新教材2024版高中英語Unit12InnovationPartEGrammar-形容詞和短語介詞學(xué)生用書北師大版選擇性必修第四冊

PartEGrammar——形容詞和短語介詞一、形容詞1．形容詞的概念(1)形容詞表示事物的形態(tài)、性質(zhì)和狀態(tài)等。如大、高、細致、生動、漂亮、精明、可愛、冰涼、初級、高級、簡潔、困難等。(2)形容詞是一種主要用來描寫或修飾名詞或代詞的詞類，可以用來表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、特征或?qū)傩?，常用作定語，也可作表語、補語或狀語。(3)形容詞通常置于其修飾的名詞之前，并且多數(shù)形容詞有比較等級。2．形容詞的句法功能(1)作定語(前置定語或后置定語)Hehasworkedasateacherinaremoteareasincehegraduatedfromcollege.他高校畢業(yè)后始終在偏遠地區(qū)當(dāng)老師。(remote作area的定語)Heisthehappiestpersonalive.他是世上最歡樂的人。(若語境須要，alive,alike,alone等表語形容詞可用于名詞后作后置定語)Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme？你有什么重要的事情要告知我嗎？(形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞，作后置定語)Thatisthebestbookavailable.那是可用的書中最好的一本。(以-able或-ble結(jié)構(gòu)尾的形容詞可作前面有形容詞最高級或theonly等修飾的名詞的后置定語)Thisisabooksuitableforchildren.這是一本適合孩子們的圖書。(形容詞短語作后置定語)(2)作表語Hissuggestionsareveryvaluable.他的建議很有價值。Hefeltashamedofwhathehaddonetohisfriend.他為自己對摯友所做的事感到慚愧。(3)作賓語補足語Iconsiderhissuggestionveryvaluable.我認為他的建議很有價值。Ifinditannoyingwhenaflyisflyingaround.我覺得蒼蠅飛來飛去很煩人。(annoying作賓補，it是形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的從句)3．合成形容詞的構(gòu)成(1)副詞＋分詞，如：hard-working勤勞的(2)名詞＋過去分詞，如：man-made人造的(3)名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞，如：time-consuming耗時的(4)名詞＋形容詞，如：world-famous世界著名的(5)數(shù)詞＋名詞，如：five-star五星級的(6)數(shù)詞＋名詞-ed，如：three-legged三條腿的(7)數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞，如：five-year-old5歲的(8)形容詞＋過去分詞，如：ready-made現(xiàn)成的(9)形容詞＋名詞-ed，如：kind-hearted好心的(10)形容詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞，如：ordinary-looking相貌一般的(11)形容詞＋形容詞，如：red-hot炙熱的4．形容詞比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成規(guī)則(1)一般加-er或-eststrong—stronger—strongest(2)以字母e結(jié)尾的詞只加-r或-stlate—later—latest(3)以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，雙寫這一輔音字母后再加-er或-esthot—hotter—hottestbig—bigger—biggest(4)以“輔音字母＋-y”結(jié)尾的單詞，將y變?yōu)閕，再加-er或-estugly—uglier—ugliestearly—earlier—earliest(5)多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞，在其前加more或mostenthusiastic—moreenthusiastic—mostenthusiastic(6)不規(guī)則變更單獨記憶[學(xué)法點撥](1)詞尾為“元音字母＋y”時，y不變，干脆加-er或-est。(2)有少數(shù)幾個雙音節(jié)詞以及以-er和-le結(jié)尾的詞，可以有兩種比較級和最高級形式。clever—cleverer/moreclever—cleverest/mostclever(3)一些合成形容詞的比較等級good-looking—better-looking/moregood-looking—best-looking/mostgood-looking(4)有些形容詞沒有程度可分或形容詞本身就表示某種程度，故沒有比較級和最高級。如：right正確的，wrong錯誤的，excellent極好的，final最終的，possible可能的，east東部的，empty空的，wooden木制的，favourite最寵愛的，impossible不行能的。5．構(gòu)成形容詞的常見后綴(1)名詞＋-al:cultural,global,industrial(2)名詞＋-ic:scientific(3)名詞＋-ish:foolish,childish(4)名詞＋-ful:peaceful,helpful(5)名詞＋-less:careless,homeless(6)名詞＋-ary:revolutionary(7)名詞＋-en:wooden,golden(8)名詞＋-y:rainy,snowy,windy,healthy(9)名詞＋-ous:dangerous,humorous(10)動詞＋-ive:attractive,impressive(11)動詞＋-ed:excited,surprised,annoyed(12)動詞＋-ing:exciting,surprising,annoying(13)動詞/名詞＋-able/-ible:accessible,reliable(14)動詞/名詞＋-some:troublesome(15)動詞/名詞＋-ant/-ent:pleasant,different,convenient即學(xué)即練1寫出下列單詞的形容詞形式①practice____________②nature____________③energy____________④wonder____________⑤end____________⑥west____________⑦product____________⑧sleep____________⑨reason____________⑩gift____________?distance____________?comfort____________?poison____________?please____________?noise____________寫出下列單詞的比較級和最高級?slim________________________?thin________________________?bad________________________?important________________________?good________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))well-known________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))small________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))happy________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))annoying________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))far________________________單句語法填空eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))TheWallacegiantbeeistheworld's________(large)bee,withabodythesizeofahumanthumbandwingsthatcanspreadtoabout2.5inches.eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))Heisalittleweakinallhissubjectsbutheis________(gift)indancingandsinging.eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))Thedoctorexplainedthesituationtoherlittlebrother,andaskedthelittleboyifhewouldbe________(will)togivehisbloodtohissister.eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))“Wearenowthinkingaboutdevelopment,allowingthepaintingstobemore________(create)，”hesaid.eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))Itisoneofthemost________(amaze)TVshowsfromanartisticpointofview.eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))InthemovieCoco,forinstance,the12-year-oldMiguelandhisfamilydanceandsingtocelebratetheDayoftheDead,a________(tradition)festivalinMexico,whencolourfulpaper-cutsarehungonthestreet.eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))Heisso________(sorrow)becausehecan'tgotothegraduationceremonybecauseofhisillness.eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))Thisgivesthebrightestandbeststudentsanopportunitytoexperiencethebenefitsofstudyingata________(globe)Top100university.eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))Afterall,familybondsarethemost________(significance)thinginChinesepeople'shearts.eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierand________(productive)livesthanthosewhohadnot.二、短語介詞1．短語介詞的概念短語介詞是用作介詞的短語(如withaviewto)，不行獨立運用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名詞、代詞或動名詞等。2．短語介詞的構(gòu)成(1)連詞＋介詞becauseof因為asfor/to至于butfor要不是(2)介詞＋介詞alongwith隨著；和……一起exceptfor除了(3)介詞＋名詞＋介詞bywayof通過……的方式bymeansof通過withregardto就……而言；關(guān)于incaseof萬一inchargeof掌管inadditionto除了inhonourof為了表達對……的敬意inplaceof代替intermsof就……而言inviewof鑒于infavourof支持inmemoryof為紀(jì)念inspiteof盡管onbehalfof代表infrontof在……前面withreferenceto關(guān)于forfearof生怕，以免(4)形容詞/副詞＋介詞regardlessof不管；不顧dueto因為owingto因為previousto在……以前suchas例如apartfrom除……之外(都)aheadof在……前面；領(lǐng)先于insteadof代替nextto緊挨著togetherwith和……一起accordingto依據(jù)；依據(jù)closeto離……近(5)介詞＋the＋名詞＋介詞forthepurposeof為了……inthechargeof由……掌管attheexpenseof以……為代價atthemercyof任……處置；任由……擺布bythesideof在……旁邊；在……的旁邊bytheendof到……末為止underthecontrolof在……的限制下inthemiddleof在……中間withthehelpof在……的幫助下onthepointof剛要……的時候3．常用的短語介詞這類介詞是短語性的固定介詞搭配，可以由“介詞＋名詞＋介詞”“介詞＋介詞”“形容詞＋介詞”“副詞＋介詞”等構(gòu)成，常用的有：outof從……里面，從……中butfor要不是aheadof在……前accordingto依據(jù)apartfrom除……外alongwith同……一起becauseof由于，因為togetherwith同……一起asto關(guān)于，至于dueto由于infrontof在……前面inplaceof代替onbehalfof代表nearto靠近insteadof替代，而不nextto緊靠旁邊，貼近onaccountof由于，鑒于owingto由于，因為withregardto關(guān)于inregardto關(guān)于priorto在……前inviewof考慮到inspiteof盡管inaccordancewith依據(jù)bymeansof用，依靠asfrom自……起asfor至于exceptfor除……外asconcerns關(guān)于forwantof因為缺乏atthecostof以……為代價overagainst在……對面，正對著downto由……引起awayfrom離開irrespectiveof不顧withaviewto旨在，目的是onthepointof剛要……之際intheeventof假如發(fā)生，萬一forthesakeof為了bywayof經(jīng)由，通過upto始終到thanksto由于，多虧previousto先于dueto由于upagainst遇到問題Marywasclosetotears.瑪麗快要落下淚來了。Thevillagewasuncomfortablyclosetotheriver.這個村莊靠近河流，令人擔(dān)憂。Heknewthathewasupagainstapowerfulpoliticalforce.他明白自己遇到了強大的政治勢力。Shecontinuedtocareforherfatheruptothetimeofhisdeath.她始終照看父親直到他去世。Thecountryroadaheadofuswasrathermuddy.我們前面的鄉(xiāng)村道路泥濘不堪。Hegotalotoffunoutofsweepingdeadleavesintheyard.他覺得清掃庭院中的枯葉挺有樂趣。Henryalwaysdoeswhateverhepleaseswithoutregardtothefeelingofothers.亨利做事總是為所欲為，從不考慮別人的感情。Differentmethodsareuseddependingonwhatresultsarerequired.依據(jù)所需的結(jié)果接受不同的方法。InbetweenschoolanduniversityIdidatwo-monthcrashcourseinspokenEnglish.在中學(xué)畢業(yè)后到上高校之前這段時間，我上了兩個月的英語口語速成班。Hewascomposed,enthusiastic,andontopofeverysituation.他從容而熱忱，凡事都能應(yīng)付自如。[誤區(qū)警示]要留意的是，短語介詞中的搭配都是固定的，不行隨意變更，如bymeansof不行說成bymeansto。[學(xué)法指導(dǎo)]短語介詞不同于介詞短語。介詞短語是由介詞跟賓語構(gòu)成的短語(如withaviewtobuyingacar)，本身可作句子成分，如作定語、狀語等，可獨立運用。比較：Iwillhelpyouforthesakeofourfriendship.為了我們的友情，我是情愿幫助你的。(forthesakeof是短語介詞，forthesakeofourfriendship是介詞短語，作狀語)Theylivedamongthehills.他們住在山中。(amongthehills是介詞短語，作狀語)I'lltakethisoneforwantofabetterone.沒有更好的，我就拿這一個。(forwantof是短語介詞，forwantofabetterone是介詞短語)4．部分常見的介詞用法(1)against的用法含義例句反對；違反；與……相反Tomjoinedthearmyagainsthisfather'swill.湯姆違反爸爸的意愿參了軍。觸；碰；緊靠；倚靠Don'tleanagainstthewall.It'sdirty.不要靠著墻，很臟。與……競爭；對陣HewasinjuredinthematchagainsttheteamfromClass3.他在和三班的隊伍的競賽中受傷了。防衛(wèi)；反抗TheybuilttheGreatWallagainsttheenemies.他們建長城是為了防衛(wèi)敵人。以……為背景；襯托Thebuildinglooksmorebeautifulagainstthebluesky.在藍天的襯托下，大樓看上去更漂亮。(2)with含義例句和……一起；和；同；跟Althoughhehaslivedwithusforyears,hehasn'tleftusmuchimpression.盡管他和我們住了好幾年，但他沒有給我們留下多少印象。(表示同時或同一方向)隨著Withproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.產(chǎn)量提高了60%，這家公司又是一個豐收年。具有；有……特征Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.中國是一個具有悠久歷史的國家。由于；因為Withsomuchworkonhand,youshouldn'thavegonetoseethegamelastnight.手邊有這么多工作，你昨天晚上本不該去看競賽的。(表示方式)用Hebroketheglasswithabrick.他用一塊磚打碎了玻璃。顯示出一種特性Theyfoughtwithgreatcourage.他們英勇戰(zhàn)斗。(3)by含義例句(時間)不遲于；在……之前Mybrotherwillcomeby10inthemorning.我弟弟上午十點前就能來。(位置)靠近，在……旁邊/旁邊Thereisadeskbythewindow.窗子旁邊有一張桌子。表示“(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、度量、數(shù)量)依據(jù)；依據(jù)；以……結(jié)算”(常用結(jié)構(gòu)為“by＋the＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”)Theyhireoutboatsbythehour.他們按小時出租小船。經(jīng)過；經(jīng)由Themancameinbythefrontdoor.那個人是從前門進來的?？?；用；通過(某種方式、手段)Youcanreservetheticketsbyphone.你可以通過電話訂票。即學(xué)即練2用方框中所給的短語介詞完成句子insteadof,asfor,alongwith,inspiteof,intermsof,asaconsequenceof,inthemiddleof,inadditionto,attheexpenseof,infavourof,owingto,regardlessof①So________________yourquestion,Miles,theanswerstillhastobeno.②Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed,________________hundredsofothers.③________________hissalary,hehasabonusof250yuanpermonth.④Itwasabadyearforfilms,________________bothquantityandquality.⑤Heconcludedfromtheirremarksthattheywerenot________________theplan.⑥________________theirquarrel,theyremainthebestfriends.⑦Thereisagrowingtendencyforpeopletoworkathome________________inoffices.⑧Millionswillfacestarvationnextyear________________thedroughtthere.⑨Theywere______________dinnerwhenIcalled.⑩Hebuiltupthebusiness______________hishealth.?Everystudentcanparticipateintheactivity,________________boysorgirls.?Hewasgivenacashbonus________________thescientificbreakthroughhehadmade.完成句子?Therewasastrangeman____________________________(坐在我旁邊)ontheplane.?DoyoucometoChina____________________(為了)studyingortravelling??Theclubwelcomesallnewmembers________________________(不管年齡).?__________________________(在……的幫助下)aladder，neighbourswereabletorescuethechildrenfromthefire.?Shewasalwayswell______________________________(領(lǐng)先于)therestoftheclassinmaths.單詞語法填空1．________everyone'samazement,theballwentintothenet.2．Istartedtoplayfootball________myclassmatesafterschoolbimonthly.3．Thefarsideofthemoonhasgreatappealforscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters,more________thefamiliarnearside.4．Helaughed________pleasurewhenpeoplesaidhelookedlikehisdadconstantly.5．Modernaccuratemethods________trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s.6．Wewerefrequentlygreetedwiththebarkingbyapack________dogs,seventobeexact.7．Likesomanyothers,thelittletrampandhispleasantfriendrushedtoCaliforniainsearch________gold,butinvain.8．Amy,aswell________otherparticipants,wasgivenawarmwelcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastweek.9．Theirchildis________thestagewhereshecanimitateidenticalwordsbutnotfullsentences.10．Theprofessorwarnedstudentsthat________noaccountshouldtheyusemobilephonesinhisclasswholly.11．China'ssoftpowergrows________linewiththeincreasingappreciationandunderstandingofChinaglobally.12．ScientificinnovationisanareawhereChinaandtherestoftheworldare________thesamestartingline.13．Hopefullyin2025wewillcorrespondwitheachotherindifferentways,forwewillhavedevelopedmoreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtools________then.14．Kae,whosesisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewere________college,hasgonetoaproductiveisland.15．________firstRobertwouldn'tlethisdaughtergodivingresolutely,buthegaveinasshewassoconfidentaboutherskills.16．Thepossibilitythatthereislifeonotherplanets________theuniversehasalwaysinspiredscientiststoproceed.17．Bobthoughthecouldn'tgotothepartybecausehehadtofetchtheparcel,buthewent________all.18．Martinhelpedhisfatherdigthewatergardensout________hand.Asaconsequence,hediscovered