarilybuiltusingsoftmaterials.Itsflexibleribsareattachedtoacircularplateatbothends.Anadjustablenozzle(噴嘴)fittedononesidehelpsdrawinandjet(射出)watereachtimetherobotshrinks.Theresultingjetsofwaterenableittoswimforward,similartoasquid(烏賊).Aplateholdsawaterproofcomponentthatcanhouseacameratorecorddata,whichisofgreatvaluetofurtherdevelopmentoftherobot.Italsohasitsownpowersource,allowingittofloatautonomouslyforlongperiodsoftime.“Essentially,werecreatedallthekeyfeaturesthatsquidsuseforhigh-speedswimming.Thisisthefirstrobotthatcanachievethesejetsofwaterbychangingitsbodyshape,whichimprovesswimmingefficiency,”saidProfessorMichaelT.Thoughthesquidrobothasnotbeentestedinopenwaters,itsuccessfullyswamaroundcoralandfishinalargetankintheUCSanDiegoBirchAquarium.What’smore,therobotclockedanimpressivespeedof18to32centimeterspersecond,orabouthalfamileperhour.Thoughnowhereclosetorealsquids,itisfasterthanmostothersoftrobots.“Afterwewereabletoimprovethedesignoftherobotsothatitwouldswiminatankinthelab,itwasespeciallyexcitingtoseethattherobotwasabletosuccessfullyswiminalargetankamongcoralandfish,showingitspossibilityforreal-worldapplications,”saidCalebChristianson,wholedthestudyaspartofhisPh.Dpaper.24．What’sCalebChristianson’sattitudetowardsthenewly-developedrobot?A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful.4．篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫作目的，作者會采取記敘、描寫、議論、說明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會采用敘述、例證、比較對照等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務(wù)不同，閱讀方法也應(yīng)不同。增強對篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質(zhì)量。（2021·山東濰坊·二模）Mostparentscanremembertheartfulmixofexcitementandanxietyaccompanyingthechoiceoftheirbaby’sname—itwillfollowthechildhisorherentirelife.Buttheeffectcouldbeevenmoresignificant.InresearchrecentlypublishedintheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,ourresearchteamshowsthatthestereotype(模式思維)thatagivensocietyhasofafirstnamecaninfluencethewaypeoplelook.Ineightstudies,wefoundthatparticipantsshownID-stylephotosofpeoplethey’dnevermetwereabletorecognizethefirstnameofthedescribedpersonwellabovethechancelevel.Inotherwords,thereissomethingaboutanEmilythat…justlookslikeanEmily.IfanEmilyreallydoeslooklikeanEmily,evenacomputershouldbeabletoguesshertruename.Thecomputerwasevenabletoproducea“heatmap”foreachname,afacewiththefeaturesthat“betray”apersoncarryingthatnameshowninredororangecolors.Howshouldweunderstandthiseffect?Untilnow,socialpsychologistsknewthatourfacialappearanceinfluencestheextenttowhichothersperceiveusasattractive,intelligent,trustworthyorwarm.Thesestudiesshowthatothers’perceptionsofourfirstnamearereflectedinourfaces.Interestingly,theface-nameeffectoccursevenifwecanonlyseethehairofaperson.Ourhairispossiblythepartofourfacethatwecontrolwiththemostease.Thefactthatthisalonecanproducethefacenameeffectfurtherillustratesthesuspectedself-fulfillingmechanismbehindit.Together,theeightstudiessuggestthatwewearoursocialbelongingonourface,andthatweactivelyshapeourfeaturestoberecognizedbyourreferencegroup.Choosingbabynamesremainsexciting.Whateverthefirstnameyougivetoyourchild,heorshewillendupwearingit.28．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?P=ParagraphA． B．C． D．5．文章結(jié)論推斷題由具體到一般，對已知的事實進行歸納總結(jié)性推斷稱為結(jié)論。【2021全國甲卷C篇】WhenIwas9,wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarrivedatHeathrow,LondononagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue-skydays,Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫桿）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:

"Safe!Safe!Safe!"

Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.WhenIwas15,myfamilymovedtoWashington.Itriedskateboardingthere,butthelocalswerefarlesswelcoming.Withinacoupleofyears,I'dgivenitup.WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004,IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank,spendinghoursthere.I'vetraveledbackseveraltimessince,mostrecentlythispastspring.Thedaywascoldbutclear;touristsandLondonersstoppedtowatchtheskaters.Weaving（穿梭）amongthekidswhorushedbyontheirboards,Ifoundmywaytothebeam.Thenarail-thinteenager,inabaggywhiteT-shirt,skidded（滑）uptothebeam.Hesatnexttome.Heseemednottonoticethemannexttohim.ButsoonIcaughtafewofhisglances."Iwasalocalhere20yearsago,"Itoldhim.Then,slowly,hebegantonodhishead."Safe,man.Safe.”"Yeah,"Isaid.“Safe."4.Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext?A.Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.B.Sportisnecessaryforchildren'shealth.C.Childrenneedasenseofbelonging.D.Seeingtheworldismustforchildren.（2021·浙江·三模）Inmanycultures,itisconsideredunluckytospillsalt.Fortunately,manyculturesalsohaveasolutiontotheproblem,whichusuallyinvolvesthrowingapinchofsaltoveryourshoulder.Itmayseemconfusingtomodernhumans,butknowingthatsaltwasonceincrediblyvaluablecanchangethisperspective.Forthousandsofyears,saltwasanextremelyrarecommodity.Itwasdifficulttoobtainsothatthepricewasveryhigh.Manytradingroutesweresetuptocarrysalt,peoplewerepaidinsalt,andsaltwassometimesworthmorethanitsweightingold.Therefore,spillingsaltwasconsideredwasteful.Becauseofitshighvalue,saltwasalsoassociatedwithfriendshipandgoodfortune.Offeringsofsaltwereincludedinmanyreligiousceremonies,andpeoplemightbringsalttoanewhomeforgoodluck.Theseassociationswouldhavesuggestedthatitwouldbebadlucktospillsalt,sinceitwouldseemtoviolatesalt’sfortunateproperties.Saltisalsoanexcellentpreservative.Itpreventsfoodfromgoingbad.Assuch,itcametobelinkedwithhealthandlongevity.Insomecultures,spillingsaltwasthoughttoreduceone'swell-being.InBritain,forexample,eachspilledgrainwassaidtorepresentatear,whileinGermanyspilledsaltawakenedthedevil,bringingmisfortune.ThefearofspillingsaltwasalsoadoptedintotheChristianfaith.ItissaidthatJudasspilledsaltattheLastSupper,andsincehelaterturnedouttobethebetrayerofChrist,spilledsaltisconsideredunluckybymanyChristians.Shouldyoubeunfortunateenoughtospillsalt,youmightthrowapinchoveryourleftshouldertoblindtheDevil.31．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Tointroducethehistoryofsalt. B．Toshowwaystoavoidmisfortune.C．Toexplainthebeliefsaboutspillingsalt. D．Toentertainreaderswithsomeanecdotes.讀者對象題（2021·江蘇南通·三模）CourseAdvisor1EducationSalesExecutiveWouldyoubeinterestedinjoiningasupportiveandfriendlyteamwithasharedpassionforsellingtheirexcitingportfolioofcourses?TheOrganization:Itisaninternationalnetworkthatoffersawidevarietyofprograms,includingbachelor’sdegreeprograms,master'sdegreeprograms,professionaltraining,EnglishLanguagetraining.andcorporate&executiveeducation.Whensomeonechoosestostudyatoneoftheirinstitutions---whetheroncampusinEurope,NorthAmerica,orevenintheirownhomethey'rejoininganetworkofover50,000studentsworldwide.TheRole:CourseadvisersareresponsibleforpromotingtheCompany'sprogramportfoliotopotentialstudentsoverthephoneandviae-mail,formingavitalandintegralpartofthesalesteam.Youwillhaveanaturalgiftforsalesandrelationship-building,andahungertoexceed(超出)targetsandexpectations.Benefits:TheCompanyoffersexcellentopportunitiesforfasttrackcareerprogressionwhichisentirelyperformancedriven.Theyrewardtopperformersgivingyoutheopportunitytoearnaswellasprogress.Requirements:PleaseclickontheAPPLYbuttontosendyourCVandCoverLetterforthisrole.TheCompanyisanequalopportunitiesemployerandpositivelyencouragesapplicationsfromsuitablyqualifiedandeligiblecandidatesregardlessofsex,race,disability,age,orreligionorbelief.Norecordofcrimeisamust.3．Whoisthetextintendedfor?A．ThosewhowanttopolishtheirEnglish. B．Thosewhotrytodeveloptheirprograms.C．Thosewhoneedtoadvancetheirdegrees. D．Thosewhoaregoodatpromotingproducts.論證方式題（2021·福建寧德·三模）Thefirstwaveofanewclassofanti-agingdrugshavebegunhumantesting.Thesedrugswon'tletyoulivelongerbutaimtotreatspecificillnessesbyslowingafundamentalprocessofaging.Thedrugsarecalledsenolytics—theyworkbyremovingcertaincellsthataccumulateasweage.Knownas“senescent”cells,theycancreatelow-levelinflammation(炎癥)thatpreventsnormalsystemsoflivingcellsrepairandcreatesapoisonousenvironmentforneighboringcells.InJune,SanFrancisco-basedUnityBiotechnologyreportedinitialresultsinpatientswithmildtosevereosteoarthritis(關(guān)節(jié)炎)oftheknee.Resultsfromalargerclinicaltrialareexpectedinthesecondhalfofthisyear.Thecompanyisalsodevelopingsimilardrugstotreatage-relateddiseasesoftheeyesandlungs,amongotherconditions.Senolyticsarenowinhumantests,alongwithanumberofotherpromisingapproachestargetingthebiologicalprocessesthatlieattherootofagingandvariousdiseases.AcompanycalledAlkahestinjectspatientswithcomponentsfoundinyoungpeople'sbloodandsaysithopestostopconsciousandfunctionaldeclineinpatientssufferingfrommildtomoderateAlzheimer'sdisease.ThecompanyalsohasdrugsforParkinson'sanddementiainhumantesting.AndinDecember,researchersatDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicineeventriedtoseeifacreamincludingtheimmune-suppressingdrugcouldslowaginginhumanskin.Thetestsreflectresearchers'expandingeffortstolearnifthemanydiseasesassociatedwithgettingolder-suchasheartdiseases,arthritis,cancer,anddementia-canbedealtwithtodelaytheiroutbreak.38．Howdoesthetextmainlydevelop?A．Bylistingdata. B．Byprovidingdetails.C．Bymakingcomparisons. D．Byanalyzingcauses.Passage1（2021·江西·二模）AnewproductfromGooglemayhelppeoplesolvetheirsleepproblems,butsomeprivacyrightsgroupsareconcerned.GoogleshowedoffitsnewestNestHubhomeassistantdeviceonTuesday.Inadditiontorecognizingyourvoice,showingpictures,videos,newsandweather,itcanalsotrackyoursleep.Thebasicmodelcostsabout$100andthesleep-trackingtechnologywillbeavailableforfreefortherestof2021.ThesleeptrackermakesGoogle’sproductdifferentfromasimilarhomeassistantfromAmazon.IfyouputtheNestHubbesideyourbed,itcanfollowhowyousleep.ThatisbecauseofanewcomputerchipcalledSoli,whichcansensemotion.Somepeoplemaylikethenewtechnologybecausetheywouldnothavetowearanotherdevicetobed.Somecompaniesmakeproductspeoplecanwearontheirwristtotracktheirsleep.GooglesaysthenewNestHubwillcreatereportseachweekthatshowhowlongandhowwellapersonsleeps.Itwillalsoshowiftheysnore,coughorwakeupoften.Thecompanysaiditstudied15,000peopleoverthecourseof110,000nightstodevelopthetechnology.Forpeoplewhowanttoknowmoreabouttheirsleep,thedevicesoundslikeagoodidea.But,peoplewhopayattentiontoprivacyareworriedwhatGooglemightdowiththeinformationitisgathering.JeffChesterisoneofthosepeople.HeisthedirectoroftheCenterforDigitalDemocracy.“Google’sgoalistomonetizeeverycellofyourbody,”hesaid.GooglerecentlyboughtFitBit,acompanythatmakesahealthtrackerpeoplecanwearontheirwrist.SometechnologyexpertsthinkGooglemayfindawayfortheNestHubtoworkwiththeFitBit.Googlesaysthesleeptrackerhasalotofprivacyprotections.Forexample,itwillonlyworkiftheuserturnsiton.Thecompanysaiditwillnotuseaperson’ssleepinformationtotrytoselladvertising.ButChestersaidheisnotsosurethatpromisewillbekept.1．WhichistrueabouttheGoogle’snewNestHub?A．It’sthefirstdevicetotrackpeople’ssleep.B．Ithassomefunctionsasahomeassistant.C．Itcanbeavailableforfreefortherestof2021.D．ItisthesameasahealthtrackerproducedbyFitBit.2．WhyaresomepeopleconcernedabouttheGoogle’snewproduct?A．Becauseprivateinformationmaybeletout.B．Becausethesleepingproblemscan’tbesolved.C．Becausesleepmaybeinterrupted.D．Becausesleepingreportsmaybecreatedeachweek.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?A．Makemoneyon. B．Keeptrackof. C．Takecareof. D．Giveaway.4．What’sthebesttitleofthetext?A．Google’sNewSoliB．Google’ssleepproble