2022年-年考研英語一真題及答案解析

2022年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothe

woodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefaster

thanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4

can'tfindnorth,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,

oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,

youhavetoanswertwouestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticularareaAnd

whereisthenearestwatersourceHumansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andon

suppliesoffreshwater._9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,

youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-you

maybe11howuicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyour

bearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,even

indenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,

traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese

16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,such

asfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofreuent,lookfor

the19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andother

featurescan20youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few：D]All

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run：D]come

3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though：D]Until

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually：D]literally

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around：D]away

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across：D]along

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged：D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way：D]place

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead：D]Besides

10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly：D]eventually

11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened：D]confused

12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view：D]result

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage：D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot：D]separate

15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond：D]under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades：D]breaks

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden：D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Conseuently[C]Incidentally：D]Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes：D]belongings

20.[A]restrictadopt[C]leadED]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answertheuestionsaftereachtextby-

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebosses

ofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbe

delayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themain

risk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalso

hopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanks

butbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

uShort-termism^orthedesireforuickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytraded

companies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Henotesa

giantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancial

impatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeat

thematonce'ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,he

notes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighuarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirin's

effortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishas

beendubbed“uarterlycapitalism.，z

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofeuities,

uickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.

“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-term

investing,saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchange

Commissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2022haspushedmostpubliccompaniesto

deferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelping

reduce^short-termism.vInitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournal

findsthat“asubstantialpart〃ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourageulong-termism,ffsuchaschangesinthe

taxcodeanduickerdisclosureofstockacuisitions.InFrance,shareholderswho

holdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevoting

rightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterest

intheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

[A]enhancebankers,senseofresponsibility.

[B]helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

[C]buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

[D]guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

22.AlfredMarshallisuotedtoindicate

[A]theconditionsforgeneratinguickprofits.

[B]governments,impatienceindecision-making.

[C]thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

[D]short-termism,/ineconomicactivities.

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompanies

canbe

[A]indirect.

[B]adverse.

[C]minimal.

[D]temporary.

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate

[A]theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.

[B]thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

[C]theapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-termism”.

[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

[A]FailureofuarterlyCapitalism

[B]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

[C]DecisivenessReuiredofTopExecutives

[D]FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)

overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhigher

education,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,

relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“grade

forgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcounts

incalculatingastudent,soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprove

theirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusually

limitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyear

iftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,

saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduate

students,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescritical

totheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.^Ultimately,"

saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemore

successbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubseuentcoursesormaster

thecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'own

needsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheir

successonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergrades

can,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAs

willlikelymakestudents-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feel

they'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcern

forcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesareresponding

toconsumers,expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpect

acollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturn

outgraduateswhoareasualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,

students,andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

21.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation

[A]Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

[B]Students'indifferencetoGPAs.

[C]Colleges'neglectofGPAs.

[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

22.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness

[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

[B]Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

[C]Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

[D]Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

23.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport.

[B]boosttheirstudentenrollments.

[C]improvetheirteachinguality.

[D]meetlocalgovernments,needs.

24.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean

[A]Tocounterbalanceeachother.

[B]Tocomplementeachother.

[C]Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

[D]Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

25.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

[A]assessingitsfeasibility.

[B]analyzingthecausesbehindit.

[C]comparingdifferentviewsonit.

[D]listingitslong-runeffects.

Text3

Thisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof^Frankenstein;

or,TheModernPrometheus,〃byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectric

lightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwould

foreshadowmanyethicaluestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamental

uestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousnessWhatmakeshumans

humans”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitate

thewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinated

bytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothose

recentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and"Humans.〃

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejust

inasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactually

isandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren,tathand.The

cominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicaluestions.Human

driverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplex

combinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheir

eyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision'todayisnotnearlyas

sophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituation

isadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youuicklygetintoalotof

ethicaluestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagency

thatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.

AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningto

establishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.India

releaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7GooglepledgednottoudesignordeployAI,Zthatwouldcause^overall

harm,f,ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolate

internationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolate

internationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity,shighestvaluesOnlythenwilltheybeusefulservants

andnotFrankenstein?sout-of-controlmonster.

26.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

[A]fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

[B]hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

[C]involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

[D]hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

27.InDavidEagleman,sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

[A]helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

[B]canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

[C]inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

28.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

[A]canhardlyeverbefound.

[B]isstillbeyondourcapacity.

[C]causeslittlepublicconcern.

[D]hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

29.Theauthor?sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof

[A]affirmation.

[B]skepticism.

[C]contempt.

[D]respect.

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

[A]AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

[B]Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

[C]TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

[D]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt,sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisions

thatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisions

madeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer

spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchas

awarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.

Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselves

iftheyweren?tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Each

yearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityand

resultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,，rhewroteinanopinionjoined

byfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates'abilityto

seeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingon

anevenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincethey

usuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbecharging

salestaxwheretheyhadn?tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestax

nationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchase

isbeingshippedto.Amazon,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssales

taxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'

thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateor

afewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddresses

outsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfor

smallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.Undertheruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsreuiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'

ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldfor

localandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,are

online-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadaches

complyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&Entrepreneurship

Counciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,Smallbusinessesandinternet

entrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.

31.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

[A]betterbusinesses'relationswithstates.

[B]putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.

[C]makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.

[D]forcesomestatestocutsalestax.

32.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

[A]haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.

[B]havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.

[C]werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.

[D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.

33.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

[A]hinderedeconomicdevelopment.

[B]broughtprosperitytothecountry.

[C]harmedfairmarketcompetition.

[D]boostedgrowthinstates,revenue.

34.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling

[A]Internetentrepreneurs.

[B]Big-chainowners.

[C]Third-partysellers.

[D]Smallretailers.

35.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

[A]givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconseuences.

[B]describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.

[C]presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.

[D]citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.

PartBDirections:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Foruestions41-45,

youarereuiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextby-

choosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.

ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsense

ofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthat

dividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandwork

togetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightor

tennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,and

understanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win〃an

argument.

[B]Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecareful

nottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstoouickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluate

themproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealso

needtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandards

toourselves.Humilityreuiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsand

sometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

[C]Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Next

timeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestly

askyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewho

takesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargument

fullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlisten

carefullytotheirreplies.

[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthink

ofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhen

youwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifarguments

wereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairs

ofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwho

entered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletryto

avoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

[E]Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:

“Thereisonlyoneway…togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.〃

Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofarguments

thatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanyways

missesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

[F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversation

asafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.

Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviews

stupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyou

understandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelp

youwin-inoneway.

[G]Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasing

theminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,"No,〃

neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwe

havenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougivea

reasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.Then

Icounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforce

businessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'

spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.

41-42—F-43-44-C—45

PartCDirections:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,

andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrom