初中生3分鐘英語演講稿：我的父親

Word文檔初中生3分鐘英語演講稿：我的父親xample,onehalfofthecarbonequationishowmuchweemit,andtheotherhalfofthecarbonequation,asimveryconsciousasatrusteeofkew,ishowmuchthingssoakup,andtheysoakupcarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.

雖然聽來頗像。問題的關(guān)鍵是我們花了許多錢來教育大眾，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)正確地來做這件事。其中也有一些社會因素讓我們想使大眾了解光合作用如何運作例如，有一半的碳儲量是人類排放的而另一半碳儲量我相當(dāng)關(guān)切，身為皇家植物園的受托管理人

thatswhatplantsactuallydoforaliving.and,foranyfinnishpeopleintheaudience,thisisafinnishpun:weare,bothliterallyandmetaphorically,skatingonthiniceifwedontunderstandthatkindofthing.now,hereshowyoudothebatteryandthebulb.itssoeasy,isntit?ofcourse,youallknewthat.butifyouhaventplayedwithabatteryandabulb,ifyouveonlyseenacircuitdiagram,youmightnotbeabletodothat,andthatsoneoftheproblems.

是植物汲取多少二氧化碳植物就是以此維生的假如在場有芬蘭人，這是芬蘭話的雙關(guān)語我們無論在實際上或隱喻上，都是如履薄冰要是我們不明白那些事電池和燈泡只要這要做就行很簡潔，不是嗎?你們都懂了但要是你沒有親自碰過電池和燈泡假如你只看過電路圖你可能就做不出來，這是個麻煩

so,whyisithotterinsummerthaninwinter?welearn,aschildren,thatyougetclosertosomethingthatshot,anditburnsyou.itsaverypowerfulbitoflearning,andithappensprettyearlyon.byextension,wethinktoourselves,whyitshotterinsummerthaninwintermustbebecausewereclosertothesun.ipromiseyouthatmostofyouwillhavegotthat.oh,youreallshakingyourheads,butonlyafewofyouareshakingyourheadsveryfirmly.

那么，為何夏天比冬天熱?我們從小就知道，離熱的東西太近你就被燙到，這真很有效的教育方法很小的時候大家就學(xué)到了延長這個論點，我們覺得夏天比冬天熱肯定是由于我們離太陽比較近我信任大多人都懂了哦，大家都在搖頭不過只有幾個人搖得很堅決

otheronesarekindofgoinglikethis.allright.itshotterinsummerthaninwinterbecausetheraysfromthesunarespreadoutmore,right,becauseofthetiltoftheearth.andifyouthinkthetiltistiltinguscloser,no,itisnt.thesunis93millionmilesaway,andweretiltinglikethis,right?itmakesnoodds.infact,inthenorthernhemisphere,werefurtherfromthesuninsummer,asithappens,butitmakesnoodds,thedifference.

其他人只是這樣子搖而已，好吧夏天比冬天熱是由于太陽的輻射線傳播得比較多，地球傾斜的關(guān)系假如你以為是朝太陽的方向傾斜，那就錯了太陽離地球1億5千萬公里，地球傾斜角度大略如此傾斜不是差別所在，在北半球夏天時我們離太陽更遠跟傾斜沒有關(guān)系

ok,now,thescribbleofthediagramofthesolarsystem.ifyoubelieve,asmostofyouprobablydo,thatitshotterinsummerthaninwinterbecausewereclosertothesun,youmusthavedrawnanellipse.right?thatwouldexplainit,right?except,inyour--yourenodding--now,inyourellipse,haveyouthought,well,whathappensduringthenight?

好，問題四是畫出太陽系的平面圖假如大家信任，大多數(shù)可能都信任夏天比冬天熱是由于地球離太陽較近大家應(yīng)當(dāng)都畫了橢圓形對吧?這就能解釋了吧?除非，你點頭了，你畫了個橢圓形你有想過，「夜晚又是怎么回事」?

betweenaustraliaandhere,right,theyvegotsummerandwevegotwinter,andwhat--doestheearthkindofrushtowardsthesunatnight,andthenrushbackagain?imean,itsaverystrangethinggoingon,andweholdthesetwomodelsinourhead,ofwhatsrightandwhatisntright,andwedothat,ashumanbeings,inallsortsoffields.

澳洲和美國這邊，澳洲是夏天這邊是冬天，莫非說地球在晚上會沖向太陽然后再沖回來?這實在很驚奇我們腦中有兩種思索模式，對的和錯的身為人類，我們在許多領(lǐng)域都這樣思索

so,herescopernicusviewofwhatthesolarsystemlookedlikeasaplan.thatsprettymuchwhatyoushouldhaveonyourpieceofpaper.right?andthisisnasasview.theyrestunninglysimilar.ihopeyounoticethecoincidencehere.

左邊是哥白尼畫的太陽系平面圖跟你們紙上畫的差不多，對吧右邊是nasa的版本，兩張圖特別相像我盼望大家留意其中的巧合要是你知道人們有錯誤觀念

whatwouldyoudoifyouknewthatpeoplehadthismisconception,right,intheirheads,ofellipticalorbitscausedbyourexperiencesaschildren?whatsortofdiagramwouldyoushowthemofthesolarsystem,toshowthatitsnotreallylikethat?youdshowthemsomethinglikethis,wouldntyou?itsaplan,lookingdownfromabove.but,no,lookwhatifoundinthetextbooks.thatswhatyoushowpeople,right?

你會怎么做在他們腦中，楕圓形的軌道是他們兒時閱歷教的嗎?你會給他們看什么樣的太陽系示意圖?證明太陽系不是他們想的那樣你會給他們看這種圖嗎?這是俯瞰的平面圖可是并非如此，瞧瞧我在教科書里找到的你會給他們看這種圖對吧?

thesearefromtextbooks,fromwebsites,educationalwebsites--andalmostanythingyoupickupislikethat.andthereasonitslikethatisbecauseitsdeadboringtohavealoadofconcentriccircles,whereasthatsmuchmoreexciting,tolookatsomethingatthatangle,isntit?right?

出自教科書出自教育網(wǎng)站你找得到的幾乎都是這種圖會以這種視角呈現(xiàn)是由于只有一堆同心圓太死板無趣從這種視角看太陽系比較新奇刺激不是嗎?

andbydoingitatthatangle,ifyouvegotthatmisconceptioninyourhead,thenthattwo-dimensionalrepresentationofathree-dimensionalthingwillbeellipses.soyouve--itscrap,isntitreally?aswesay.

由于弄成這種視角假如你腦中有了這種誤會用二度空間來呈現(xiàn)三度空間就會變成橢圓形這真是糟糕，可不是嗎?

so,thesementalmodels--welookforevidencethatreinforcesourmodels.wedothis,ofcourse,withmattersofrace,andpolitics,andeverythingelse,andwedoitinscienceaswell.sowelook,justlook--andscientistsdoit,constantly--welookforevidencethatreinforcesourmodels,andsomefolksarejustalltooableandwillingtoprovidetheevidencethatreinforcesthemodels.

因此，我們尋求證據(jù)來增加我們的心智模式我們用這種方式處理種族、政治、全部事當(dāng)然也用這種方式處理科學(xué)，我們只觀看是科學(xué)家在這么做，我們不斷尋求證據(jù)來增加我們的心智模式，有些人很有方法也愿意供應(yīng)證據(jù)來增加那些模式

so,beingimintheunitedstates,illhaveadigattheeuropeans.theseareexamplesofwhatiwouldsayisbadpracticeinscienceteachingcenters.

所以我現(xiàn)在人在美國，就會說歐洲人的壞話這些圖片都是我認為不良的科學(xué)教育

thesepicturesarefromlavilletteinfranceandthewelcomewingofthesciencemuseuminlondon.and,ifyoulookatthe,kindofthewaythesethingsareconstructed,theresalotofmediationbyglass,anditsveryblue,andkindofprofessional--inthatwaythat,youknow,woodyallencomesupfromunderthesheetsinthatsceneinanniehall,andsaid,god,thatssoprofessional.andthatyoudont--theresnopassioninit,anditsnothandson,right,and,youknow,punintended.

類似教學(xué)中心，這些圖取自法國維葉特科博館以及倫敦科博館的迎賓翼展現(xiàn)區(qū)你看看這些東西建成的模樣有許多玻璃隔板，藍光色調(diào)，弄得很專業(yè)似的那種方式，就像是伍迪艾倫從床單里冒出來在《安妮霍爾》戲中的那一幕他說“老天，這真是太專業(yè)了”這其中沒有熱忱，沒有動手參加，是嗎這是個雙關(guān)，不過也有好的教學(xué)方法

whereasgoodinterpretation--illuseanexamplefromnearby--issanfranciscoexploratorium,whereallthethingsthat--thedemonstrations,andsoon,aremadeoutofeverydayobjectsthatchildrencanunderstand,itsveryhands-on,andtheycanengagewith,andexperimentwith.andiknowthatifthegraduatesatmitandintheimperialcollegeinlondonhadhadthebatteryandthewireandthebitofstuff,andyouknow,beenabletodoit,theywouldhavelearnedhowitactuallyworks,ratherthanthinkingthattheyfollowcircuitdiagramsandcantdoit.sogoodinterpretationismoreaboutthingsthatarebodgedandstuffedandofmyworld,right?andthingsthat--wherethereisntanextrabarrierofapieceofglassormachinedtitanium,anditalllooksfantastic,ok?

我舉一個例子，離這里很近，舊金山探究館在那里全部的東西，展現(xiàn)品之類的都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的都可以動手玩，孩子們可以用心玩好好體驗我知道麻省理工畢業(yè)生以及倫敦帝國學(xué)院畢業(yè)生手上有電池電線點亮燈泡的話他們會明白其中的原理而不是覺得他們照著電路圖來做是做不到的好的教學(xué)方法不是沉溺沉醉在自己世界里對吧?那些東西也不該被隔著用玻璃或是鈦制品隔開看起來很美麗就好，好嗎?

andtheexploratoriumdoesthatreally,reallywell.anditsamateur,butamateurinthebestsense,inotherwords,therootofthewordbeingofloveandpassion.

舊金山探究館在這點做得特別好看上去很業(yè)余，但業(yè)余得很對頭也就是說，根本的動身點是出自愛和熱忱

so,childrenarenotemptyvessels,ok?so,asmontypythonwouldhaveit,thisisabitlordprivysealtosayso,butthisis--childrenarenotemptyvessels.

所以，孩童不是空瓶子用“巨蟒劇團”的說法就是有點像英國掌璽大臣會說的意思是說孩童不是空無一物的瓶子

theycomewiththeirownideasandtheirowntheories,andunlessyouworkwiththose,thenyouwontbeabletoshiftthem,right?

他們生來就有自己的想法和理念假如你沒從這些地方著手，就轉(zhuǎn)變不了他們對吧?

andiprobablyhaventshiftedyourideasofhowtheworldanduniverseoperates,either.butthisapplies,equally,tomattersoftryingtosellnewtechnology.

我也許沒有轉(zhuǎn)變大家的想法對于世界和宇宙究竟如何運作不過這些道理同樣可以用在推銷新科技上也

forexample,weare,inbritain,weretryingtodoadigitalswitchoverofthewholepopulationintodigitaltechnology[fortelevision].

例如，在英國，我們試著把全部的電視都換成新科技的數(shù)位電視

anditsoneofthedifficultthingsisthatwhenpeoplehavepreconceptionsofhowitallworks,itsquitedifficulttoshiftthose.

有個難題是人們對事物運作的方式一旦有了成見就很難去轉(zhuǎn)變

sowerenotemptyvessels;thementalmodelsthatwehaveaschildrenpersistintoadulthood.poorteachingactuallydoesmoreharmthangood.

我們不是空瓶子，我們保有心智模式從幼年到成年始終都存在不良的教學(xué)是弊多于利

inthiscountryandinbritain,magnetismisunderstoodbetterbychildrenbeforetheyvebeentoschoolthanafterwards,ok?sameforgravity,twoconcepts,soits--whichisquitehumbling,asa,youknow,ifyoureateacher,andyoulookbeforeandafter,thatsquiteworrying.theydoworseintestsafterwards,aftertheteaching.

在美國和英國，在磁力學(xué)問上孩童在就學(xué)前學(xué)得比較好重力學(xué)問也一樣，兩個不同概念，這實在可悲假如你是個老師，觀察受教前和受教后的差別實在令人憂心，學(xué)童在受教后考得更差

andwecollude.wedesigntests,oratleastinbritain,sothatpeoplepassthem.right?andgovernmentsdoverywell.theypatthemselvesontheback.ok?

我們都是共犯，我們設(shè)計測驗方式至少在英國是這樣，好讓人們能通過考試政府也幫了不少忙，他們推波助瀾懂嗎?

wecollude,andactuallyifyou--ifsomeonehaddesignedatestformewheniwasdoingmybiologyexams,toreallyunderstand,toseewhetheridunderstoodmorethanjustkindofputtingstarchandiodinetogetherandseeingitgoblue,andreallyunderstoodthatplantstooktheirmassoutoftheair,thenimighthavedonebetteratscience.sothemostimportantthingistogetpeopletoarticulatetheirmodels.

我們都是共犯假如有人替我設(shè)計測驗在我要考生物的時候讓我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了不是只在淀粉中加入碘液看著反應(yīng)呈現(xiàn)藍色而且能真正明白植物是從空氣中健壯的我的科學(xué)可能就會學(xué)得比較好所以，最重要的是要讓人們能表述清晰他們的模型

yourhomeworkis--youknow,howdoesanaircr