1980-2018歷年考研英語一真題集含答案

”80—2018年歷年考研英語真題集含答案

2018年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1

manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,

puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplace

theirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,a

hormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthat

promptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure

8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researchers

sprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswere

readytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanwere

their10whoinhaledsomethingelse,

11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.A

Canadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate

13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toan

adulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sin

here?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,''Wow!"

Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15,Halfofthemfoundatoy;theother

half16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18to

cooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthatthey

trustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe

'、20"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

1.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from

2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest

3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price

4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again

5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When

6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains

7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare

8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to

9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle

10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters

11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic

12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight

13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over

14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted

15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside

16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered

17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked

18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled

19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance

20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40

points)

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwill

probablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappens

whentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathigh

riskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthe

middleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslike

gardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-class

occupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have

arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbe

fine.

Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheaval

hasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowell

forLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butit

eventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.

Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulate

demandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.

Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelp

adjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe

SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.

Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocusless

onmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.

Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskills

andhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcan

supplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstruction

affordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodoso

withoutgoingintodebt.

Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe

U.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmust

bemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,

entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine

laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven't

beeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.

Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapital

incomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe

rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies

suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboost

incomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduce

inequality.

Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfew

years,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareers

upendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforour

jobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

[A]Leadingpoliticians.

[B]Low-wagelaborers.

[C]Robotowners.

[D]Middle-classworkers.

22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?

[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

[B]Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled

[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

[A]creativepotential.

[B]job-huntingskills.

[C]individualneeds.

[D]cooperativespirit.

24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat

[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith

[A]opposingviewsonit.

[B]possiblesolutionstoit.

[C]itsalarmingimpacts.

[D]itsmajorvariations.

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof

youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The

implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe

filteredthroughothersource,Notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.

MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas

distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir

medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016

presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter

usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingto

theUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound

44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemedia

giant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillful

atseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundation

focus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse

''distributedtrust“toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefer

newsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutany

bias.''Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityfor

educatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints/'the

surveyconcluded.

Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconducted

inAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof

Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialed

togreaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately

andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa

projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore

consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna

researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenews

phenomenonis''readererror/7moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactual

mistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin

''misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews“viasocialmedia.In

otherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartof

theissue.''Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin

counteractingthisproblem/7saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna

Group.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they

revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhento

shareonsocialmedia.

26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast

doubtson

[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

[B]people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.

[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.

27.Thephrase"beerupz/(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]sharpen

[B]define

[C]boast

[D]share

28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople

[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.

[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.

[C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility.

[D]liketoexchangeviewson''distributedtrust”

29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenews

problemis

[A]readersoutdatedvalues.

[B]journalists'biasedreporting

[C]readers'misinterpretation

[D]journalists,made-upstories.

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.

[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.

Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetween

Britain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby

acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading

artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthiswork

appliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther

concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthat

theinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamning

verdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhanded

overtoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisof

avagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rights

andtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.

Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSand

DeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary

permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeen

cleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.But

privacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.

MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunder

existinglawit''controlled“thedataandDeepMindmerely''processed"it.

Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,

notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthe

datathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptof

damagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.That

missesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividual

theregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless

millionsmore.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels

slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itisnot

enoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatients

andsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopoly

whichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosave

livesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehave

asabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionand

smallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Along

strugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham's

reportisawelcomestart.

31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?

[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.

[C]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations

[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith

[A]emptypromises.

[B]toughresistance.

[C]necessaryadjustments.

[D]sincereapologies.

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

[B]leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.

[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal

is

[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B]cautious.

[C]appreciative.

[D]contemptuous.

Text4

TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported

anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenses

haveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billionin

unfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.There

aremanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueeze

betweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandfor

itsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructure

thatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenew

reality

Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers

exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate

overseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostal

Service,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhy

repeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leaving

thePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital

modernization.

Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,

thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally

agreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHouse

thatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,which

couldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostof

themoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincrease

andfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargely

offsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thus

addressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.

IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe

Senate-wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,

bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not

comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe

USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percent

oftheagency'scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturday

letterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportand

wouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroups

seemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensus

aroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedabouta

politicallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,

asignthatthey'regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemfor

the21stcentury.

36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby

[A],itsunbalancedbudget.

[B].itsrigidmanagement.

[C].thecostfortechnicalupgrading.

[D].thewithdrawalofbanksupport.

37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto

[A],theinterferencefrominterestgroups.

[B].theinadequatefundingfromCongress.

[C].theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.

[D].theincompetenceofpostalunions.

38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe

addressedby

[A].removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.

[B].makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.

[C].adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.

[D].attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.

39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith

[A]respect.

[B]tolerance.

[C]discontent.

[D]gratitude.

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A].TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays

[B].ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese

[C].TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure

[D].ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions

41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherent

articlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumbered

boxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswers

onANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselecta

siteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment

Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfor

theWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda

GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobee