oracle 備份恢復案例

/ORACLE備份&恢復案例ORACLEBACKUP&RESTORESCHEME第一章.理解什么是數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復當我們使用一個數(shù)據(jù)庫時，總希望數(shù)據(jù)庫的內容是可靠的、正確的，但由于計算機系統(tǒng)的故障（硬件故障、軟件故障、網(wǎng)絡故障、進程故障和系統(tǒng)故障）影響數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的操作，影響數(shù)據(jù)庫中數(shù)據(jù)的正確性，甚至破壞數(shù)據(jù)庫，使數(shù)據(jù)庫中全部或部分數(shù)據(jù)丟失。因此當發(fā)生上述故障后，希望能重構這個完整的數(shù)據(jù)庫，該處理稱為數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復?；謴瓦^程大致可以分為復原(Restore)與恢復(Restore)過程。數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復可以分為以下兩類：1.1實例故障的一致性恢復當實例意外地（如掉電、后臺進程故障等）或預料地（發(fā)出SHUTDOUMABORT語句）中止時出現(xiàn)實例故障，此時需要實例恢復。實例恢復將數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復到故障之前的事務一致狀態(tài)。如果在在線后備發(fā)現(xiàn)實例故障，則需介質恢復。在其它情況ORACLE在下次數(shù)據(jù)庫起動時（對新實例裝配和打開），自動地執(zhí)行實例恢復。如果需要，從裝配狀態(tài)變?yōu)榇蜷_狀態(tài)，自動地激發(fā)實例恢復，由下列處理：（1）為了解恢復數(shù)據(jù)文件中沒有記錄的數(shù)據(jù)，進行向前滾。該數(shù)據(jù)記錄在在線日志，包括對回滾段的內容恢復。（2）回滾未提交的事務，按步1重新生成回滾段所指定的操作。（3）釋放在故障時正在處理事務所持有的資源。（4）解決在故障時正經歷一階段提交的任何懸而未決的分布事務。1.2介質故障或文件錯誤的不一致恢復介質故障是當一個文件、一個文件的部分或磁盤不能讀或不能寫時出現(xiàn)的故障。文件錯誤一般指意外的錯誤導致文件被刪除或意外事故導致文件的不一致。這種狀態(tài)下的數(shù)據(jù)庫都是不一致的，需要DBA手工來進行數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復，這種恢復有兩種形式，決定于數(shù)據(jù)庫運行的歸檔方式和備份方式。（1）完全介質恢復可恢復全部丟失的修改。一般情況下需要有數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份且數(shù)據(jù)庫運行在歸檔狀態(tài)下并且有可用歸檔日志時才可能。對于不同類型的錯誤，有不同類型的完全恢復可使用，其決定于毀壞文件和數(shù)據(jù)庫的可用性。（2）不完全介質恢復是在完全介質恢復不可能或不要求時進行的介質恢復。重構受損的數(shù)據(jù)庫，使其恢復介質故障前或用戶出錯之前的一個事務一致性狀態(tài)。不完全介質恢復有不同類型的使用，決定于需要不完全介質恢復的情況，有下列類型：基于撤消、基于時間和基于修改的不完全恢復?；诔废?CANCEL)恢復：在某種情況，不完全介質恢復必須被控制，DBA可撤消在指定點的操作。基于撤消的恢復地在一個或多個日志組（在線的或歸檔的）已被介質故障所破壞，不能用于恢復過程時使用，所以介質恢復必須控制，以致在使用最近的、未損的日志組于數(shù)據(jù)文件后中止恢復操作。基于時間(TIME)和基于修改(SCN)的恢復：如果DBA希望恢復到過去的某個指定點，是一種理想的不完全介質恢復，一般發(fā)生在恢復到某個特定操作之前，恢復到如意外刪除某個數(shù)據(jù)表之前。第二章.數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復案例測試環(huán)境2.1數(shù)據(jù)庫環(huán)境以下的所有案例都是通過測試經過，環(huán)境為：OS：Windows2000ServerDB：Oracle816DBNAME：TEST數(shù)據(jù)文件：SQL>selectfromv$datafile;FILE#STATUSENABLEDNAME1SYSTEMREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF2ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF3ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF4ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBF5ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF6ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF控制文件：SQL>select*fromv$controlfile;STATUSNAMED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL01.CTLD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL02.CTLD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL03.CTL聯(lián)機日志：SQL>select*fromv$logfile;GROUP#STATUSMEMBER1STALED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\REDO01.LOG2D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\REDO02.LOG3STALED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\REDO03.LOG2.2數(shù)據(jù)庫備份腳本冷備份腳本remscript:coldbak.sqlremcreater:chenjipingremdate:5.8.2003remdesc:offlinefullbackupdatabase--connectdatabaseconnectinternal/password;--shutdowndatabaseshutdownimmediate;--CopyDatafile!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\*.dbfd:\database/H/R;--CopyControlfile!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\*.ctld:\database/H/R;--CopyLogfile!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\*.logd:\database/H/R;--startupdatabasestartup;說明：1、以上腳本在數(shù)據(jù)庫關閉狀態(tài)下備份數(shù)據(jù)庫所有的數(shù)據(jù)文件，聯(lián)機日志，控制文件（在一個目錄下），如果成功備份，所有文件是一致的。2、沒有備份參數(shù)文件，參數(shù)文件可以另外備份，沒有必要每次都備份，只需要在改變設置后備份一次。3、如果以上命令沒有成功依次執(zhí)行，那么備份將是無效的，如連接數(shù)據(jù)庫不成功，那么肯定關閉數(shù)據(jù)庫也不成功，那么備份則無效4、冷備份建議下人工干預下執(zhí)行。數(shù)據(jù)庫OS熱全備份腳本remscript:hotbak.sqlremcreater:chenjipingremdate:5.8.2003remdesc:backupalldatabasedataarchive--connectdatabaseconnectinternal/password;--archivealtersystemarchivelogcurrent;--startaltertablespacesystembeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\system01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespacesystemendbackup;altertablespacerbsbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\rbs01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespacerbsendbackup;altertablespaceusersbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespaceusersendbackup;altertablespacetoolsbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\tools01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespacetoolsendbackup;altertablespaceindxbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\indx01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespaceindxendbackup;--end--bakcontrolfile--binaryalterdatabasebackupcontrol'd:\databak\controlbinbak.000';--asciialterdatabasebackupcontroltrace;altersystemarchivelogcurrent;說明：1、熱備份必須在數(shù)據(jù)庫歸檔方式下才可以運行2、以上腳本可以在數(shù)據(jù)庫運行狀態(tài)下備份數(shù)據(jù)庫所有的數(shù)據(jù)文件（除了臨時數(shù)據(jù)文件），沒有必要備份聯(lián)機日志。3、歸檔日志至少需要一次完整備份之后的所有日志。4、如果以上命令沒有成功依次執(zhí)行，那么備份也是無效的，如連接數(shù)據(jù)庫不成功，那么備份則無效RMAN備份只講敘有恢復目錄的情況，如果沒有恢復目錄，情形大致相似。以下是RMAN的熱備份全備份的腳本：#script:bakup.rcv#creater:chenjiping#date:5.8.2003#desc:backupalldatabasedataarchivewithrman#connectdatabaseconnectrcvcatrman/rman@back;connecttargetinternal/virpure;#startbackupdatabaserun{allocatechannelc1typedisk;backupfulltag'dbfull'format'd:\backup\full%u_%s_%p'databaseincludecurrentcontrolfile;sql'altersystemarchivelogcurrent';releasechannelc1;}#end說明：數(shù)據(jù)庫必須運行在歸檔模式下RMAN將自動備份數(shù)據(jù)文件，運行可靠歸檔日志另外備份處理，但至少需要保存一次備份來的日志沒有必要用RMAN做冷備份，效果不好以上舉例說明了數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復案例的測試環(huán)境與部分備份測試腳本，其它的備份腳本可以根據(jù)以上腳本演變而來或在案例中加以說明。數(shù)據(jù)庫的自動實例將不加以說明，這里只舉例說明媒體錯誤或人為錯誤造成的恢復可能。以上包括以下案例都是在WINDOWS+ORACLE816上測試驗證的，在不同的操作系統(tǒng)與不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫版本中略有差別。第三章.了解與恢復相關的信息1、理解報警日志文件報警日志文件一般記載了數(shù)據(jù)庫的啟動/關閉信息，歸檔信息，備份信息，恢復信息，常見錯誤信息，部分數(shù)據(jù)庫修改記錄等。一般令名規(guī)則為<SID>Alrt.log或Alrt<SID>.log，如我的測試數(shù)據(jù)庫的報警日志文件的名稱為testalrt.log。報警日志文件的路徑是根據(jù)初始化參數(shù)background_dump_dest來決定的，如在我的機器上，該參數(shù)值為D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump，那么，你就可以在該路徑下找到該文件2、后臺進程跟蹤文件后臺進程跟蹤文件的路徑與報警日志文件的路徑一致，在某些情況下，你可以通過后臺跟蹤文件的信息了解更多的需要恢復的信息。如在數(shù)據(jù)庫需要恢復的時候，報警日志文件中常有這樣的語句：ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefile通過提示的DBWR跟蹤文件，可以查詢到更詳細的信息。3、v$recover_file與v$recovery_log這是兩個動態(tài)性能視圖，可以在mount下查看，通過這兩個視圖，你可以了解詳細的需要恢復的數(shù)據(jù)文件與需要使用到的歸檔日志。第四章.數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復案例4.1非歸檔模式下的備份與恢復備份方案：采用OS冷備份1.連接數(shù)據(jù)庫并創(chuàng)建測試表SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint);TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2.備份數(shù)據(jù)庫SQL>@coldbak.sql或在DOS下svrmgrl@coldbak.sql3.再插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A124.關閉數(shù)據(jù)庫SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdown.5.毀壞一個或多個數(shù)據(jù)文件，如刪除user01.dbfC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF模擬媒體毀壞6.重新啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫，會發(fā)現(xiàn)如下錯誤SQL>startupORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'在報警文件中，會有更詳細的信息ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。7.拷貝備份復原到原來位置(restore過程)C:\>xcopyd:\database\*.*d:\oracle\oradata\test/H/R/S8.打開數(shù)據(jù)庫，檢查數(shù)據(jù)SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.SQL>select*fromtest;A1這里可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復成功，但在備份之后與崩潰之前的數(shù)據(jù)丟失了。說明：1、非歸檔模式下的恢復方案可選性很小，一般情況下只能有一種恢復方式，就是數(shù)據(jù)庫的冷備份的完全恢復，僅僅需要拷貝原來的備份就可以(restore)，不需要recover。2、這種情況下的恢復，可以完全恢復到備份的點上，但是可能是丟失數(shù)據(jù)的，在備份之后與崩潰之前的數(shù)據(jù)將全部丟失。3、不管毀壞了多少數(shù)據(jù)文件或是聯(lián)機日志或是控制文件，都可以通過這個辦法恢復，因為這個恢復過程是Restore所有的冷備份文件，而這個備份點上的所有文件是一致的，與最新的數(shù)據(jù)庫沒有關系，就好比把數(shù)據(jù)庫又放到了一個以前的“點”上。4、對于非歸檔模式下，最好的辦法就是采用OS的冷備份，建議不要用RMAN來作冷備份，效果不好，因為RMAN不備份聯(lián)機日志，restore不能根本解決問題。5、如果沒有備份聯(lián)機日志，如RMAN的備份，就需要利用不完全恢復(untilcancel)的方法來重新創(chuàng)建聯(lián)機日志文件4.2歸檔模式下丟失或損壞一個數(shù)據(jù)文件4.2.1OS備份方案在歸檔方式下?lián)p壞或丟失一個數(shù)據(jù)文件，如果存在相應的備份與該備份以來的歸檔日志，恢復還是比較簡單的，可以作到盡量少的Down機時間，并能作到數(shù)據(jù)庫的完全恢復。1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫，創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint)tablespaceusers;TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫SQL>@hotbak.sql或在DOS下svrmgrl@hotbak.sql3、繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關閉數(shù)據(jù)庫，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF模擬媒體毀壞5、啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫錯誤，脫機該數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>startupORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'還可以查看報警文件（見上一個恢復案例）或動態(tài)視圖v$recover_file如SQL>select*fromv$recover_file;FILE#ONLINEERRORCHANGE#TIME3ONLINE10135002003-05-07脫機數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>alterdatabasedatafile3offlinedrop;Databasealtered.6、打開數(shù)據(jù)庫，拷貝備份回來(restore)，恢復(recover)該數(shù)據(jù)文件，并聯(lián)機SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.拷貝備份從備份處copyd:\databak\users01.dbfd:\oracle\oradata\test;恢復該數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>recoverdatafile3;ORA-00279:change1053698generatedat05/07/200317:51:26neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARCORA-00280:change1053698forthread1isinsequence#304Specifylog:{<RET>=suggested||AUTO|CANCEL}AUTOORA-00279:change1053701generatedat05/07/200317:51:39neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00305.ARCORA-00280:change1053701forthread1isinsequence#305ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryLogapplied.Mediarecoverycomplete.恢復成功，聯(lián)機該數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>alterdatabasedatafile3online;Databasealtered.7、檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)（完全恢復）SQL>select*fromtest;A12說明：1、采用熱備份，需要運行在歸檔模式下，可以實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的完全恢復，也就是說，從備份后到數(shù)據(jù)庫崩潰時的數(shù)據(jù)都不會丟失。2、可以采用全備份數(shù)據(jù)庫的方式備份，對于特殊情況，也可以只備份特定的數(shù)據(jù)文件，如只備份用戶表空間（一般情況下對于某些寫特別頻繁的數(shù)據(jù)文件，可以單獨加大備份頻率）3、如果在恢復過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)損壞的是多個數(shù)據(jù)文件，即可以采用一個一個數(shù)據(jù)文件的恢復方法（第5步中需要對數(shù)據(jù)文件一一脫機，第6步中需要對數(shù)據(jù)文件分別恢復），也可以采用整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復方法。4、如果是系統(tǒng)表空間的損壞，不能采用此方法4.2.2RMAN備份方案RMAN也可以進行聯(lián)機備份，而且備份與恢復方法將比OS備份更簡單可靠。1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫，創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint)tablespaceusers;TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫表空間usersC:\>rmanRecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>connectrcvcatrman/rman@backRMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN>connecttargetinternal/virpureRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN>run{2>allocatechannelc1typedisk;3>backuptag'tsuser'format'd:\backup\tsuser_%u_%s_%p'4>tablespaceusers;5>releasechannelc1;6>}RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=16devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:backupRMAN-03025:performingimplicitpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03023:executingcommand:backupRMAN-08008:channelc1:startingfulldataRMAN-08502:set_count=5set_stamp=494177612creation_time=16-MAY-03RMAN-08010:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)inbackupsetRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08013:channelc1:piece1createdRMAN-08503:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1comment=NONERMAN-08525:backupsetcomplete,elapsedtime:00:00:01RMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:releaseRMAN-03023:executingcommand:releaseRMAN-08031:releasedchannel:c1RMAN>3、繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>r1*altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關閉數(shù)據(jù)庫，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF5、啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫，檢查錯誤SQL>startupORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF'6、先打開數(shù)據(jù)庫SQL>alterdatabasedatafile3offlinedrop;Databasealtered.SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.7、恢復該表空間恢復腳本可以是恢復單個數(shù)據(jù)文件run{allocatechannelc1typedisk;restoredatafile3;recoverdatafile3;sql'alterdatabasedatafile3online';releasechannelc1;}也可以是,恢復表空間run{allocatechannelc1typedisk;restoretablespaceusers;recovertablespaceusers;sql'alterdatabasedatafile3online';releasechannelc1;}過程如下：C:\>rmanRecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>connectrcvcatrman/rman@backRMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN>connecttargetinternal/virpureRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN>run{2>allocatechannelc1typedisk;3>restoredatafile3;4>recoverdatafile3;5>sql'alterdatabasedatafile3online';6>releasechannelc1;7>}RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=13devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:restoreRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-03023:executingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-08016:channelc1:startingdatarestoreRMAN-08502:set_count=5set_stamp=494177612creation_time=16-MAY-03RMAN-08089:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)torestorefrombackupsetRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08023:channelc1:restoredbackuppiece1RMAN-08511:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1tag=TSUSERparams=NULLRMAN-08024:channelc1:restorecompleteRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recoverRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(1)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(2)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-08054:startingmediarecoveryRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence332isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence333isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00333.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence334isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00334.ARCRMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-08515:archivelog:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARCthread=1sequence=332RMAN-08055:mediarecoverycompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:sqlRMAN-06162:sqlstatement:alterdatabasedatafile3onlineRMAN-03023:executingcommand:sqlRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:releaseRMAN-03023:executingcommand:releaseRMAN-08031:releasedchannel:c1RMAN>8、檢查數(shù)據(jù)是否完整SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.SQL>select*fromtest;A12說明：1、RMAN也可以實現(xiàn)單個表空間或數(shù)據(jù)文件的恢復，恢復過程可以在mount下或open方式下，如果在open方式下恢復，可以減少down機時間2、如果損壞的是一個數(shù)據(jù)文件，建議offline并在open方式下恢復3、這里可以看到，RMAN進行數(shù)據(jù)文件與表空間恢復的時候，代碼都比較簡單，而且能保證備份與恢復的可靠性，所以建議采用RMAN的備份與恢復4.3丟失多個數(shù)據(jù)文件，實現(xiàn)整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復4.3.1OS備份方案OS備份歸檔模式下?lián)p壞（丟失）多個數(shù)據(jù)文件，進行整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫，創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint);TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫，備份除臨時數(shù)據(jù)文件后的所數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>@hotbak.sql或在DOS下svrmgrl@hotbak.sql3、繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關閉數(shù)據(jù)庫，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF模擬媒體毀壞（這里刪除多個數(shù)據(jù)文件）5、啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫，檢查錯誤SQL>STARTUPORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile1:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'詳細信息可以查看報警文件ORA-1157signalledduring:ALTERDATABASEOPEN...ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile1:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile2-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile2:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile5-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile5:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile6-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile6:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。通過查詢v$recover_file可以看到SQL>select*fromv$recover_file;FILE#ONLINEERRORCHANGE#TIME1ONLINEFOUND02ONLINEFOUND05ONLINEFOUND06ONLINEFOUND0有四個數(shù)據(jù)文件需要恢復6、拷貝備份回到原地點(restore)，開始恢復數(shù)據(jù)庫(recover)restore過程:C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\SYSTEM01.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\TEST\INDX01.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\TEST\RBS01.DBF.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\Recover過程:SQL>recoverdatabase;ORA-00279:change1073849generatedat05/08/200308:58:35neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00311.ARCORA-00280:change1073849forthread1isinsequence#311Specifylog:{<RET>=suggested||AUTO|CANCEL}autoORA-00279:change1073856generatedat05/08/200309:03:27neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00312.ARCORA-00280:change1073856forthread1isinsequence#312ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00311.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryORA-00279:change1073858generatedat05/08/200309:11:43neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00313.ARCORA-00280:change1073858forthread1isinsequence#313ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00312.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryORA-00279:change1073870generatedat05/08/200309:11:46neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00314.ARCORA-00280:change1073870forthread1isinsequence#314ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00313.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryLogapplied.Mediarecoverycomplete.7、打開數(shù)據(jù)庫，檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)（完全恢復）SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.SQL>select*fromtest;A12說明：1、只要有備份與歸檔存在，就可以實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的完全恢復（不丟失數(shù)據(jù)）2、適合于丟失大量數(shù)據(jù)文件，或包含系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)文件在內的數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復3、恢復過程在mount下進行，如果恢復成功，再打開數(shù)據(jù)庫，down機時間可能比較長一些。4.3.2RMAN備份方案RMAN備份歸檔模式下?lián)p壞（丟失）多個數(shù)據(jù)文件，進行整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫，創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint);TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫DOS下C:>\rmancmdmsglog=backup.log;以下是backup.log內容。RecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>#script:bakup.rcv2>#creater:chenjiping3>#date:5.8.20034>#desc:backupalldatabasedataarchivewithrman5>6>#connectdatabase7>connectrcvcatrman/rman@back;8>connecttargetinternal/virpure;9>10>#startbackupdatabase11>run{12>allocatechannelc1typedisk;13>backupfulltag'dbfull'format'd:\backup\full%u_%s_%p'database14>includecurrentcontrolfile;15>sql'altersystemarchivelogcurrent';16>releasechannelc1;17>}18>#end19>RMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=15devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:backupRMAN-03023:executingcommand:backupRMAN-08008:channelc1:startingfulldataRMAN-08502:set_count=4set_stamp=494074368creation_time=15-MAY-03RMAN-08010:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)inbackupsetRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFRMAN-08011:includingcurrentcontrolbackupsetRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08013:channelc1:piece1createdRMAN-08503:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\FULL04EN5UG0_4_1comment=NONERMAN-08525:backupsetcomplete,elapsedtime:00:01:16RMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:sqlRMAN-06162:sqlstatement:altersystemarchivelogcurrentRMAN-03023:executingcommand:sqlRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:releaseRMAN-03023:executingcommand:releaseRMAN-08031:releasedchannel:c1RecoveryManagercomplete.到這里表示備份成功。3、繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關閉數(shù)據(jù)庫，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF5、啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫，檢查錯誤SQL>STARTUPORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile1:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'查詢v$recover_fileSQL>select*fromv$recover_file;FILE#ONLINEERRORCHANGE#TIME1ONLINEFOUND02ONLINEFOUND05ONLINEFOUND06ONLINEFOUND0可以知道有四個數(shù)據(jù)文件需要恢復6、利用RMAN進行恢復C:\>rmanRecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>connectrcvcatrman/rman@backRMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN>connecttargetinternal/virpureRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN>run{2>allocatechannelc1typedisk;3>restoredatabase;4>recoverdatabase;5>sql'alterdatabaseopen';6>releasechannelc1;7>}RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=17devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:restoreRMAN-03025:performingimplicitpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-03023:executingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-08016:channelc1:startingdatarestoreRMAN-08502:set_count=4set_stamp=494074368creation_time=15-MAY-03RMAN-08089:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)torestorefrombackupsetRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFRMAN-08023:channelc1:restoredbackuppiece1RMAN-08511:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\FULL04EN5UG0_4_1tag=DBFULLparams=NULLRMAN-08024:channelc1:restorecompleteRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recoverRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(1)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(2)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-08054:startingmediarecoveryRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence327isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00327.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence328isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00328.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence329isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00329.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence330isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00330.ARCRMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-08515:archivelog:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00327.ARCthread=1sequence=327RMAN-08515:archivelog:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00328.ARCthread=1sequence=328RMAN-08055:mediarecoverycompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:sqlRMAN-06162:sqlstatement:alterdatabaseopenRMAN-03023:executingcommand:sqlRMAN-03022:compilingcomma