2019年考研英語(一)真題及答案解析2-閱讀理解

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthe

bossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftop

executivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigation

forwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback“ruleistohold

bankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustin

financialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:more

longtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,to

buildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

//Short-termism,/orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpublicly

tradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.Andrew

Haldane.Hequotesagaintofclassicaleconomics；AlfredMarshall,in

describingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopickthe

plumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce“ratherthanputting

themasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,

henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecent

decades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfrom

companies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchor

tobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed'/quarterly

capitalism11

Inaddition；newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingof

equities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansin

financialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-term

thinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting//saidCommissioner

DanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionina

speechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpublic

companiestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyabouta

year,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism"Initslatestsurveyof

CEOpayJheWallStreetJournalfindsthant"asubstantialpart"of

executivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage/long-termism,“suchas

changesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.In

France,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwo

yearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentives

forexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandon

behalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthat

societyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbut

forthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraphl,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe

A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments7impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.^short-termism0ineconomicactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpublic

companiescanbe

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate

A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthingking.

C.theapproachestopromotingwlong-termismM.

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

0.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

T1

解析

21.答案[A]enhancebankersrsenseofresponsibility

解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph

1和onemotiveinimposingthenewrule定位到第一段第三句。

Themainpurposeofthis“clawback"ruleistoholdbankers

accountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublic

trustinfinancialinstitution.這項〃回扣〃規(guī)則的主要目的是讓銀行家

為有害的風(fēng)險承擔(dān)責(zé)任，并恢復(fù)公眾對金融機構(gòu)的信任。正確答案A的

enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility增強銀行家的責(zé)任感，是原

文的同義表達(dá)。干擾項B的helpcorporationsachievelarger

profits幫助公司獲得更大的利潤，并未提及，是常識性干擾。選項C的

buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation建立新的金融監(jiān)管體

系,原文并未提及,屬于無中生有;選項D的guaranteethebonuses

oftopexecutives保證高層管理人員的獎金與原文提到的any

guaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10

years任何有保證的高管獎金都可能推遲10年，表述相反，屬于正反混

淆。

22.答案[D]“short-termism“ineconomicactivities

解析：本題目為例證題，考察論據(jù)和論點的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞

AlfredMarshall地位到第二段三句，但是考察論點，定位到論據(jù)的上一

句，“Short-termism“orthedesireforquickprofits,has

worsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies"短期主義"或?qū)焖佾@利的

渴望，在公開交易的公司中變得更加嚴(yán)重。正確選項Dshort-termism"

ineconomicactivities經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中的短期主義，其中主語short-

termism是原文的原詞。干擾項A的theconditionsforgenerating

quickprofits快速獲利的條件，并非論點內(nèi)容。選項B政府決策缺乏耐

心，無關(guān)內(nèi)容。選項Cthesolidstructureofpubliclytraded

companies上市公司穩(wěn)健結(jié)構(gòu),原文并未提及。

23.答案[B]adverse

解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the

influenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompanies定位到

原文第三段第二句,.Transientinvestors,whodemandhigh

quarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'sefforts

toinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomer

loyalty.會妨礙公司投資于長期研究或建立客戶忠誠度的努力，因此可知

此影響是不好的，正確選項Badverse不利的，A選項indirect,不直

接的選項Cminima極小值Dtemporary暫時的，因此只有B正確。

24.答案[C]theapproachestopromoting"long-termism".

解析：本題目為例證題，考察論點論據(jù)內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞US

andFranceexamples定位到原文五六段，五段為美國的例子，六段為

法國的例子，第六段首句承前啟后過渡到Muchmorecouldbedone

toencourage-long-termism，"要鼓勵"長期主義"，還有很多工作要

做。正確選項Ctheapproachestopromoting"long-termism".促

進(jìn)“長期主義”的方法。為原文的同意轉(zhuǎn)換

25答案[B]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

解析：本題目為主旨題，考察全文的主旨要義?？v觀全文，文章圍繞

西方國家的金融行業(yè)的短期主義投資和長期主義投資展開，第一段由一項

限制高管津貼措施引出話題。第二段介紹英國短期主義占主流，三段短期

主義的弊端，四段介紹美國現(xiàn)階段的短期主義投資。五段六段舉例美國，

法國為促進(jìn)短期主義投資的措施，尾段再次呼應(yīng)首段，注意長期投資。B

選項Patience對應(yīng)原文的shorttemisim和longtemisim,

corporate原文多次出現(xiàn)，為本文的關(guān)鍵詞，選項AFailureof

QuarterlyCapitalism季度資本主義的失敗選項CDecisiveness

RequiredofTopExecutives高管需要決斷力DFrustrationof

Risk-takingBankers冒險銀行家的挫敗感，都不能概括全文，只有B

選項正確

Text2

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-point

averages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofa

consumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlike

customerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburied

deepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichthey

receivedalowgrade；andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeis

theonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudentsoverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,as

collegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(and

payingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirst

starteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethema

secondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheir

transitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformany

selectivecampuses；allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,

togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessis

lessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretake

coursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurring

abigpenalty."Untimely,“saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity/s

registrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakea

courseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthat

allowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges"

ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestied

partlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudent

retention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,mean

moremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents一

who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey'vegottena

bettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernfor

colleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesare

respondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Since

studentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthe

bestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedas

possible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'

incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students'indifferencetoGPAS.

C.Colleges'neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.

C.improvetheirteachingquality.

D.meetlocalgovernments'needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobably

mean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

A.assessingitsfeasibility.

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit.

D.listingitslong-runeffects.

T2

解析

26.答案[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

解析：本題目為原因細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞grade

inflation定位到第一段第一句。Gradeinflationisoften

consideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,

inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased通

常被認(rèn)為是高等教育消費時代的產(chǎn)物在這個時代，學(xué)生被當(dāng)作顧客來對

待。確答案D的Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.顧客文化的影

響，為原文的同意替換，consumer為原詞。A選項Thechangeof

coursecatalogs.課程目錄的變更，原文并未提及提到了教育，但沒有

課程的變更，屬于干擾選項。干擾項B的Students'indifferenceto

GPAS.學(xué)生又寸GPAS莫不關(guān)心和選項C的Colleges'neglectof

GPAS學(xué)生忽視GPAS,為無關(guān)信息；

27.答案[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollege

learning.

解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞original

purposeofgradeforgiveness定位到第三段第二句,thispractice

指代上文的gradeforgiveness,,itwasusuallylimitedto

freshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassin

theirfirstyear…給她們第二次機會去上課，.正確選項ATohelp

freshmenadapttocollegelearning.幫助新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí),為原

文的同意表達(dá)，選項BTomaintaincolleges*graduationrates.維

持大學(xué)畢業(yè)率，選項CTopreparegraduatesforachallenging

future為畢業(yè)生準(zhǔn)備迎接充滿挑戰(zhàn)的未來。選項DToincrease

universities'incomefromtuition.增加大學(xué)學(xué)費收入，均不正確

28.答案[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport.

解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞

Paragraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescolleges定位到第五段第

—z二句話，Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgrade

forgivenesssatisfiescolleges*ownneedsaswell.滿足了大學(xué)生

自己的需要，具體需要在第二句，F(xiàn)orpublicinstitutions,state

fundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetrics

suchasgraduationratesandstudentretention對于公共機構(gòu)來

說，國家基金有時與它們在畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生留校率等指標(biāo)上的成功有部分聯(lián)

系。sobettergradescan,meanmoremoney所以好的成績意味著

更多的錢。正確選項Aobtainmorefinancialsupport.獲得更多財政

上的支持/financial替換moremoney

29答案[C]Tobeidenticalwitheachother

解析：本題目為猜詞題，考察學(xué)生對上下文的理解。根據(jù)題干信息

Line5,Para.6精準(zhǔn)定位到第六段最后一句，在這一點上，學(xué)生和大學(xué)

的激勵措施似乎是什么樣的，我們應(yīng)該定位到上一句話，因為學(xué)生和家長

都希望大學(xué)學(xué)位能帶來一份工作，所以培養(yǎng)出盡可能合格的畢業(yè)生，或者

至少看起來，符合學(xué)校的最佳利益。由此可知，學(xué)校和學(xué)生有著共同的目

標(biāo)，CTobeidenticalwitheachother彼止匕一致，ATo

counterbalanceeachother.互相制衡。B互相未卜充DTobe

contradictorytoeachother互相矛盾，只有C符合原文。

30答案[B]analyzingthecausesbehindit.

解析：本題目為主旨，表面問作者怎么樣來探討grade

forgiveness的實際操作，其實是考全文主旨。前兩段都是談及背后的原

因/第五段,第一句Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgrade

forgivenesssatisfiescolleges*ownneedsaswell也是說grade

forgiveness能夠滿足大學(xué)自身的需求，也是分析了grade

forgiveness的原因，正確選項Banalyzingthecausesbehindit.

分析了背后的原因。

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;

or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionof

theelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkof

speculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstobe

raisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamental

questions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakes

humanshumans?"

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwould

imitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumans

remainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,and

respondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fi

TVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans".

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist

〃Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplaining

whatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachineto

getthere/1

ButthatdoesnztmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIarenztathand.

Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethical

questions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.

Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,input

frompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstellthemin

thatmoment.AI“vision“todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatof

humans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficult

programmingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoa

lotofethicalquestions/'notesTanKiatHow；chiefexecutiveofa

Singapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopa

voluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,other

governmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirown

guidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAI

ethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAl“thatwould

causeoverallharm,“ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAIfor

surveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.Italsopledgednotto

deployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoesthe

ideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,

andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingof

intelligentmachinesreflectshumanity,shighestvalues?Onlythenwill

theybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein7sout-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

A.fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies

32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof

A.affirmationB.skepticism.

C.contemptD.respect

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAl

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

T3

解析

31、【答案】[C]involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday

【解析】由題干表述可判斷本題為典型的觀點例證題，所證觀點就在

例證前后，該例子出現(xiàn)在篇首，引出主題在后。由此可知本題定位句為第

一段最后一句話。與選項比對可知，C項為"…thatwould...to

come"部分的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故為正確答案。其中，involves對應(yīng)

foreshadow,someconcerns對應(yīng)manyethicalquestions,剩余

部分對應(yīng)選項中的raisedbyAItoday,其余選項在原文均無依據(jù)，故

排除。

32、【答案】[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit

【解析】觀點細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的DavidEagleman定位到文中

第四段第一句，該段第二句therearenogoodtheories與題干中的

knowledge屬于等價代換，該段第二句中的consciousness與題干中

的consciousness對應(yīng)，第一句表明光人們?nèi)绾嗡伎季蛷?fù)雜到難以理解

的程度更不用說要復(fù)制它了，第二句表明我們沒有解釋什么是

consciousness的理論，與選項D吻合。題干ourcurrent

knowledgeofconsciousness及選項istoolimitedforus與定位

句中的therearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhat

consciousnessactually屬于等價代換，選項reproduceit與定位句

中reproduced屬等價代換。選項A、選項B及選項C基于文中出現(xiàn)的

artificialintelligence,robot及sci-fiTVseries錯誤弓|申。

33、【答案】［B］isstillbeyondourcapacity.

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的autonomousvehicles定位到第五

段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)forexample,可知autonomousvehicle是具體

的例子。篇中的例子是為了證明論點，應(yīng)往前看，即證明第一句的觀點：

涉及人工智能的倫理問題在我們身邊（注意這里doesn't和aren't為雙重

否定），說明問題依然存在。選項［B］與題干結(jié)合含義為：找出由自動駕駛

車帶來的人工智能倫理問題的解決方法超出了我們的能力。與文章含義一

致。［A］選項過于絕對，且從第六段可以看出，不同國家、公司在找解決問

題的方法。［C］選項和［D］選項的publicconcern和curiosity這些信息

詞在原文中未涉及，屬無中生有。

34、【答案】［A］affirmation

【解析】態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干中的theauthor'sattitude,

Google'spledges,回文定位到第七段，第八段，但其七段都是在講

Google'spledge，繼續(xù)看第八段，開頭while,轉(zhuǎn)折,whilethe

statementisvague,與vague相反的即是觀點，這個地方?jīng)]有說是誰

的觀點，無人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的觀點即是作者的觀點。vague是情感向下的詞語，相

反方向應(yīng)是正向情感。［B］skepticism［C］contempt都是負(fù)向情感,全

部排除。［D］respect,雖是正向情感,其程度太深。所以選

affirmation.

35、【答案】CTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

【解析】主旨題。本文首段通過引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要

探討的話題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一

些問題。第三段和第四段對第二段提出的兩個問題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，表

明我們并不能確定智能化的程度以及因為所處環(huán)境的復(fù)雜無法定義人類自

我意識。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出AI所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可

及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個關(guān)鍵詞，因此正確答案為

C,TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable.

選項A中的TechGiants是文章沒有提及的概念。盡管文章以

Frankenstein這本書為引子，但是這本書并沒有預(yù)測AI,而是AI技術(shù)

引發(fā)的道德問題，故排除選項B。作者在最有一段表明了對未來積極的態(tài)

度，AI的發(fā)展并非代替人類的最高智慧，最終還是會為人類所用，故排除

選項D,該選項中的AIshallbekillers呈現(xiàn)負(fù)向態(tài)度。

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymake

onlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleave

shopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-old

decisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenue

annually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestax

oncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippinga

customer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysical

presencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollect

salestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpaying

thesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmost

didn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.

“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfrom

economicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates//

hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethat

therule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhas

preventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since

theyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswill

bechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeen

collectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstores

inwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withits

networkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,

thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestate

orafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhenthey

shiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,

whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollecting

salestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslaws

requiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomers

andsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldfor

localandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,

areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayface

headachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness

&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Small

businessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythis

decision."

36.TheSupremeCourtdecsionThursdaywill

A.Dettebusiness'relationswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysulestax

D.forcesomestatestocutsalestax

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruled

desicisuns

A.haveledtothedomainanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticzedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsiderupfavorablebystates

38.AuordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpreserncerulehas

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment.

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.Doostedgrowthinstates,revenue

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling

A.InternetenterpreneursB.Big-chairowners

B.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

A.givesafactualaccountofitarddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongardcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.pressentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitardanalyzestheirimplications

T4

解析

36、【答案】[C]makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞〃The

SupremeCourtDecisionThursday"定位至U首段