高級英語七中英筆記

L3.PubTalkandtheKing’sEnglish(酒吧閑談與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語)HenryFairlie(亨利·費爾利)Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Howeverintricatethewayinwhichanimalscommunicatewitheachother,theydonotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.人類的一切活動中，閑談是最具交際性的sociable（主題句），也是人類特有的。而動物之間的信息交流，無論其方式何等復(fù)雜intricate，也是稱不上交際的。Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.(para1)并且它是人類特有的一種活動。Andconversationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeing．Sociable[?so???bl]adj.隨和的，好交際的，友善的friendlyoragreeable,eapeciallyinaneasy,informalway(用書）intricate(adj):hardtofolloworunderstandbecausefullofpuzzlingparts，details，orrelationships錯綜復(fù)雜的；難以理解的，難懂的Indulge:任憑自己沉溺于……；耽于toallowyourselftohaveordosththatyoulike,eapeciallysththatisconsideredbadforyou----indulgeinsth,indulgeyourself.例：Womendonotindulgeintothesameextentasmen.deserve:值得；應(yīng)得Thecharmofconversationisthatitdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,andnoonehasanyideawhereitwillgoasitmeandersorleapsandsparklesorjustglows.Theenemyofgoodconversationisthepersonwhohas“somethingtosay.”Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Thereisnowinninginconversation.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Suddenlytheyseethemomentforoneoftheirbestanecdotes,butinaflashtheconversationhasmovedonandtheopportunityislost.Theyarereadytoletitgo.2.閑談的引人入勝之處就在于它沒有一個事先設(shè)定好的主題。它時而迂回meander前進，時而奔騰leap起伏，時而火花四射sparkle，時而熱情洋溢glow，話題最終會扯到什么地方去誰也拿不準(zhǔn)。感覺“有話想說”的人是一個“完美閑談”的最大敵人。閑談不是為了爭論，盡管爭論經(jīng)常是閑聊的一部分，但是其目的并不是為了說服對方。閑談之中是不存在什么輸贏勝負（convince說服）的。事實上，真正的閑聊高手往往是隨時準(zhǔn)備讓步（lose輸?shù)簦┑?。他們也許會偶爾間覺得該把自己最得意的奇聞軼事anecdote選出一件插進來講一講，但一轉(zhuǎn)眼inaflash大家已談到別處去了，插話的機會隨之喪失，他們也就聽之任之了。meander:n.(比方）proceedinanaimlessway;ramble漫談，閑聊例：Thediscussionmeanderedonforhours.討論會漫無邊際的進行了幾個小時。makeapoint:explainfullywhatoneisproposing.表白一種見解，證明一個論點例：Allfight，you’vemadeyourpoint；nowkeepquietandlettheotherssaywhattheythink．好啦，你已經(jīng)把話說清楚了；那就別說了，讓別人談?wù)勔娊?。Conversationalist:n.健談的人Sparkle:v.befulloflifeandwit活力和才智換發(fā)。Shealwayssparklesatparties.在聚會上，他總是神采奕奕。Glow:glowwithpride/joy/pleasure.Anecdote:[??n?kdo?t]n.奇聞軼事(關(guān)于真人真事的短小有趣的事）inaflash:suddenly，veryquickly瞬間，非常忽然。Withoutanydelay例：Justwaithere．I’vbebackinaflash．就在這兒等我，我立即就回來。Conversationisnotformakingapoint.(para2)交談并不是為了表白一種見解。Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideaorpointofview．（說服convincing,takingsb.over）Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.(para2)事實上，最佳的交談?wù)?，是那些?zhǔn)備輸?shù)娜恕nfactapersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthispointofview．meander(v.):wanderaimlesslyoridly；ramble漫步；閑逛conversationalist(n.):apersonwhoconverses；esp．，onewhoenjoysandisskilledatconversation交談?wù)撸?尤指)健談?wù)遖necdote(n.):ashort，entertainingaccountofsomehappening，usuallypersonalorbiographical軼事，逸事PerhapsitisbecauseofmyupbringinginEnglishpubsthatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother’slives.Theyarecompanions,notintimates.Thefactthattheirmarriagesmaybeontherocks,orthattheirloveaffairshavebrokenoreventhattheygotoutofbedonthewrongsideissimplynotaconcern.TheyarelikethemusketeersofDumaswho,althoughtheylivedsidebysidewitheachother,didnotdelveintoeachother’slivesortherecessesoftheirthoughtsandfeelings.3.或許是從小混跡于(upbringingn.培養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)育)英國小酒吧的緣故吧，我覺得酒館里的閑聊是別有韻味的。酒館里的朋友們對彼此的生活毫不了解（involvein使?fàn)砍兜剑?，他們只是臨時的伙伴，互相之間并無深交（intimate密友，知己）。這些人之中，也許有人的婚姻面臨破裂（ontherock婚姻的破壞），有人戀愛受挫，有人碰到別的什么不順心的事兒（gooutofbadonthewrongside），但這些都無關(guān)緊要。他們就像大仲馬筆下的三個火槍手（musketeer火槍手）同樣，雖然朝夕相處，卻歷來但是問（delve發(fā)掘）彼此的私事（recess私事），也不去打探別人內(nèi)心的秘密。4.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother'slives.(para3)酒吧友人沒有深層次地涉及彼此的生活。Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotintimatefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachother’slives．（closefriends密友）intimate(n.):aclosefriendorcompanion密友，知己ontherocks:inorintoaconditionofruinorcatastrophe(婚姻)破壞的，失敗的例：Tim’smarriageisontherocks．提姆的婚姻亮起了紅燈。delve(v.):investigateforinformation；search發(fā)掘；調(diào)查(研究)recess(n.):asecluded，withdrawn，orinnerplace幽深處getoutthebedonthewrongside:tobecrossorgrouchy上午起來便心情不好Loveaffair:naromanticsexualrelationship,usuallybetweentwopeoplewhoarenotmarriedtoeachother.Itwasonsuchanoccasiontheotherevening,astheconversationmoveddesultorilyhereandthere,fromthemostcommonplacetothoughtsofJupiter,withoutanyfocusandwithnoneedforone,thatsuddenlythealchemyofconversationtookplace,andallatoncetherewasafocus.Idonotrememberwhatmadeoneofourcompanionssayit–sheclearlyhadnotcomeintothebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermind–butherremarkfellquitenaturallyintothetalk.有一天晚上的情形正是如此。當(dāng)時人們正在漫無邊際地東拉西扯，從最普通的家常瑣事聊得有關(guān)木星的科學(xué)趣聞。完全沒有一個特定的主題?？珊鋈婚g中心話題奇跡般地出現(xiàn)了，大伙的話題都集中到了一處。我不記得其中一個伙伴的那句話是什么情況下說出來的–但是，顯然她并沒有特意地準(zhǔn)備什么，那也算不上是什么非說不可的要緊話–那只但是是隨著大伙兒的話題十分自然地脫口而出的。desultorily(adv.):aimlessly；atrandom隨意地；無目的地alchemy(n.):anearlyformofchemistry，whosechiefaimsweretochangebasermetalsintogold：amethodorpoweroftransmutation;esp.theseeminglymiraculouschangeofathingintosomethingbetter煉金術(shù)；變化物質(zhì)的方法或魔力“Someonetoldmetheotherdaythatthephrase,‘theKing’sEnglish,’wasatermofcriticism,thatitmeanslanguagewhichoneshouldnotproperlyuse”“就在前幾天，有人告訴我說‘標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語’這個詞是帶貶義色彩的批評用語，指的是人們應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量避免使用的英語?！盩heglowoftheconversationburstintoflames.Therewereaffirmationsandprotestsanddenials,andofcoursethepromise,madeinallsuchconversation,thatwewouldlookituponthemorning.Thatwouldsettleit;butconversationdoesnotneedtobesettled;itcouldstillgoignorantlyon.此語一出，談話氛圍立即熱烈起來burstintoflames。有人表達贊成affirmation，也有人怒斥protest，尚有人則不認為然denial。最后，當(dāng)然少不了像解決所有這種場合下的意見分歧同樣，大家約好次日一早去查證一下。問題就這樣解決settle了。但是，閑聊并不需要解決什么問題，大家依舊可以糊里糊涂地繼續(xù)閑扯下去。Itcouldstillgoignorantlyon(para6)大伙依舊可以糊里糊涂地扯下去。Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.burstinto:忽然進入（某種狀態(tài)）flame:n.火焰affirmation:n.肯定，確認protest:n.反對，抗議denials:否認，拒絕接受ItwasanAustralianwhohadgivenhersuchadefinitionof“theking’sEnglish,”whichproducedsomerathertartremarksaboutwhatonecouldexpectfromthedescendantsofconvicts.WehadtraveledinfiveminutestoAustralia.Ofcourse,therewouldberesistancetotheKing’sEnglishinsuchasociety.Thereisalwaysresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken.”7.告訴她“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”應(yīng)做這種解釋的本來是個澳大利亞人。知道這個后，有些人便說起刻薄話來了，說什么囚犯的后代這樣說倒也局限性為奇。就這樣，不到5分鐘，大家便扯到了澳大利亞。在那個地方，“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”自然是不受歡迎的。由于下層人民總是會抵制上流社會給“規(guī)范英語”制定的條條框框。tart(adj.):sharpintaste；sour；acid辛辣的；尖酸的；刻薄的laydown:toassertordeclare;聲明，頒布例：Hehadalreadyclearlylaindownhisviewinhisopeningspeech.例：Theregulationslaydownarigidprocedureforcheckingsafetyequipment．法令規(guī)定了一套嚴(yán)格的安檢程序。LookatthelanguagebarrierbetweentheSaxonchurlsandtheirNormanconquerors.TheconversationhadswungfromAustralianconvictsofthe19thcenturytotheEnglishpeasantsofthe12thcentury.Whowasright,whowaswrong,didnotmatter.Theconversationwasonwings.想想撒克遜農(nóng)民(churl)與征服他們的諾曼統(tǒng)治者之間的語言隔閡barrier吧。于是閑聊的主題又從19世紀(jì)的澳大利亞囚犯(convict)轉(zhuǎn)移到【swung（使）搖擺】了12世紀(jì)的應(yīng)當(dāng)農(nóng)民(peasant)身上。誰對誰錯，并沒有關(guān)系。閑聊依舊熱火朝天地進行著。barrier:n.屏障；妨礙roadblockchurl(n.):afarmlaborer；peasant農(nóng)民；莊稼人，鄉(xiāng)下人Conqueror:n.征服者，占領(lǐng)者Swung:v.(使)搖擺convict(n.):apersonfoundguiltyofacrimeandsentencedbyacourt罪犯Peasant:n.農(nóng)夫onwings:inflight；continuallymovingabout像飛同樣地，飄飄然例：Thebirdsareonwingsinthesky．鳥兒在空中展翅高飛。Shewenthomeonwings.她高快樂興地回家。Someonetookoneofthebest–knownofexamples,whichisstillalwaysworththereconsidering.WhenwetalkofmeatonourtablesweuseFrenchwords;whenwespeakoftheanimalsfromwhichthemeatcomesweuseAnglo–Saxonwords.Itisapiginitssty;itispork(porc)onthetable.Theyarecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish.WhatallthistellsusisofadeepclassriftinthecultureofEnglishaftertheNormanConquest.有人舉了一個眾所周知但仍值得深思的例子。在談到飯桌上的肉食時我們用法語詞，而談到提供這些肉食的牲畜是則用盎格魯-撒克遜詞。豬圈里的活豬叫pig，飯桌上吃的豬肉便成了pork（來自法語pore）；地里放養(yǎng)的牛叫cattle，而桌上吃的牛肉則叫beef（來自法語boeuf）；小雞叫chicken，用作肉食則變成poultry（來自法語poulet）；calf（小牛）加工成肉則變成veal（來自法語vcau）。即便我們的菜單沒有為了裝洋耍派頭而寫成法語，我們所用的英語仍然是諾曼式的英語。這一切向我們昭示了被諾曼人征服之后的英國文化上所存在的深刻的階級裂痕。rift(n.):anopenbreakinapreviouslyfriendlyrelationship分裂；失和Sty:sties[C]aplacewherepigsarekept=pigstyPoultry:n.hens,ducks,geese,turkeys,etc.Keptforeatingorfortheireggs;domesticfowls家禽Veal:fleshofacalfusedasmeat（使用的）小牛肉6.Theyarecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).(para9)地里放牧著的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉則叫beef。Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinginthefields;butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat．Wecalltheirmeatbeef．TheSaxonpeasantswhotilledthelandandrearedtheanimalscouldnotaffordthemeat,whichwenttoNormantables.Thepeasantswereallowedtoeattherabbitsthatscamperedovertheirfieldand,sincethatmeatwascheap,theNormanlordsofcourseturneduptheirnosesatit.Sorabbitisstillrabbitonourtables,andnotchangedintosomerenderingoflapin.撒克遜農(nóng)民peasant種地養(yǎng)殖rear牲畜，自己出產(chǎn)的肉自己卻吃不上，所有送到了諾曼人的餐桌上。農(nóng)民們只能吃在地里亂竄scamper的兔子。由于兔子的肉便宜，諾曼貴族自然不屑turnupone’snosesat去吃它。因此，活兔子和兔子肉共用rabbit這個詞表達，而沒有換成由法語lapin轉(zhuǎn)化（rendering翻譯）而來的某個詞。scamper(v.):runorgohurriedlyorquickly(兒童及某些小動物)奔跑，蹦蹦跳跳例：Therabbitscamperedawayinfright.兔子驚恐地拋了rendering(n.):atranslation翻譯turnupone’snoseat:tosneerat，scorn嘲笑，輕蔑例：Thechildrenturneduptheirnosesatmyhomecooking．孩子們嘲笑我的廚藝。Aswelistentodaytotheargumentsaboutbilingualeducation,weoughttothinkourselvesbackintotheshoesoftheSaxonpeasant.ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.TheremusthavebeenagreatdealofculturalhumiliationfeltbytheEnglishwhentheyrevoltedunderSaxonleaderslikeHerewardtheWake.“Theking’sEnglish”-ifthetermhadexistedthen-hadbecomeFrench.AndhereinAmericanow,900yearslater,wearestilltheheirstoit.如今，當(dāng)我們聽著有關(guān)雙語bilingual教育問題的爭論時，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)身處地intotheshoesof替當(dāng)時的撒克遜農(nóng)民想一想，新的統(tǒng)治階級ruling用法語來對抗撒克遜農(nóng)民自己的語言，從而在農(nóng)民周邊筑起一道文化壁壘。當(dāng)英國人在像覺醒者赫里沃德這樣的撒克遜領(lǐng)袖領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下起來造反時，他們一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱humiliation?！皹?biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”-假如那時候有這個名詞的話-已經(jīng)變成法語了。而九百年后我們在美國這個地方仍然繼承了這種影響。bilingual(adj.):of，inorusingtwolanguages(用)兩種語言的intheshoesof:inanother’sposition站在別人的立場上，設(shè)身處地例：I’mgladI’mnotinhisshoeswithallthosedebtstopayoff．我慶幸不用像他那樣去償還所有的債務(wù)。Heir:n.(tosth)繼承人7.ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.(para11)新的統(tǒng)治階級用法語來對抗其他語言，這樣就建立起了對抗這些農(nóng)民的文化壁壘。ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorb合并thecultureoftherulers．Sothenextmorning,theconversationover,onelookeditup.Thephrasecameintousesometimeinthe16thcentury.“Queen’sEnglish”isfoundinNashe’s“StrangeNewsoftheInterceptingofCertainLetters”in1593,andin1602,Dekkerwroteofsomeone,“thouclipsttheKing’sEnglish.”IsthephraseinShakespeare?Thatwouldbetheconfirmationthatitwasingeneraluse.Heusesitonce,whenMistressQuicklyin“TheMerryWivesofWindsor”saysofhermastercominghomeinarage,“…h(huán)erewillbeanoldabusingofGod’spatienceandtheKing’sEnglish,”anditringstrue.那晚閑聊過后的第二天一大早便有人去查閱了資料。這個名詞在16世紀(jì)已有人使用過了。納什作于1593年的《截獲intercept信函奇聞》中就有過“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”（Queen’sEnglish）的提法。162023德克寫到某人時有句話說：“你thou把‘標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語’（King’sEnglish）簡化了”。莎士比亞作品中是否也出現(xiàn)過這一提法呢？如出現(xiàn)過，那就證明這個詞在當(dāng)時既已通用。他用過一次，在《溫莎的風(fēng)流娘們》中，女仆Quickly在講到她家老爺回來后將會有的盛怒情形時說，“……少不了一通臭罵，罵得昏天暗地，“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”不知要給他糟蹋成個什么樣子啦。”后來的事實果然被她說中了。intercept(v.):seizeorstopontheway，beforearrivalattheintendedplace攔截；截斷；截擊。例：Reportersinterceptedhimashetriedtoleavebytherearentrance.他想從后門溜走，記者把他截住了。abuse(v.):usewrongly；useinsulting，coarseorbadlanguage；scoldharshly濫用；辱罵，口出惡言Thou:人稱代詞。汝，你。Onecouldhaveexpectedthatitwouldbeaboutthenthatthephrasewouldbecoined.Afterfivecenturiesofgrowth,oftusslingwiththeFrenchoftheNormansandtheAngevinsandthePlantagenetsandatlastabsorbingit,theconqueredintheendconqueringtheconqueror,Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.我們有理由認為這個詞就是那個時候產(chǎn)生（coin杜撰）的。通過前后五百年的發(fā)展和與諾曼人、安茹王朝(Angevin)及金雀花王朝(Plantagenets)的法語的競爭，英語最終同化absorbing了法語。被統(tǒng)治者成了統(tǒng)治著，英語取得了國語的地位comeintoitsown。coin(v.):makeup；devise；invent(anewword，phrase，etc．)編造；杜撰(新詞、新短語等)tussle(v.):tofightorstrugglewithoutusinganyweapons，bypullingorpushingsomeoneratherthanhittingthem.斗爭，搏斗；競爭詞組Tusslewith例：Hewastusslingwiththeothereintoone’sown:toreceivewhatproperlybelongstoone，esp．a(chǎn)cclaimorrecognition得到自己該得的東西，如榮譽或世人的口碑Royally:adv.像王族，莊嚴(yán)地8.Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.(para13)英語取得了國語的地位。TheEnglishlanguagereceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore．TherewasaKing’s(orQueen’s)Englishtobeproudof.TheElizabethansblewonitasonadandelionclock,anditsseedsmultiplied,andfloatedtotheendsoftheearth.“TheKing’sEnglish”wasnolongeraformofwhatwouldnowberegardedasracialdiscrimination.這樣便有了一種英國人值得引認為傲的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”。伊麗莎白時代的人沒費吹灰之力便使其影響日盛（multiplied（使）增長、相乘），遍及全球（blew吹）。“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”再也不帶有今天所謂的種族歧視racialdiscrimination的性質(zhì)了。dandelion(n.):anyofseveralplantsofthecompositefamily，commonlawnweedswithjaggedleaves，oftenusedasgreens，andyellowflowers蒲公英(屬)YettherehadbeensomethingintheremarkoftheAustralian.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.OnefeelsthatevenMistressQuickly-aservant-issayingthatDr.Caius-hermaster-willlosehiscontrolandspeakwiththevigorofordinaryfolk.IftheKing’sEnglishis“Englishasitshouldbespoken,”theclaimisoftenmockedbytheunderlings,whentheysaywithajeer“Englishasitshouldbespoke.”Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.但是，那個澳大利亞人的解釋也有一定道理。下層階級在使用這一名詞時總帶著一點輕蔑pejorative、譏諷facetious的味道。我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，就連Quickly這樣一個婢女（servant傭人）也會說她的主子凱厄斯大夫管不住自己的舌頭，而講起平民百姓ordinaryfolk們所講的那種粗話。假如說“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”就是所謂“規(guī)范英語”，這種見解經(jīng)常會受到下層人民的嘲笑mock譏諷jeer，他們有時故意開玩笑地把它稱做“規(guī)反英語”。下層人民對于文華上的專制還是頗有（抵制rebellion反抗）心理的。pejorative(adj.):disparagingorderogatory輕蔑的；貶低的facetious(adj.):(usuderog通常作貶義）jokingortryingtobejocular，esp．a(chǎn)tanimappropriatetime滑稽的；詼諧的；(尤指在不適當(dāng)?shù)臅r候)開玩笑的例：afacetiousyoungman耍貧嘴的小伙子underling(n.):apersoninasubordinateposition；inferiordisparaging(通常作蔑詞)下屬；jeer:n.Jeeringremark;taunt揶揄的言語；嘲諷；例：Heranoff,theirjeersringinginhisears.他一跑了之，耳邊仍回響著他們的冷嘲熱諷。mock:(~atsb/sth)makefunof,eapbymimickinghim/itcontemptuously;ridicule取笑（某人、某物）；特別指模仿嘲弄，愚弄mockingsmile,voice,laugh嘲弄的微笑、聲音、大笑9.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.(para15)下層階級使用這個短語時，常帶有貶義，甚至譏諷的味道。Thephrase，theKing’sEnglish，hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfully無禮地；不恭地andjokingly開玩笑地bythelowerclasses.（or:Theworkingpeopleveryoftenmakefunoftheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople．）Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.(para15)對文化支配的對抗仍然存在。Therestillexistsintheworkingpeople，asintheearlySaxonpeasants，aspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.在勞動人民中仍然存在著，就像初期的撒克遜農(nóng)民同樣，反對統(tǒng)治階級文化權(quán)威的精神。Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,that“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.”Wordsarenotthemselvesareality,butonlyrepresentationsofit,andtheKing’sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,isaclassrepresentationofreality.Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.正如卡萊爾所說，“對我們來說，詞語會變成具體harden的事物”是一種始終存在的危險。詞語自身并不是現(xiàn)實，它但是是現(xiàn)實的一種反映形式representation而已。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語和諾曼人的盎格魯法語的性質(zhì)同樣，也只是一個階段用來表達現(xiàn)實的一種形式。讓人們學(xué)著去講也許不錯，但既不應(yīng)當(dāng)把它作為法令edict，也不應(yīng)當(dāng)使它完全不接受immune來自下層的改變。edict(n.):anofficialpublicproclamationororderissuedbyauthority；decree法令；命令；布告Immune：(adj.):exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful不受影響的；可避免的harden:v.(causesthto)becomehare,strong,etc(使某物）變硬；變堅強，變鑒定11.Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,that"wordswillhardenintothingsforus."(para16)正如卡萊爾提出的，“對我們而言，詞語會變成具體的事物”，這始終會有極大的危險。Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent．Forexample，theword“dog”isasymbolrepresentingakindofanimal．Wemustn’tregardtheword“dog”asbeingtheanimalitself．總是有一個很大的危險，我們也許會忘掉，單詞只是符號sign/mark，并把他們的東西，他們應(yīng)當(dāng)代表的話，例如，“狗”是一個象征，代表一種動物，我們不能把“狗”這個詞自身作為動物自身。Ihaveanunendingloveaffairwithdictionaries-Audenoncesaidthatallawriterneedsisapen,plentyofpaperand“thebestdictionarieshecanafford”-butIagreewiththepersonwhosaidthatdictionariesareinstrumentsofcommonsense.TheKing’sEnglishisamodel-arichandinstructiveone-butitoughtnottobeanultimatum.17.我歷來對詞典有著始終不渝的酷愛-奧登曾經(jīng)說過，一支筆、夠用的紙張“他所能弄到的最佳的詞典”就是一個作家的所有所需-但其實上我更贊同另一種說法，即把詞典當(dāng)作是一種常識工具。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語是一種范本-一種豐富而又指導(dǎo)作用的范本-但并不是一種絕對的權(quán)威。ultimatum(n.):afinalofferordemand，esp．byoneofthepartiesengagedinnegotiations，therejectionofwhichusuallyleadstoabreakinrelationsandunilateralaction，theuseofforceetc．bythepartyissuingtheultimatum最后通牒accept,reject,issue,deliveranultimatum幾首、拒絕、發(fā)出、送交最后通牒。Sowemayreturntomybeginning.Evenwiththemosteducatedandthemostliterate,theKing’sEnglishslipsandslidesinconversation.Thereisnoworseconversationthantheonewhopunctuateshiswordsashespeaksasifhewerewriting,orevenwhotriestousewordsasifhewerecomposingapieceofproseforprint.WhenE.M.Forsterwritesof“thesinistercorridorofourage,”wesitupatthevividnessofthephrase,theforceandeventerrorintheimage.ButifE.M.Forstersatinourlivingroomandsaid,“Weareallfollowingeachotherdownthesinistercorridorofourage,”wewouldbejustifiedinaskinghimtoleave.situp:(colloq．)to。becomesuddenlyalert；besurprisedorstartled吃驚，警惕例：Icalledheradamnedhypocriteandthatmadehersitup．我罵她惺惺作態(tài)，她立即警惕起來Sinister:suggestingevil,orthatsthbadmayhappen邪惡的，險惡的。Asinistermotive,action,place邪惡的動機，不詳之處。Corridor:n.Longnarrowpassage,fromwhichdoorsopenintoroomsorcompartments過道，走廊由此我們可以回到我先前的話題上。即便是那些學(xué)問再高、文學(xué)修養(yǎng)再好的人，他們所講的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語在閑聊中也經(jīng)常會離譜走調(diào)。要是有誰閑聊時也像做文章同樣句逗分明，或像寫一篇要發(fā)表的散文般咬文嚼字的話，那他說的話就一定極為倒人胃口?？吹紼.M.福斯特筆下寫出“如今這個時代陰森恐怖的長廊”時，我們可以深刻體會到語言的生動、比方的張力。但假若福斯特坐在我們的會客室里說“我們大家正一個接一個地步入這個時代陰森恐怖的長廊”時，我們肯定會讓他離開。Greatauthorsareconstantlybeingaskedbyfoolishpeopletotalkastheywrite.Otherpeoplemaycelebratetheloftyconversationsinwhichthegreatmindsaresuppose