2017考研英語一真題及答案

2017年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試

英語（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding"yes!”1

helpingyoufeelcloseand2___topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthathugscanbringa

___3__ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemighteven

helpyou4gettingsickthiswinter.

Inarecentstudy5__over400healthyadults,researchersfromCarnegieMellon

UniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptof

hugs6_theparticipants'susceptibility（敏感性）todevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing

___7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8_

withacold,andtheresearchers9___thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging____10_about

32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofelt

greatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12___.

“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe____13__riskforcoldsthat*susually

_14withstress/'notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugginguisa

markerofintimacyandhelps15thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp___16difficulty.'1

Someexperts___17__thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseof

oxytocin（后葉催產(chǎn)素）,oftencallednthebondinghormone*'18____itpromotesattachmentin

relationships,includingthatbetweenmothersandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismade

primarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.But

someofit19__inthebrain,whereit20___mood,behaviorandphysiology.

1.[AJBesidesIBJUnlike[CJThroughout[DJDespite

2.[A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior

3.[A]view[Bjhost[C]lesson[D]choice

4.[Ajavoid[BJforget[CJrecall[D]ke叩

5.[A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[Dlinvolving

6.[AJon[B]in[C]atIDJof

7.[A]devoted[B]attracted[C]lost[D]exposed

8.[Ajalong[B]acrossICJdown[DJout

9.[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated

10.lAJserved[BJrestored[CJexplained[DJrequired

11.[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even

12.[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests

13.[A]highlighted[B]increased[C]controlled[D]minimized

14.[A]presented[B|equipped[C]associated[D]compared

15.[Ajassess[BJgenerate[C]moderate[DJrecord

16.[A]inthenameof[B]intheformof[C]inthefaceof[DIinthewayof

17.[A]attribute[BJcommit[CJtransfer[D]retum

18.[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until

19.[A]remainsIBJemerges[CJvanishes[DJdecreases

2O.[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[Diinfluences

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Firsttwohours,nowthreehours-thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesare

recommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.airports

withincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.

Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityprotocolsinreturnfbr

increasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedover

theMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.Butdemandingtoomuchof

airtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportforthe

process.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericans*economicandprivatelives,not

tomentioninfuriating.

Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecretcheckthat

undercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons—bothfakeandreal-pastairport

securitynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressincethen,combinedwith

ariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyandlowoilprices,haveresultedinlong

waitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago'sO'HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuch

moreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome—butthelinesareobvious.

Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairline

travel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthat

airportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeople

aretryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughtheairlines

stronglydisputethis.

ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairportsor

rushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobea

win-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibleto

useexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisk,

savingtimefbreveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.

Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengers

mustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,this

pricetaghasbeenPreCheck'sfatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamore

reasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinance

PreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.

TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemost

ofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogram

work.

21.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto

[A]explainAmerican'stoleranceofcunentsecuritychecks.

[B]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide.

[C]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorU.S.airports.

[D]emphasizetheimportanceofprivacyprotection.

22.Whichofthefollowingcontributestolongwaitsatmajorairports?

[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags.

[BJThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA.

[C]Anincreaseinthenumberoftravellers.

[D]Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks.

23.Theword“expedited”(Liner4,Para.5)isclosetinmeaningto

[AJquieter.

[B]cheaper.

[C]wider.

|D]faster.

24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis

[A]adramaticreductionofitsscale.

[B]itswrongly-directedimplementation.

[Clthegovernmenfsreluctancetobackit.

[DJanunreasonablepriceforenrollment.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebestforthetext?

[A]LessScreeningforMoreSafety

|B]PreCheck-aBelatedSolution

[C]GettingStuckinSecurityLines

[D]UnderusedPreCheckLanes

Text2

“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii'slast

reigningmonarch,in1897.Starwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersof

Hawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.Protestshave

eruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythat

promisestorevolutionizehumanity'sviewofthecosmos.

AtissueistheTMT'splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedby

someHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMauna

Keaisalsohometosomeoftheworld'smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacific

Ocean,MaunaKea*speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanetsdenseatmosphere,where

conditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.

OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.Asmallbutvocalgroupof

Hawaiiansandenvironmentalistshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectfarsacred

landandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.

Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernessto

buildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceisnottheonlywayofunderstandingthe

world.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea'sfragileecosystemsorits

holinesstotheislands*inhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast；itisaliving

cultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.

Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.

ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesians

toHawaii'sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.Callstodisassembleall

telescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythat

astronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,where

wecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asif

answeringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.

TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.The

TMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope'svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoid

archaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,

oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.

ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheir

culturalheritageandtostudythestars.

26.QueenLiliuokalani'sremarkinParagraph1indicates

[A]herconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy.

|B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.

[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes.

[DJherappreciationofstarwatchers'featsinhertime.

27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto

[A]itsgeographicalfeatures.

[B]itsprotectivesurroundings.

|C]itsreligiousimplications.

[D]itsexistinginfrastructure.

28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause

[Ajitmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife.

|B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.

[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival.

[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea.

29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday'sastronomy

[AJisfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians.

|B]helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld.

[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture.

[DJwilleventuallysoftenHawaiians'hostility.

30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof

[A]severecriticism.

[B]passiveacceptance.

[C]slighthesitancy.

[D]fullapproval.

Text3

RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry,sGDPmeasures^everythingexceptthat

whichmakeslifeworthwhile.^^WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDP

alreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewas

referringto.

ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfa

century.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterand

missthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK'sGDPhasbeentheenvyofthe

WesternWorld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwas

goingsosowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarnings

aboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry'seconomicprospects?

Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-being

shedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthe

poorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningful

improvementforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDRover40differentsetsof

criteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogeta

moreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.

Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistent

themes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoveiysincethe2008globalcrash,butin

keyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedto

decline.Yetthisisn'tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountries

haveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety;incomeequalityand

theenvironment.

Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthe

solemeasureofacountry'ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.

SowhatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommon

methodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.

Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalequalityoreducationoutcomes-

allthingsthatcontributetoaperson'ssenseofwell-being.

ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoa

declineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.But

policymakerwhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplywoiTyingabout

GDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.

31.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe

[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP.

[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness.

[CJmisinteipretedtheroleofGDP.

(D]hadalowopinionofGDP.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that

[AJtheUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern.

[B]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy.

fC]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK.

[DJpolicymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP.

33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?

[A]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.

[B]Itissponsoredby163countries.

|C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.

[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.

34.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat

[A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom.

[BJhighGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline.

[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP.

|D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebest??forthetext?

[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKlesson

[BJGDPfigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth

[C]RobertF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP

[D]Brexit,theUK'sGatewaytoWell-being

Text4

Inarareunanimousruling,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruption

convictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butitdidsowhileholdingits

noseattheethicsofhisconduct,whichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasaRolexwatchanda

FerrariAutomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.

Thehighcourt'sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnclTstrailfailedtotellajurythat

itmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,“ortheformergovernor'sdecisionson"specific”and

t4unsettled^^issuesrelatedtohisduties.

Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficials,unlessdonewithclearintentto

pressurethoseofficials,isnotcoiTuption,thejusticesfound.

Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis“distasteful”

and“nasty."Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeofconcretebenefits,suchas

approvalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,makingaphonecall,or

hostinganeventisnotan"officialact.^^

Thecourt'srulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnotcriminal.

Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucraticproblemswithout

fearofprosecutionofbribery.€tThebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,“

wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthecourt,"assumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfrom

theirconstituentsandactontheirconcems.^^

Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,notthe

courts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbeallowedtoplay

favoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualor

groupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.Thistypeofintegrityrequires

will-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,suchasrecordsofofficialmeetings,ruleson

lobbying,andinformationabouteachelectedleader'ssourceofwealth.

FavoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcoiTuption.Butitisnot

alwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccess

fbraveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseof

democraticsociety-thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernment-isundermined.Good

governmentrestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.

Thecourt'srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficial

favoritism.

36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt

[AlavoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnelPsduties.

[B]madenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnell.

|C]wascontemptuousofMcDonnell'sconduct.

[D]refusedtocommentonMcDonnelPsethics.

37.AccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifit

involves

[A]concretereturnsfbrgift-givers.

[B]sizablegainsintheformofgifts.

[C]leakingsecretsintentionally.

[D]breakingcontractsofficially.

38.Thecouifsrulingisdontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare__

[AJallowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters.

|B]qualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissues.

[C]justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents.

[D]exemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritism.

39.Well-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto

[A]awakentheconscienceofofficials.

[B]guaranteefairplayinofficialaccess.

[C]allowforcertainkindsoflobbying.

[D]inspirehopesinaveragepeople.

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardthecourt'srulingis

[A]sarcastic.

[B]tolerant.

fC]skeptical.

[DJsupportive.

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G

tofillingthemintothenumberedbox.ParagraphsBandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thefirstpublishedsketch,UADinneratPoplarWalk"broughttearstoDickens's

eyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.Fromthenonhis

sketches,whichappearedunderthepenname"Boz"inTheEveningChronicle,earnedhima

modestreputation.

[B]TherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapers,asitisgenerallyknowntoday,secured

Dickens'sfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigars,andtheplump,spectacled

hero,SamuelPickwick,becameanationalfigure.

[C]SoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,apublishingfirmapproachedDickenstowrite

astoryinmonthlyinstallments,asabackdropforaseriesofwoodcutsbytheten-famous

artistRobertSeymour,whohadoriginatedtheideaforthestory.Withcharacteristic

confidence,DickenssuccessfullyinsistedthatSeymour'spicturesillustratehisownstory

instead.Afterthefirstinstallment,Dickenswrotetotheartistandaskedhimtocorrecta

drawingDickensfeltwasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.Seymourmadethechange,went

intohisbackyard,andexpressedhisdispleasurebycommittingsuicide.Dickensandhis

publisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.Thecomicnovel,ThePosthumousPapersof

thePickwickClub,appearedseriallyin1836and1837,andwasfirstpublishedinbookform

in1837.

[D]CharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownand,tomanypeople,thegreatest

Englishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralist,satirist,andsocialreformer.Dickenscrafted

complexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanoramaofEnglishsociety.

[E]Soonafterhisfather'sreleasefromprison,Dickensgotabetterjobaserrandboyin

lawoffices.Hetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblaterasacourt

stenographerandasareporterinParliament.Atthesametime,Dickens,whohadareporter's

eyefortranscribingthelifearoundhimespeciallyanythingcomicorodd,submittedshort

sketchestoobscuremagazines.

[FJDickenswasborninPortsmouth,onEngland'ssoutherncoast.Hisfatherwasaclerk

intheBritishnavypayoffice-arespectableposition,butwishlittlesocialstatus.Hispaternal

grandparents,astewardandahousekeeperpossessedevenlessstatus,havingbeenservants,

andDickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dicken'smothersupposedlycamefroma

morerespectablefamily.YettwoyearsbeforeDicken*sbirth,hismother'sfatherwascaught

stealingandfledtoEurope,nevertoreturn.Thefamily'sincreasingpovertyforcedDickens

outofschoolatage12toworkinWarren'sBlackingWarehouse,ashoe-polishfactory,where

theotherworkingboysmockedhimas"theyounggentleman."Hisfatherwasthen

imprisonedfordebt.Thehumiliationsofhisfather'simprisonmentandhislaborinthe

blackingfactoryformedDicken'sgreatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecould

notconfidethemeventohiswife,althoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationof

hisfiction.

[G]AfterPickwick,Dickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTwist,etracesan

oiphan'sprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsofLondon.NicholasNickleby,

hisnextnovel,combinesthedarknessofOliverTwistwiththesunlightofPickwick.The

popularityofthesenovelsconsolidatedDichens*asanationallyandinternationallycelebrated

manofletters.

D-41.142.t43.一44.tB-45.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld'sprimarylanguagefbrinternational

communicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.

(46)utevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurthertherearesignsthatthe

globalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.

Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturechangecouldstartto

diminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUK

interestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreathofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyface

newpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavid

Graddol

(47)isanalysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomay

believethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnited

Kingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.

DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfuture

asqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitive

advantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongside

that,(48)manycountriesareintroducingEnglishintotheprimary-schoolcurriculumbut

Britishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementto

achievefluencyinotherlanguages.

Iflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglish

languageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesin

languages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocess

outsourcinginotherlanguagesuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.

(49)Thechangesidentif