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閱讀理解題型專講專練
【細(xì)節(jié)理解題】
做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí),大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題就是閱讀速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速閱讀技
巧,考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí),不必通篇細(xì)看原文,而應(yīng)采取
“帶著問題找答案'’的方法,先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ),然后以此為線索,運(yùn)用略讀及查讀
的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句,仔細(xì)品味,對(duì)照比較,確定答案。除
了運(yùn)用掃讀法外,還可以兼用排除法,將“無(wú)此細(xì)節(jié)''和"與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。要快速
地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),就需要恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂貌殚喌姆椒凹记伞2殚喪窃谧x者對(duì)材料有所
熟悉的情況下進(jìn)行的,它的特點(diǎn)是帶著問題去尋求答案,它往往與略讀綜合使用。
K第一招2
直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題答案與原文掛鉤,在文中可直接找到答案,但往往與原文中的語(yǔ)句并非
一模一樣,而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題需要通過有關(guān)詞
語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換,利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來(lái)獲取信息,然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空
間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理,方能做出正確的判斷,此類試題在高考中占
大多數(shù)。其常見命題方式有:
1、特殊疑問句形式。以what,who,when,where,which,howmuch/many等引出的問題;
2、是非題。通常以true/false,nottrue/false提問以及以accordingtothetext開頭;
3、填空題。通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);
4、就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問。
K第二招U
略讀材料,大概了解全文,掌握其中心或主旨。
K第三招》
按文章的體裁,如記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文等及作者寫作的組織模式和有關(guān)的信息詞,
如forexample,first,second等預(yù)測(cè)應(yīng)該到何處尋求自己所需要的事實(shí)。段落的組織形式常見
的有時(shí)間型段落、空間型段落、列舉型段落、例證型段落、程序型段落和對(duì)比型段落等。如
時(shí)間型段落和空間型段落要憑借表達(dá)時(shí)間和空間的信息詞按時(shí)間和空間的組織形式進(jìn)行查
讀,尋找有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。
K第四招》
將精力放在尋找你所需要的細(xì)節(jié)上,快速通篇跳讀,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z型
掃讀,直到找到含細(xì)節(jié)句子時(shí),就要放慢速度,仔細(xì)核對(duì)、比較內(nèi)容,直至找到答案。
K第五招?
了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也能有助于提高答題的正確率。一般情況下,干擾項(xiàng)有以
下五個(gè)特點(diǎn):①是原文信息,但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容;②符合常識(shí),但不是文內(nèi)容;③與原
句的內(nèi)容極為相似,只是在程度上有些變動(dòng);④在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反;⑤
部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤。值得提的是,有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是?個(gè)短語(yǔ)甚至一個(gè)單詞,
因此需要我們閱讀中格外仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。
【試題分析】
1、直接信息理解題細(xì)節(jié)的直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷,只要求
從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要的細(xì)節(jié),在必要的時(shí)候(做判斷、推
論或結(jié)論的時(shí)候)能準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來(lái)。解此類題要求考生快速抓住關(guān)鍵信息,
直接得出答案。有時(shí)需要詞句意的轉(zhuǎn)換理解,將獲得的信息用同義或近義的形式復(fù)述出來(lái)。
NMET設(shè)計(jì)了許多這樣的同義轉(zhuǎn)換理解題,具體的要求是為閱讀材料中某些詞匯、短語(yǔ)及
句型找到正確的釋義。
例如:TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),foundedonJanuary1,1995,aimsto
encourageinternationaltradetoflowaspossible,makingsurethattradeagreementsarerespected
andthatanydisputescanbesettled.
Inthefiveyearssinceitsfounding,theWTOhasbecomewellknownasoneoftheworld's
mostpowerfuleconomicorganizations,takingitsplacealongsidetheWorldBankand
InternationalMoneyFund.
Thesystemofglobalrulesforinternationaltrade,however,datesbackhalfacenturyto1948
whentheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradewasformedafterWorldWarII.
Astimewentby,isbecameclearthattheGATThadtwomajordrawbacks-thelimitedareas
oftradeitcovered,andthelackofaneffectivesystemtosettledisputes.
Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994,theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygive
birthtotheWTO,completewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescovering
tradeinservicesandintellectualproperty.
Evenaftersevenyearsoftalksand22,500pagesofagreements,therewerestillproblems,
especiallythedifficultytodealwithareasofagricultureandservices,whichthemembernations
agreedtorevisein2000,TheWTO,withitsheadofficeinGeneva,has135memberswith30
morewaitingtojoin.
總述:本文主要介紹了世貿(mào)組織的演變過程,即由最初的關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定,到后來(lái)的烏拉
圭回合談判,到1995年1月1日成立的世貿(mào)組織,其演變經(jīng)歷了大半個(gè)世紀(jì),使其成為世
界上最大的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織。
45.FromthepassageweknowthattheGATTstoppedworking.
A.soonafterWorldWarIIendedB.alittlemorethan50yearsafterWorldWarII
C.justintheyear1994D.sevenyearsbeforetheUruguayRoundtalk
46.ComparedwiththeGATT,theWTO.
A.didn'tpayenoughattentiontoservicesandintellectualproperty
B.gotitsmemberstosigntheagreementsmoreeasily
C.hasgottomanyareasofinternationaltradetodealwithtoworkeffectively
D.candobettertosettledisputesinmoreareasofinternationaltrade
47.InthenewcenturytheWTOwill.
A.taketheplaceoftheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFund
B.havemoremembersandsettlemoreproblems
C.makecompletenewrulesineveryareaofinternationaltrade
D.havenewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty
【猜測(cè)詞義題】
K第一招H利用上下文語(yǔ)境線索
上下文線索猜測(cè)聞義
任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。
利用上下文提供的情景和線索,進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析而推測(cè)詞義,是閱讀過程中的一大
關(guān)鍵,也是高考的熱點(diǎn)。
如:
Ifhethinkshecaninvitemeout,heisallwet.Idon9tliketobewithhim.
A.drunkB.sweatingC.happyD.mistaken
練習(xí):
(1)Adeafanddumpguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.
(2)TheclimateofthewestcoastisthemostmoderateinCanada,summersarecooland
fairlydryandwintersaremild,cloudyandwet.Eveninmid-winter,thetemperatureisusually
abovefreezing.
(3)AllthehousesinthecitycoHa—sedduringtheearthquake.
(4)Forpeoplewholivewithinastone'sthrowfromtheofficetobelatetoworkis
unforgivable.
(5)Theconflagrationwassofiercethatwithjustafewsecondonecouldseetowering
flameswherethehousehadstoodandthesmokewhichfilledtheskycouldbeseenformilesand
miles.
(6).Charlotte'stalewasinspiredbythegirls'coincollection."We'vecollectedforeign
coinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerifb,“sheexplains."Thatwasbeforethe
Euro,soweputpesetasin.”
Theunderlinedwore“pesetas“inParagraph2isakindof.
A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin
(7).In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrossthe
world'sgreatestmathematical17thcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinest
mathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworking
outtheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcole
Polytechnique.
Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle“asitisusedinthe
text?
A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.
B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.
C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.
D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.
(8).Todaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappiness,Houng'sdeedsremind
usofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthese,noneofuscouldsurvive.
Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffers,buthecould
dependonhisownwork.
42.Theunderlinedword“donation"inParagraph3probablymeans.
A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.something,especiallygiventohelpothers
C.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero
K第二招1利用定義和解釋性線索
根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義
閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞,往往在其后有對(duì)該詞
進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明性的短語(yǔ)或句子,如tobe,thatis,mean,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,in
otherwords等,有時(shí)也以同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句的形式出現(xiàn),或用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)來(lái)表示。
1.直接定義:如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。
如:Inslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfin
adifficultsituation.
根據(jù)上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語(yǔ)中的意思是“困境”。定義句的謂語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞多為:be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,
represent等。
2.同位語(yǔ):構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接,有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、
引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是:同位語(yǔ)前還常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,
namely,orother,say,i.e.等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。
3.定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)起著解釋和說(shuō)明的作用,據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。
如:Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.
定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為"牧羊人
(2010年四川師大附中高三模擬題)
Youshouldneverputacottonswaborotherobjectintotheearcanal.Butyoucanuseaswab
orclothtocleantheouterpartoftheear.Theexpertsagreewiththeoldsayingthatyoushould
neverputanythingsmallerthanyourelbowinyourear.
()Whatdoesa“swab"mostlyprobablymean?
A.somethingsoft,smallandusedinclinics
B.somethinghard,longandusedathome
C.somethingthin,wetandlikeanelbow
D.somethingsafe,bigandlikeatoy
如:
Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),whileotherscarried
onlypassengers.
練習(xí)
(1)Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifter,who
alwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingfbrthem.
(2)Thebestfootball,basketballandtennisplayerscanbecomeprofessionalthatmeanstheywill
haveacareerinsportsandwillgetmoneywhentheyplay.
(3)Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.
(4)Theword“l(fā)efty“meansapersonwhouseshisorherlefthandfbrwriting,eatingandother
jobs.
(5)Doctorsrecommendedthateveryoneexerciseeveryday,particularthosewhospendmany
hoursdoingsedentaryactivitieslikereading,typingorsewing.
(6)ApersonwhohastheSARS(非典型肺炎)mayhavesymptomslikecoughingandahigh
temperature.
(7)(201H湖南卷C篇)
...ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephant
andtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesfbrseveralmillionyears.The
divergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsand
woollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.
67.Theunderlinedword“divergence“inparagraph4means"
A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination
(7)1.TheelderlearntomastertheInternetandtoovercomewhatLansdalecallsthemaladies
oftheinstitutionalized:loneliness,helplessness,boredom,andloseofmemory.
(8).Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),while
otherscarriedonlypassengers.
(9).Scientistsgrowlargequantitiesofcommonmould(霉菌)sothattheycangetpenicillin
fromitinordertomakeantibiotics,thatis,substancesthatkillgerms.
(10).Marinebiology、thestudyofoceanicplantsandanimalsandtheirrelation,has
furtheredtheefficientdevelopmentoffisheries.
(11).—Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchas
shoplifter,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingfbrthem.
K第三招』利用因果關(guān)系
在句子或段落中,若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推
知生詞詞義。如:Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisions
withoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.
根據(jù)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。
因果關(guān)系的語(yǔ)境,通常由because,sotherefore,sothat,so/such...that...等連詞體現(xiàn)。
1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbyusingtheinformationtakenfromadictionarypage.
jazz:1.n.atypeofmusicthatoriginatedinNewOrleansandischaracterizedbyrhythmic
beats.2.n.populardancemusicinfluencedbyjazz.3.n.slang.Emptytalk.4.adj.oforlikejazz;
ajazzband,jazzrecords.
Whatdoestheword'jazz"meaninthefollowingsentence?
Don'tgivemethatjazz,forIamapracticalperson.
A.Rhythmicbeats.B.Atypeofmusic.C.Akindofdance.D.Meaninglesstalk.
2.Thebiggestpowerfailurehappenedyesterday.Allofouricecreamandfrozenfoods
melted.
3.Herandownstairsthroughthesmoke-filledhousetopushandpullatKarenandTodd
untiltheysatup.Thenhehelpedeachotheroutofthehousetothesafetyofthegarden.There,his
sisterandbrother,takingshortandquickbreathsandcoughing,collapsedonthelawn.
K第四招』利用反義詞或反義關(guān)系
有的文章作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果,會(huì)用一對(duì)反義詞揭示事物的不同點(diǎn),形成鮮明的對(duì)比,這
時(shí)只要把握其中的一詞,就不難推出另一詞的含義,這種句子多見unlike,although,but,yet,
while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,foronething,fbranother,inteadof,ratherthan等信息
詞。如:AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquite
humbleandmodest.
該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞,但是句中短語(yǔ)incontrast(相對(duì)照
的,相對(duì)比的)提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humbleandmodest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。
分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
再如:
Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethe
reverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnonnallyplaywithveryimperfect
infbnnation.
A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.Mostunlike.D.Justtheopposite.
1.Mostofusagreed;however,Garydissented.
2.Heishomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.
3.“UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan'tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbe
carefullycultivated.”
Theunderlinedword“cultivated”(Paragraph1)roughlymeans.
A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developed
4.Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quite
thereverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfect
information.
Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“quitethereverse”?
A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.MostunlikelyD.Justtheopposite.
5.Thousandsofpeoplegotstuckinlifts.Butnoonepanicked,Wepassedthetimetelling
stories.
6.UnliketheUniteStateswheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,
Japan?spopulationisquitehomogeneous.
K第五招D利用同義線索和同等關(guān)系
同義詞替換可以為我們推測(cè)詞義提供明顯的語(yǔ)境線索。一些常見的引出同義詞的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)
有similarly,like,justas,also,aswell等。如:Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarly
loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)lovestotalk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推
斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。同等關(guān)系是指一個(gè)詞、一組詞或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分,
而且他們的詞義屬一范疇。只要我們認(rèn)識(shí)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ),即可確定同等關(guān)系中生
詞的詞性,作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推
斷生詞詞義。如:Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoney
fromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwantto
jeopardizehisfuture.
作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger?詞用其同義詞jeopardize來(lái)替代它,由此推知
jeopardize詞義為“使...陷入危險(xiǎn),危及、危害”。
1.我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子,對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語(yǔ)境
的推測(cè)。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納,猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。例如:You
cantakeanyoftheperiodicals:_TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchools,or
EnglishLearning.
根據(jù)下文舉出的英語(yǔ)雜志名稱可知,periodicals是“期刊”之意。
根據(jù)上下文及生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義
2.有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí),就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)
確定詞義。例如:Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.
根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí),我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為“爬行二
(2010年湖南省六校聯(lián)考)
...ButsometimesIjustfeelloathtotalktothesepeople.Sometimes,Ijustwanttobealone,
quietly,withoutbeingforcedtolistentotheirgossiporotheruselesswords.
()Theunderlinedword“l(fā)oath“inthisparagraphhastheclosestmeaningto.
A.unwillingB.eagerC.pleasedD.hurt
練習(xí)
1.MillionsofanimalsdieeachyearonUSroads,theFederalHighwayadministration
reports.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcatexistintheUStoday.Themain
reason?Roadkill.
2.mansion,church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichallscanbepreserved.
3.Weshould,therefore,learntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccurately,ofthey
willmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.
K第六招』利用例證性線索
某些冷僻的詞匯后會(huì)舉一個(gè)例子,使詞匯具體易懂。Suchas,like,forexample,for
instance等連接性詞語(yǔ)往往用來(lái)列舉說(shuō)明前面較難理解的名詞。
1.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachingin
School,ofEnglishlearning.
2.ManyUnitednationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Simpson,fbrexample,speaksfive
languagesfluently.
K第七招H根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法
閱讀中常會(huì)遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞,可利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)其意思、。
《教學(xué)大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語(yǔ)法附表中,因此利用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認(rèn)
定為生詞。英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種,即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語(yǔ)單詞大多是
由詞根、詞頭(前綴)、詞尾(后綴)所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分,表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。
在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴,可以用來(lái)引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。只要我們掌握了各種
詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義,那么就可以很容易地猜測(cè)所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)
中常見的前綴和后綴有:
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義
super.(超),inter-(在之間),-able(能的),mini-(極少的,微型的),micro.(極微小的),
e(再,反復(fù)),sub?(分支的,底下),co.(共同),post.(后),pre?(前),trans.(超越;轉(zhuǎn)換),
under.(在之下;低于;不足),?hood(狀態(tài);性質(zhì);時(shí)期),?ish(如的;有點(diǎn)兒
的);-proof(防的;不能穿透的),-scope(景),-ship(身份;資格;權(quán)力;性質(zhì)),?some(易
于的),-wards(向),mis?(誤;惡),un?(不;非),in-(不;非),im?(不;非),dis-(不),non-(不;
非),-less(不;無(wú)),anti-(反;防),sino■(中國(guó))。如:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,
semiconscious,_forafewminutes.
根觸詞根conscious(清醒的,有意識(shí)的),結(jié)合前綴semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我
們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的,半昏迷的”。
(2010年廣東華南師大附中高三綜合測(cè)試)
Sharksareamongthefewanimalsintheworldthatalmostnevergetcancerandeyecataracts.
Understandingwhycanhelpusimprovehumanhealth.Chemicalsextractedfromsharkcartilage
havekilledcanceroustumorsinlaboratoryanimals,aresearchthatsomedaycouldhelpprolong
yourlife.
()Theunderlinedword“prolong"intheparagraphmeans.
A.saveB.protectC.lengthenD.improve
代詞that/it/they/them所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句的前、后句中(特別是前句),或者前幾個(gè)句子
中,找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在那個(gè)代詞的位置上,看看這句話是否合理,與前面的內(nèi)容是
否一致,然后再判斷它是否為正確答案。
判斷代詞的確指對(duì)象
1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80
mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.
2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsago,itseems
thatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.
K第八招H注意熟詞生義
英語(yǔ)中大量的詞匯具有多義性,其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標(biāo)注的漢語(yǔ)意思,具體
的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得
多。原因有三:其一,高考對(duì)生詞的數(shù)量有量的規(guī)定,不得超過3%;其二,熟悉詞生義很
容易引起考生的誤解;其三,熟悉詞生義的數(shù)量沒有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)
得多,那就更難理解了。
下題中劃線的詞可換為:
1.NewYork,10November,5:27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory.
A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack
2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5:30a.m.,theriderswillleave
Tian'anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatrainingIge.Thenthenext55kilometers
fromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.
A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour
K第九招』根據(jù)常識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜測(cè)詞義
在閱讀中碰到生詞時(shí),我們有時(shí)可以運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)去
推斷生詞的含義。當(dāng)然也要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境。
1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantfbrmoD—ingupCO2fromtheatmosphereand
helpingtoslowglobalwarming.
Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup“inthesecondparagraphmeans.
A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup
2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedesk
andasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid,“Verydirtyfloor.
K第十招』利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)化
1.Themostimportantreasonfbrsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednature
withthebasictoolstheyhad.
2.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,
medicine,andbusiness.
Theunderlinedwork“aging“means.
A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelives
C.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder
【主旨大意】
這類題主要是測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章
主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。常見的設(shè)題方式有:
1)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainpointofthepassage?
2)Whatisthewritertryingtotellus?
3)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?
4)Thepurposeofthepassageis.
5)Themain(general)ideaofthepassageis.
6)Thepassageismainlyabout.
7)Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?
這類題通常圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開,一些文章一開頭便展示出文章的中心思想,第一段常常
是內(nèi)容的梗概,同時(shí)又表達(dá)了中心思想,也有一些文章的中心思想貫穿全文,并沒有用一句
話明確表達(dá)出來(lái),這就要求學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)歸納概括。每個(gè)段落往往也由一個(gè)主題句或幾個(gè)陳述句
構(gòu)成,它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢貌煌袝r(shí)在開頭,首先點(diǎn)明本段大意;有時(shí)在結(jié)尾,總結(jié)本段大
,怎O
做這類題,首先要找出文章的主題句。找出文章的主題句,也就明確了文章要講什么,
再通過速讀全文,就可以把握文章的中心思想了。
主題句在整個(gè)語(yǔ)段中起著通領(lǐng)全段的作用,其它句子都是用來(lái)闡述、解釋、支持或發(fā)展
主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想的,其位置?般位于段首,也見于段尾或段中。
另外在許多文段中,設(shè)有可以概括全段意義的主題句,必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)
節(jié),進(jìn)行全面分析,然后歸納成一般概念。但必須注意,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時(shí)
過于寬泛,要恰如其分。這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括了。
K第一招》
在許多情況下,尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí),根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過尋找短文
的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況:開頭、中間、結(jié)尾
(含在開頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句)。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是
關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法。瀏覽時(shí),一般不需逐句瀏覽,只需選讀文章的首段、
尾段,或每段的首句和尾句。重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。
有些文章的主題句或者說(shuō)“文眼,,出現(xiàn)在文章的最后,此類文章往往以列舉事實(shí)開頭,通
過論證,最后闡述核心觀點(diǎn),或者引用某個(gè)人的話印證自己的觀點(diǎn),以此歸納文章的主旨大
意,所以有時(shí)要找出這樣的信息,從中提煉標(biāo)題或歸納大意。
例如:河北唐山市高三第二次模擬考試題E篇:
Inrecentyearsmanycountriesoftheworldhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowto
maketheirworkersmoreproductive.Someexpertsclaimtheansweristomakejobsmorevaried.
Butdomorevariedjobsleadtogreaterproductivity?Thereisevidencetosuggestthatwhile
varietycertainlymakestheworkers'lifemoreenjoyable,itdoesn'tactuallymakehimworkharder.
Asfarasincreasingproductivityisconcerned,thevarietyisnotanimportantfactor.
Otherexpertsfeelthatgivingtheworkerfreedomtodohisjobinhisownwayisimportant
andthereisnodoubtthatthisistrue.Theproblemwasthatthiskindoffreedomcannoteasilybe
giveninfixedway.Thusfreedomofchoicemaybeimportant,thereisusuallyverylittlethatcan
bedonetocreateit.
Anotherimportantconsiderationishowmucheachworkercontributedtotheproductheis
making.Inmostfactoriestheworkerseesonlyonesmallpartoftheproduct.Somecarfactories
arenowexperimentingwithhavingmanysmallproductionlinesratherthanonelargeone,sothat
eachworkercontributesmoretotheproductionofthecarsonhisline.Itwouldseemthatnotonly
isthedegreeofworkers'contributionanimportantfactor,therefore,butitisalsoonewedo
somethingabout.
Towhatextentmoremoneyledtogreaterproductivity?Theworkersthemselvescertainly
thinkthisisimportant.Butperhapstheywantmoremoneyonlybecausetheworktheydoisso
boring.Moneyjustletsthemenjoytheirsparetimemore.Asimilarargumentmayexplain
demandsforshorterworkinghours.Perhapsifwesucceedinmakingtheirjobsmoreinteresting,
theywillneitherwantmoremoney,norwillshorterworkinghoursbesoimportanttothem.
59.Inthispassage,theauthormainlytalksabout.
A.howtomaketheworkerscontributemore
B.possiblewaysleadingtogreaterproductivity
C.towhatextentmoremoneyleadstogreaterproductivity
D.howtomakeworkers,jobsmoreinteresting
K第二招』抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想
尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心的整體歸
納便是文章的中心思想。在這個(gè)過程中,考生們不能只依據(jù)只言片語(yǔ),或光看文章的某一些
段落,而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,理解文章的重點(diǎn),考慮文章中材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)
于什么的,分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心來(lái)安排的。最后用簡(jiǎn)明扼要的文字將文章
的中心思想表達(dá)出來(lái)。即不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛,要恰如其分。
例如:
Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit'sapestandatimewaster.Very
oftenyoufinditimpossibletoescapefromsomeidleorcuriouschatterbox,orfromsomebody
whowantssomethingfornothing.Ifyouhaveatelephoneinyourownhouse,youwilladmitthat
ittendstoringwhenyouareasleep,ofinthemiddleofamealoraconversation,orwhenyouare
justgoingout,orwhenyouaretakingyourbath.Areyoustrong-mindedenoughtoignoreit,to
saytoyourself"Ah,well,itwillallbethesameinahundredyear'stime?”Youarenot.Youthink
therearemaybesomeimportantnewsormessagesforyou.Icanassureyouthatifamessageis
reallyimportantitwillreachyousoonerorlater.Haven'tyoueverrusheddrippingfromthebath,
orchewingfromthetable,ordazedfromthebed,onlytobetoldthatyouareawrongnumber?
Butyouwillsay,youneednothaveyournameprintedinthetelephonedirectory,andyou
canhaveatelephonewhichisonlyunableforoutgoingcalls.Besidesyouwillsay,isn'tit
importanttohaveatelephoneincaseofemergency-i11ness,anaccident,orfire?Ofcourseyouare
right,buthereinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEngland,oneisseldomfarfromatelephonein
caseofdreadfulnecessity.
IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.I
admitthatindifferentcircumstances-IfyouwereabusinessVIP,forinstance,orabedridden
person-Imightfindatelephoneessential.ButthenifIwereataxidriver,Ishouldfindacar
essential.
Letmeputitanotherway:therearetwothingsforwhichtheEnglishseemtoshowparticular
talent.Oneismechanicalinvention,theotherisliterature.Myownbusinesshappenstobewith
theuseofwordsbutIseeImustnowstopusingthem.ForIhavejustbeenhandedaslipofpaper
tosaythatsomebodyiswaitingtospeaktomeonthetelephone.IthinkIhadbetteranswer
it.Afterall,oneneverknows,itmaybesomethingimportant.
41.Thepassageismainlyabout.
A.thatweshouldbestrongenoughtoignoreaphonecall
B.thatimportantmessagewillreachyousoonerorlater
C.whetherit'snecessarytoansweralltelephonecalls
D.whetheritisnecessarytohaveatelephone
K第三招U抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),歸納文章中心
要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句,有時(shí)主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章,就需
要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析,概括出段落的主題,從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是:
先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容,這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系,然后加以歸納形成
主題。如:
TomBrennanwasworkinginaPhiladelphiaofficebuildingwhenhenoticedablackbag.
Thebagcontainedabook.
Thischancediscoveryendeda12-daysearchbytheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphiafora
historicaltreasurea120diarydept190yearsagebyDeborahLogan,“awomanwhoknew
everybodyinherday,“JamesGreen,thelibrariantoldthemagazineAmericanLibraries.
MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.Italsoincludesadescriptionof
BritishsoldiersburningWashington.D.Cinthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJames
Madisononhorsebackas"perfectlyshakingwithfeaf,duringthetroubleddays.George
Washington,shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchmanandpraisedherexcellent
English.
TheadventureofthelostbookbeganonSeptember4whenCoryLuxmoorearrivedfrom
EnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestortotheLibraryCompany,whichheandhiswife
consideredtobethebesthomefbrthediary.
GreentoldAmericanLibrarieshehadthediaryinhispossession“aboutfiveminutes”when
Luxmooretookitbackbecausehehadpromisedtoshowittooneotherperson.Onreturningto
hishotelaftershowingthepreciousbooktoGreen,Luxmoorewasshockedtorealizethathehad
leftitinthetaxi.
Withoutanydelay,Greenbegancallingeverytaxicompanyinthecity,withnoluck,"I've
feltsicksincethen^^Luxmooretoldreporters.
AccordingtoGreenononehasyetlearnedhowthediarycametotheofficebuilding.
TomBrennanreceivedarewardof1,000,Philadelphiagainedanothertreasureforitshistory,
andLuxmooretoldreporters,"It'swonderfulnews.Fmonhigh.^^
51.Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof"
A.AlostdiaryB.DeborahC.CoryLuxmooreD.TheLibraryCompany
分析:解題時(shí)必須首先理順文章時(shí)間順序:
1.DeborahLogankepta120diary190yearsago.
2.CoryLuxmooredeliveredthediarytothelibraryCompany.
3.JamesGreen,thelibrarian,hadthediaryinhispossessionab
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