2020年考研英語一真題

2020年英語一真題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millionsof

Britonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation'sgreat

traditions:theSundayroast.]acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan

2_it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis3shouldbe

renderedyetanotherguiltypleasure4todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwarningabouttherisks

ofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6high

temperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,reject

thin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidenceto

supportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecan

causeneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcauses

cancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientific

proof12theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollow

theFSAadvice.14,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbefore

theevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSunday

alongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.But

wouldlifebeworthliving?17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroast

foods18,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their19riskscoming

acrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust20withno

onelistening.

.1.

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till

2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

5.[A]issued[B]received[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by

7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially[B]regular[C]easily[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While

1O.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof[C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastto

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate

14.[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance[C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endup

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,C

orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

.2.

Text1

AgroupofLabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwitha

calltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidethe

existingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017,andhasbeenawardedto

Coventryfor2021.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,

whereitbroughtin￡220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfined

tocities.Britain'stowns,itistrue,arenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylack

theresourcestoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureaward

could,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerable

toapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-after

awardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.Acynicmightspeculatethatthe

UKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinits

desperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknows

whatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture”

washesinandwashesoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbut

leavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitles

arethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profilearts

eventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholive

there;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itis

hardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperation

betweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.

Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenas

oneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,

musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown's

peculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveall

celebratingitspeople.JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcomethispositive,

hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.

.3.

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture^^awardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperation-amongBritain'stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'stowns.

[D]focusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas

[A]asensiblecompromise.

[B]aself-deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-catchingbonus.

[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent

[A]acontrastingcase.

[B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory.

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical.

[B]Objective.

[C]Favourable.

[D]Critical.

.4.

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsin

whichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Other

scientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentral

elementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforits

journal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishers

routinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperationsatatimewhentherestofthe

publishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedin

theworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmore

than￡210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;both

figuresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,anthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akind

ofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccessto

everypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichrelieson

researcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystem

haslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.In

somewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnow

publishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,or

paywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedon

generalrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotyetworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershave

respondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwriters

feestocoverthecostsofprepringanarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000,and

apparentlytheworkgetsmoreexpensivethemorethatpublishersdoit.Areportlastyearpointed

outthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts“hadbeensteadily

risingatarateaboveinflation.

Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:

labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafew

bigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

.5.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney^^partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned.

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierfbrscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthescientificpublishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

.6.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplaying

field.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythe

mostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerPro

TemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity“onboardsandcommissions,provideacasein

point.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan

40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhave

proposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswill

berequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsfbrwomenby2022.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirst

statetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernor

JerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobably

unconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddress

an“important“policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereis

nohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutional

guaranteeof“equalprotection”.

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboards

maynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernment

interference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenonthe

boardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwill

inevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorway

adoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.

WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesfor

boardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledto

a“goldenskirt“phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyof

boards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthat

suchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelp

averagewomen.

.7.

3l.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliformiameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

.8.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposean

entirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusers

inFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoods

andservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogross

revenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothis

asa“GAFAtax,“meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchas

Google,Apple,FacebookandAmazon一inotherwords,multinationaltechcompanies

basedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,who

hasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.

Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUnitedStatestrade

representativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmerican

companies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.

Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepast

fewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.

TheyhaveincludedBritain'sDPT.(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinational

anti-avoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,toname

butafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountries

haveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotax

multinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,

evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallsharea

viewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomic

CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreacha

consensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnited

Statesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandthe

Americanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltax

system.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereached

onreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,and

Americancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwill

proveburdensomeandcostly.

.9.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies^^interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals9monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECD'scurrentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

.10.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheading

fromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextra

subheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixationsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepaying

attentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapolitical

candidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthat

signalshostility.Here9swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:

41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshe

willlookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherand

child.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysign

ofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontact

andsmile^^cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedin

studiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAuyeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedthe

amountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthe

directionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwith

someautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrain

.11.

regionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,using

advancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedy

SchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsof

messages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionor

trustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceor

intimidationinadversarialsituations."'Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbe

helpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retrying

toconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,“saidMinson.

44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenon

theeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyes

thenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikea

seriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstilla

mysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimension

associatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivity

associatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenand

colleagues“Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethe

centreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer.9,Amoredirectfindingisthat

peoplewhoscoredhighlyfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorter

periodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectly

atthem.

.12.

PartCDirections:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownasthe

Renaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.Itturned

fromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamore

humanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe

17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamore

logicaldisposition.(46)withtheChurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingeclipsedbythe

Renaissance,thegapbetweentheMedievalandmodemperiodshadbeenbridgedleadingto

newandunexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerand

GalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofsci