采礦英語全冊配套完整課件3

采礦英語全冊配套完整課件32采礦工程英語期刊摘要部分3APreliminaryViewonGeologicalAnomaly初論地質異常geologicalanomaly;geologicalbackground;geologicalfield;ore-forminggeologicalfield;evaluationandpredictionofgeologicalanomaly地質異常；地質背景；地質場；成礦地質場；地質異常評價和預測；Preliminary初步的；anomaly異常/不規(guī)則的4Ageologicalanomalyisageologicalbodyorcomplexofbodieswithobviousdifferentcompositions,structuresorordersofgenesisascomparedwiththesurroundingcircumstances.Inthispaper,thepatternsofgeologicalanomalies,andthetypesofthemdividedaccordingtotheirscalesaremainlyintroduced.Delineationofgeologicalanomaliesfromthegeologicalbackgroundisaquitedifficultproblem,butwecandoitbymeansofmathematicalstatistics,fuzzymathematicsandempiricalmethods

5地質異常是在成分、結構（構造）或成因序次上與周圍環(huán)境有著明顯差異的地質體或地質體組合。本文主要介紹了地質異常的表現(xiàn)形式以及按不同尺度水平劃分的類型。目前,雖然從地質背景中圈出地質異常是一件較困難的事情,但我們仍可以應用數(shù)理統(tǒng)計、模糊數(shù)學和經驗方法對其進行圈定和研究。

Delineation

勾畫/圈出/描述；empirical完全根據(jù)經驗的6NewDevelopmnetofGeostatistics地質統(tǒng)計學的新進展Geostatistics;Newdevelopment;Developingtrend;地質統(tǒng)計學；新進展；發(fā)展趨勢；7Geostatisticswhichdevelopingfastandhavingwidelyuseisanewscienceinmathematicalgeology.Jointedwiththecurrentsituationofgeostatistics,thispaperrevieweditsnewdevelopment.Accordingtothegeostatisticaltheorysystemanditspracticalapplicationandsoftwareexploiting,developingfrontiersofmoderngeostatisticshadbeendiscussed.Review回顧/復習/研究；practicalapplication實際應用；softwareexploiting軟件開發(fā)；developingfrontiers發(fā)展前沿；8地質統(tǒng)計學(空間信息統(tǒng)計學)是數(shù)學地質領域中一門發(fā)展迅速且有著廣泛應用前景的新興科學。結合地質統(tǒng)計學發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,對地質統(tǒng)計學的新進展進行了研究,從地質統(tǒng)計學理論體系、應用及軟件開發(fā)等方面探討了地質統(tǒng)計學的發(fā)展前緣。9OnTheArtificalGeologicalDisasterAndGeoenvironment

人為地質災害與地質環(huán)境Artificialgeologicaldisaster；人為地質災害Geoenvironment；地質環(huán)境Environmentaldeterioration；環(huán)境惡化Deterioration變壞/退化/墮落（下面譯文中還是存在問題的）10Theconcept(概念)ofartificialgeologicaldisasterisproposedandtypicalexamplesareenumerated(列舉)inthepaper.Theauthorconsiderstheartificialgeologicaldisasterasakindofgeologicaldisastercausedbyhumansengineeringeconomicactivites.Meanwhile,theauthoralsopointsoutthattheartificialgeologicaldisastercandeteriorate(惡化)geologicalenvironmentandthedeterioratedgeoenvironmentcanmakethegeologicaldisasterheavier.11本文論述了人為地質災害的概念，典型事例以及人為地質災害與地質環(huán)境的相互關系。指出，人為地質災害是由于人類的工程經濟活動而引起的地質災害。人為地質災害可導致地質環(huán)境惡化，使環(huán)境質量下降；而地質環(huán)境惡化又可導致地質災害的加重，使災害頻度增大，強度增高。（紅色部分為沒有翻譯的部分）

12GeologicRadarAndItsApplicationInEnvironmentalGeology

地質雷達及其在環(huán)境地質中的應用geologicradar；地質雷達environmentalgeology;環(huán)境地質garbagefield;垃圾場soilhumidity;土壤濕度13Combinedwithresearchworkonenvironmentalgeologyperformed(執(zhí)行)inGermanyinrecentyears,thispaperhasbrieflysummedup(總結)thescopeofapplyinggeologicradarintheenvironmentalengineeringfield(領域)andlimitations(局限性)ofthismethod,anddescribedtheprinciple(原理)ofgeologicradartechniqueandtheproblemsthatexist.本文結合近幾年聯(lián)邦德國在環(huán)境地質方面的研究工作對地質雷達在環(huán)境工程領域中的應用范圍及其局限性作了簡要總結，文中并介紹了地質雷達技術的方法原理及存在問題。

14Discussiononfractalgeology分形地質學初探Abstract：Thefollowingpaperexplainsthedefinition(定義)offractal,discussestheapplication(應用)offractaltheoryingeologyfromearthquake,slope,debrisflow(泥石流),joint,crackanddislocation(斷層)，andpointsouttheproblemsneededtobesolvedbyfractaltheoryandthetheory’slongtermpotential(潛力/前景)．摘要：解釋了分形的基本概念，從地震、邊坡、泥石流、節(jié)理、斷裂及斷層等方面探討了分形理論在地質學的應用，指出了分形理論還需解決的問題及發(fā)展前景。

15Keywords：fractaltheory,slope,debrisflow,joint,dislocation關鍵詞：分形理論，邊坡，泥石流，節(jié)理，斷層VirtualRealityTechnologyinEngineeringGeology工程地質學中的虛擬現(xiàn)實技術

Keywords：virtualrealitytechnology；虛擬現(xiàn)實技術computertechnology；計算機技術engineeringgeology；工程地質學16Abstract：Focusontheproblemsofengineeringgeologyteaching，theauthorssummarized(總結)theapplicationofVirtualRealitytechnologyinengineeringgeologylessonsbyyears’teachingpractice.Combine(結合)withsomegood－effectprecedents(案例/引用單元inconstruction，waterconservancy(保護)，disaterandtheconclusion，theVirtualRealitytechnologymusthavecertainpracticalwayforotherengineeringlessonsofcivilengineering(土木專業(yè))．17摘要：針對工程地質學課程教學中存在的問題，筆者通過多年的教學實踐，總結出虛擬現(xiàn)實技術在工程地質學課程中的運用，結合施工、水利、災害等效果較好的案例對工程地質虛擬現(xiàn)實技術進行了總結，對土木專業(yè)其他工程類課程具有一定的實用意義18GeologyKnowledgeSysteminGemologySpecialtyEstablishmentandExploration

地質學知識體系在寶石學專業(yè)中的設置與探索

Gemology寶石學；Specialty專業(yè)Keywords：關鍵詞compoundpersonmasters；復合型人才；gemologyspecialty；寶石專業(yè)；

planofinstruction教學計劃19Abstract：Thisauthorsmainlyintroducedtheundergraduatecourseofgem(寶石)specialized(專門的)studypropagate’s(繁殖)sourcestructure(生源結構),theknowledgesystemstructure，thecurriculum(課程)，theemploymentcondition(就業(yè)狀況)，thenanalyzedthegemspecializedcurriculum(寶石專業(yè)課程)andresourcesreconnaissancespecializedcurriculum(資源勘查專業(yè)課程)similaritiesanddifferences．Inordertotraincompoundpersonmastersofmanyskills,emphasizedthespecializedcurriculumandthesocietyrequesttotie(聯(lián)系)．20Theauthorswillsuggestrevision(修訂/修改)gemspecializedplanofinstruction(教學計劃)andtheprogramofinstruction(教學大綱)，carryon(進行)theappropriate(適當?shù)?readjustment(重新調整)tothemainspecializedfoundationcurriculumcontent(內容)，opensup(拓寬)thegemspecializedstudentaspectofknowledge(知識面)，enduresfor(持續(xù))thestudenttotheresourcesreconnaissancespecializeddirectiondivergence(分流)toprovidethecondition．21摘要：本文介紹了本科寶石專業(yè)學生生源結構、課程設置、知識體系結構、就業(yè)狀況，寶石專業(yè)與資源勘查專業(yè)課程的異同點；強調了為培養(yǎng)一專多能的復合型人才，專業(yè)課程設置必須與社會需求相結合；建議修改寶石專業(yè)教學計劃和教學大綱，對主要專業(yè)基礎課內容進行適當調整，拓寬寶石專業(yè)學生地學知識面，為學生就業(yè)向資源勘查專業(yè)方向分流提供條件。

22TheConstructionandRealizationoftheGeologicalSpecimenandModelDatabase地質學標本模型庫的構建與實現(xiàn)Abstract：Thispaperintroducesthefunction(功能)modules(模塊)andthedesignmethodsoftheGeologicalSpecimenandModelDatabase，anddiscussessomedifficulttechnologiessuchashowtoanalyzehtml(網頁提取)andhowtoconnect(連接)databaseefficiently．23摘要：本文詳細地介紹了地質學標本模型庫的功能模塊和設計思路，對網頁提取、數(shù)據(jù)庫連接等技術難點進行了詳盡的闡速。Keywords：thegeologicalspecimenandmodeldatabase；地質學標本模型庫theresourcedatabase；資源庫theconnectionpoolofthedatabase數(shù)據(jù)庫連接池24StrategyofYoungTalentinGeologicalFundamentalStudiesinChina我國地質學基礎研究人才戰(zhàn)略DepartmentofEarthScience，NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina，Beijing100085，國家自然科學基金委員會地球科學部。Keywords：geology；talent；strategy．關鍵詞：地質學；人才；戰(zhàn)略．

Foundation基金/基金會/基礎25Abstract：TomeettherequirementsofEarthSystemScience(ESS)developmentinchina,astate-of-the-art(藝術級的)studyhasbeencarriedout．Theaverageage(平均年齡)，academicdegree(學位)anddiscipline(學科)distributionofgeologists,andissues(問題)relatedtogeoscience(地球科學)educationhavebeenstatisticallystudied，26basedonreclaimed(回收的)questionnaires(調查表/問卷)fromover40universities.8researchinstitutes(研究會/研究所)ofChineseAcademyofSciences(中國科學院)，147personswhohavebeenfunded(資助)bytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(NSFC)asoutstanding(杰出的)youngscientists，and407projectprincipals(負責人)ofNSFCyouthfund(基金)projects．27InChina,4418peoplearenowengagedinthebasicresearchofgeosciences(地球科學)，withpeakages(峰值年齡)between41and45years．Thenumbersharplydecreasesforgeologistsyoungerthan40years．TheratioofthenumberofPhDgraduatesingeologyoverthetotalnumberofPhDgraduatesinChinadecreasedfrom8.76in1993to4.7in2003．28Ifthedecline(下降)inthenumberofyounggeologistsremainsunchanged，thehumanresource(人才)infundamentalgeologicalresearchwouldbenotenoughtomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofESSandtheprogressofeconomyandsociety．29Inordertoachieve(完成/達到)thestrategicgoalforChinatodevelopfasteringeosciencestudies，strategicmeasuresareproposed(提出)onhowtoimprovefunding(基金資助)，thetrainingandevaluationsystemandthesocial--academicenvironment(人文環(huán)境)foryounggeologists．30基于地球系統(tǒng)科學對地質學基礎研究人才的需求，對我國40余所高校,8個中國科學院研究所的地質學人才存量、結構、培養(yǎng)狀況和147名國家杰出青年科學基金獲得者、407名青年基金項目負責人進行了問卷調查．調查發(fā)現(xiàn)全國現(xiàn)有4418人從事地質學基礎研究工作,年齡峰值為41~45歲,人數(shù)隨年齡降低而大幅度減少;地質類博士畢業(yè)生占全國當年博士畢業(yè)總人數(shù)的比例從1993年的8.76下降到2003年的4.7。31研究結果表明,我國現(xiàn)有青年地質學人才數(shù)量呈急劇下降趨勢,未來5～10年地質學基礎研究人才遠不能適應地球系統(tǒng)科學發(fā)展、國民經濟建設和人類社會進步的需要。為了加強地質學基礎研究人才隊伍建設和規(guī)劃,實現(xiàn)從地學大國走向地學強國的戰(zhàn)略目標,提出了設立“國家自然科學育才基金”、創(chuàng)新地質學青年拔尖人才培育模式和改善人文環(huán)境等措施.32SummaryofEngineeringHighSidesofHongjiaduHydropowerStation洪家渡水電站工程高邊坡綜述

Keywords：engineeringgeology；工程地質學basicgeologicalcondition；基本地質條件engineeringhighside；工程高邊坡summary；綜述HongjiaduHydropowerStation洪家渡水電站

33Abstract：ThegeologicalconditionsofHongjiaduHydropowerStationontheWujiangRiverarethatthedepthofvalleyisuptomorethan300m,hardrockstrataalternatewithsoftones,slopsofbankarehighandprecipitous(陡峭的),softstratahavedeveloped,geologicalactivities(地質作用)areverystrong(強烈)suchasstress-releasing(卸載)，collapsing(崩塌)andetc..烏江洪家渡水電站壩址河谷深切300余m，硬質巖與軟質巖相間分布，岸坡地形陡峻，軟弱夾層發(fā)育，應力釋放、崩塌等物理地質作用強烈。

34Therefore,thereexistedsomeengineeringproblemsforexampleaseriesofthestabilityofhighsidesinexcavations(挖掘)ofsomehydraulicstructures.Howtokeepthestabilityofhighsidewasakeyprobleminthisproject．Thisarticlemadeasummaryaboutsuccessfulexperienceoftreatinghighsidesintheproject．因此，工程高邊坡穩(wěn)定問題是本工程的主要工程問題之一，但通過參建各方共同努力，本工程高邊坡處理都取得了圓滿成功。

35AReviewofUrbanGeology城市地質學綜述Keywords：urbangeology；城市地質學3Dgeologicalconditions；3維地質條件Geo－h(huán)azards；地質災害environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染36Abstract：Urbangeologymainlydealswithissuesof3Dgeologicalconditions，geo-hazardsandenvironmentalpollutionincities．(1)Drillingandgeophysicaltechniquesareusedtoobtaindetailed3Dgeologicaldata,buildfullurbandatabasesandfurthersetup3Dmodels．城市三維地質條件的調查主要采用機械鉆探與地球物理勘探相結合的方法，通過收集大量資料，建立比較完整的數(shù)據(jù)庫，并借助于地理信息系統(tǒng)，建立三維地質模型；37(2)Remotesensing，geologicalandgeophysicaltechniquesareutilizedtodrawmapsofdistributionofurbangeo-hazards，andriskevaluationmethodsareintroducedtopredictfuturegeo-hazards．城市地質災害調查需綜合運用遙感、地質和地球物理勘探方法,以編制城市災害分布及預測圖,并進行風險評估；38(3)Basedongeochemicalsurveyandconditionalmonitoring(監(jiān)測)formanykindsofgeologicalmarks(指標)，riskevaluationcanbeusedtopredictfuturetrendofurbanenvironmentalpollution．Allresultsofurbangeologicalsurveyshouldbedigitalizedandvisualizedtobeavailableformorepotentialclients(客戶)，andmakeabetterserviceforurbanplanning,landuseanddevelopment．39城市環(huán)境污染調查則主要運用勘探地球化學技術,在區(qū)域地球化學填圖的基礎上,結合各項地質環(huán)境指標監(jiān)測,采用風險評估方法,以評價和預測環(huán)境污染狀況及其未來趨勢。城市地質各項成果向數(shù)字化、可視化的信息產品轉化,為更多用戶提供信息服務,促進城市規(guī)劃、土地利用與開發(fā),是現(xiàn)代城市地質學發(fā)展的必由之路。40OutlineofDigitalMineralDeposit數(shù)字礦床概述Keywords:Digitalmineraldeposit;數(shù)字礦床

Digitalization;數(shù)字化

Visualization;可視化

Virtualreality;虛擬現(xiàn)實Knowledgemanagement知識管理

41Abstract:Digitalmineraldeposit(DMD)istosolveinanintegralwaytherapid,all-sidedandprecisecollection,access,process,analysisandexpressionoftheinformationofmineraldepositandrelatedsourcessoastomaximisetheutilizationofknowledgeresource.DMDintegrates(整合)alargeamountofdisordered(無序的)anddiscrete(離散的)informationofmineraldepositintonewknowledgebyinnovation(創(chuàng)新)fortheusersofcomputernetwork．42摘要:數(shù)字礦床的提出是為了整體解決礦床及其相關資源信息的快速、全面、精確的采集、存取、處理、分析和表達等問題，最大限度地利用知識資源，將大量無序、分散的礦床信息加以有序集成整合，形成經創(chuàng)新的新知識，通過計算機網絡有針對性地提供給使用者。43Geoscienceisitstheoreticalbasiswhilecomputerscienceisthemaintechnologyforitsrealization，withcognizance(認知)scienceasthelinkagebetweenthem.TheresearchofDMDincludesmineraldepositdigitalization,mineraldepositvisualization,virtualdepositanddepositknowledgemanagement．數(shù)字礦床的理論基礎是地質學，實現(xiàn)數(shù)字礦床的技術主要是計算機技術，認知科學是將理論與實踐聯(lián)系起來的紐帶。數(shù)字礦床研究的內容包括礦床數(shù)字化、礦床可視化、虛擬礦床和礦床知識管理。44BuildingofThree-DimensionalModelsofDepositBasedonSurpac基于Surpac的礦床三維模型構建

Keywords:Geologicaldatabase，地質數(shù)據(jù)庫Depositmodel，礦床模型Geologicalstatistics，地質統(tǒng)計學Grademodel，品位模型Surpac45Abstract:Three-dimensionmodelsofdepositarethefoundationof“digitalmine”andthedigitalcharacterizationofdeposit．Theauthorsestablishedthegeologicaldatabaseforamine,basedonwhichthreedimensionalmodelsforthesurface,fault,orebody,cavityandroadwayandthegradeblockmodelwereconstructed．摘要:礦床三維模型是“數(shù)字礦山”的基礎，是礦床的數(shù)字表征。借助國際礦業(yè)軟件Surpae建立了某礦山地質數(shù)據(jù)庫，在此基礎上構建了礦區(qū)地表、斷層、礦體、空區(qū)和巷道的三維模型以及品位塊體模型。46EstimationwasmadebasedonthegradeblockmodelofthegradeofmetalelementsintheorebodybyKrigingmethod．Theestimationresultswereusedtocalculatethereservesforeachmetalelementandeachsublevel.whichwerethencomparedwiththereservesobtainedintherealexplorationofthemine．ItisshownthatthemodelsestablishedusingSurpacsoftwarearereliableandthecalculationresultsaccurate,andcanbeusedtoassistinmineresourceassessment,miningdesignandscheduling．47針對品位塊體模型采用普通克立格法對礦體金屬元素品位進行估值，運用估值結果分別按各金屬元素和中段進行了儲量計算，并與礦山實際勘探獲得的儲量進行了對比。結果表明，采用Surpac軟件所建模型可靠，計算結果準確，可用于輔助礦山進行資源評估、采礦設計以及計劃編制等工作。48DevelopmentOrientationofChina~GoldEnterprisesin21stCentury

21世紀中國黃金企業(yè)發(fā)展方向

Keywords:Goldindustry,黃金工業(yè)Mineralprecessingandmetallurgicaltechnologies,選冶技術Developmentorientation發(fā)展方向49Abstract：ThemainfeaturesofChinagoldindustryincludemanytypesofdepositandfewdepositsthathavereservesofaboveonehundredtmetal,resultinginsmallandscatteredminingenterprises．Attheendof2000，thereweremorethan1200goldenterprisesinChina,withover85％ofthembeingsmallandmedium-sizedonesthathavedailycapacityof200torbelow.50摘要:我國黃金工業(yè)的主要特點是礦床類型多，超百噸金屬礦床儲量少，礦山企業(yè)小而分散。2002年末有1200多座黃金企業(yè)，其中85％以上是中小型，即其日處理量在200t或以下。51Afterentering21stcentury,thegoldindustrybegantoorganizegroupsinsmallscale,withnoneofthemabletobecomeoneoftheworldtenbiggestcompaniesineitherproduction,fundortechnology.Thisisincompatiable(不相稱的)withthefactthatChinahasbeentheworldfourthbiggestgoldproducingcountrysince2002.ThepaperdescribesthepresentconditionsofChina’sgoldindustryandgivestheopinionsonitsfuturedevelopment．52進入21世紀黃金企業(yè)開始組建集團，但規(guī)模小,產量、資金與技術沒有一個公司可進人世界10大公司之一,這與我國自2002年成為世界第4產金大國很不相稱。就中國黃金企業(yè)今后如何發(fā)展提出了幾點看法。53AStandardizedApproachtoTrenchSamplingandDataProcessinginVisualizationSimulationSystem

礦床可視化仿真系統(tǒng)中刻槽數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)范處理Keywords：Mineraldepositsimulation,礦床仿真Trenchsamplingdata,刻槽數(shù)據(jù)Standardizedprocessing規(guī)范處理54Abstract:Amineraldepositsimulationsystemthatusessimplythedrillingdataobtainedingeologicalexplorationandproductionexplorationwillresultinasimulationeffectthatisdifficulttomeettheproductionneed.Tosolvethisproblem,itisnecessarytointroducethetrenchsamplingdatawithhighspacesamplingdensityintothesystem．摘要:在礦床仿真系統(tǒng)中，單純采用地質勘探和生產勘探中的鉆探數(shù)據(jù)將導致仿真效果難以滿足生產需要。為解決這一問題，需要在仿真系統(tǒng)中引入空間采樣密度高的刻槽數(shù)據(jù)。

55Theeffectofthecharacteristicsoftrenchsamplingdataonthemineraldepositsimulationsystemandthedataprocessingareanalysed.分析了刻槽數(shù)據(jù)的這些特征對礦床仿真系統(tǒng)及數(shù)據(jù)處理的影響，Incombinationwiththetypicaltrenchsamplingmodeanddistributionofminingengineering,astandardizedprocessingapproachfortrenchsamplingdataisproposed,layingafoundationforimprovingtheeffectofvisualizationsimulationandthepracticalityandgeneralityofthemineraldepositvisualizationsimulationsystem．

56結合采礦工程典型的刻槽方式和刻槽分布，提出了刻槽數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)范處理方法，為改善礦床可視化仿真效果、提高可視化仿真系統(tǒng)的實用性和通用性奠定了基礎。DevelopmentandProspectofMiningSystemsEngineering礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程的發(fā)展與展望

Keywords:Miningsystemsengineering,礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程Historicaldevelopment，歷史發(fā)展Prospectforcast前景展望57Abstract：

Miningsystemsengineeringisanewbranchofdisciplineformedinrecentfortyyearsthroughthecombinationofminingengineeringandsystemsengineering．ThehistoricaldevelopmentofminingsystemsengineeringbothathomeandabroadandthecurrentstatusofitsresearcharediscussedandthetheoreticalbasisofitsresearchandthemethodsadoptedbothinandoutsideChinaaresummarizedandanalysed.Thenewdevelopmentsinsomemajordomainsarepresentedandfinally,itsfuturedevelopmentprospectisforcasted．

58摘要:礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程是近40年來礦業(yè)工程學科與系統(tǒng)工程學科相結合而形成的一個新的學科分支。討論了礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程在國內外的歷史發(fā)展，以及近年研究領域的拓展現(xiàn)狀。對國內外礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程研究的理論基礎及采用的方法做了歸納分析。介紹了若干重要領域的新發(fā)展。最后對礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程的發(fā)展前景做一展望。

59ReclamationofMinedAreainDepositionTypeBauxiteDepositandEcologicalReconstructionofMineDistrict

堆積型鋁土礦床采空區(qū)復墾及礦區(qū)生態(tài)重建Keywords：Minedarea;采空區(qū)Reclamation;復墾Soil;土壤Plantation;植被Ecologicalreconstruction生態(tài)重建60Abstract:Inviewofthecharacteristicsofsuchasdepositiontypebauxitedeposits,rapidlandoccupationintheirminingandlackofthesoilsourceforreclamation.andinaccordancewiththeprincipleofsystematicengineering,anadvancedcombinationofmultipledisciplinesisusedinthereclamationofminedarea.摘要:

針對堆積型鋁土礦床礦區(qū)范圍大,開采該類礦床占地速度快,復墾土源缺少等特點,按照系統(tǒng)工程學的原理,以多學科先進的組合應用于礦山采空區(qū)復墾工程。61Stripping—mining—reclamationcombinedtechnologicalsystemisestablishedtospeedupthesoilageing，shortentheageingcycleandintegratethemining,biologicaIandecologicaltechnologiesintoone，makingitpossibleforminestoreconstructinashortperiodanartificialecologicalsystemwiththearable(可耕種的)landasthemainandwithoptimizedforest,bushandforage(草料)grass．建立剝離、采礦、復墾聯(lián)合工藝系統(tǒng),加速土壤熟化,縮短熟化周期,將采礦技術、生物技術、生態(tài)技術融為一體,使礦山在短時期內重新建立以農業(yè)耕地為主,林灌牧草優(yōu)化的人工生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。62TheComprehensiveEvaluationTechniqueofMillingGradeandIts’Application

合理入選品位綜和評價技術及其應用Keywords:Industrialindexesoforedeposit,礦床工業(yè)指標Lossrate,損失率Dilutionrate,貧化率Millinggrade,入選品位Optimization,優(yōu)化63Abstract：Thefundamentalsandthemainmethodofthecomprehensiveevaluationtechniqueofmillinggradeandsoftwaredesignforimplementing(實行)thistechniqueandthesoftwarerealizationmethodarepresented.Demonstration(示范)analysisismadeonthebasicprocedureofdeterminingtherationalmillinggradebythissoftware.摘要：介紹了合理入選品位綜和評價技術的基本原理、主要方法，以及實現(xiàn)該項技術的軟件設計和軟件實現(xiàn)方法，并對應用該軟件確定合理入選品位的基本過程進行了示例化分析64采礦工程英語

EnglishforMiningEngineering李明2008/8/765Lesson1BlastinginDevelopmentWorkings開拓巷道爆破Manypatternsofholeroundsforblastingareroundinpractice.Thenatureofthegroundtobeblasted,thefunctionofeachhole,thekindofexplosivesused,thewayinwhichtheholesareloadedandfired,theirnumber,diameter,depth,andspacingaretobeconsideredforanyparticularround.Round炮眼組/循環(huán)/擴槽；spacing間距/間隔；burden抵抗線；explosive炸藥；beproportionalto與…….成比例。在實踐中，炮眼組爆破的許多形式是環(huán)形的用于擴槽。每一個炮眼組要爆破巖層的性質,每個炮孔的作用,應用的炸藥種類,炮孔裝藥及點火方式,炮眼數(shù)量,直徑,深度,間距都要被考慮到。66However,thefollowingprinciplesareofgeneralapplication:theStrengthoftheexplosiveshouldbeproportionaltothestrengthoftherock;theburdenshouldbeproportionaltothestrengthoftheexplosive.然而，以下規(guī)則普遍應用：炸藥的強度應與巖石的硬度成比例(相稱),抵抗線應該與炸藥的強度成比例(相稱)。67Drift,crosscut,adit,shaftorraisepresentasimilarprobleminbreakingthatonlyonefreefaceisattached.Tohavemorethanonefreeface,mostroundsinitiatethebreakbyapyramidordiamondcut,V-cutandburncut,thenotherholesarefiredinsuccession.平巷、石門、平硐、井筒或天井在爆破過程中都存在一個相同問題，即只有一個自由面。為了形成多個自由面，許多炮眼組開始利用錐形或菱形掏槽，V形掏槽及一字形(直線)掏槽爆破，然后依次起爆周圍(其它)炮孔。68TheV-cutisgenerallylocatedatthecenteroftheface.Oneofexplosivesmostwidelyusedforblastinginundergroundworkisammon-dynamite.Locate位于；ammon-dynamite硝銨炸藥；emulsionexplosive乳化炸藥;

V形掏槽一般位于工作面中心。地下礦山爆破工作中應用最廣泛的炸藥之一是硝銨炸藥。Modernminingpracticeindicates

theshortdelayblastingismoreandmorewidelyusedforbreakingrocks.Indicate指出/預示/暗示/象征；theshortdelayblasting毫秒延期爆破；現(xiàn)代采礦實踐中毫秒延期(微差)爆破越來越廣泛地應用于爆破巖石。69Apartfromtheinitialfracturingoftherockbytheexplosive,thefragmentationindelayblastingisfurtherinfluencedbythetimeintervalbetweentheshots.Aninstantaneousblastcausedallrocktomovetogether.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwotypesofblastsisadelayperiodwhichresultsinabetterfragmentation.

Apartfrom除….以外；

initial最初的；fragmentation爆炸/碎裂；fracture破裂/斷面；instantaneous瞬時的/立即的；apparently顯然/儼然；除了炸藥爆炸所造成的最初的破裂外，借助于炮眼間時間間隔形成的延期爆炸所引起地破碎進一步加強了，瞬時爆破導致所有的巖石一起拋擲，這兩種爆破的區(qū)別是延遲時間，其能導致較好的破碎。70Thisdelayperiodwillapparentlydependonthreefactors:thetypeofrock,theburdenoftheshothole,theshotholespacing.Theoptimumdelayperiodismainlyinfluencedbythetypeofrock。Optimum最佳條件/最適度；shot爆破/炮眼；shothole炮眼；顯然，延期時間取決于三個因素：巖石類型，炮眼的最小抵抗線，炮眼間距，最佳延期時間主要受巖石類型影響。71Itisacommonimpressionthatthe15-to-25milliseconddelayatpresentavailablewithshortdelaydetonation

isasuitabledelayinterval.Millisecond毫秒；available可用的/合用的/通用的；impression印象/認為；detonation雷管；通常認為目前，15－25毫秒的延期時間是合適的間隔時間，其與微差電雷管通用。72Readingmaterial:

DrillingandBlasting鉆眼爆破Therearetwo-approachestothisphaseofshaftsinking.Oneconsistsofdrillingandblastingthecompleteshaftbottominoneoperationandistermedfull-bottom.Thesecondknownasthebenchingmethodinvolvesdrillingandblastingone-halftheshaftatatime.Approach途徑/方法/接近；phase階段/局面/狀態(tài)；bench把…分成臺階形；shaftsinking井筒掘進；shaftbottom井底。井筒掘進有兩種方法，一種方法是由一次鉆眼爆破整個井底叫做全井底方法(可譯為：一種方法是井筒全斷面一次爆破)，第二種方法被稱作臺階法，一次鉆眼爆破井筒斷面的一半。73Theadvantagesofthebenchingmethodare:臺階法的優(yōu)點：1、Aconstantlargecapacitysumpisprovidedwhichisofconsiderablebenefitwhensinkingawetshaft.Sump水倉/水窩；constant經常的/不斷的/經久的；benefit利益/好處；wet濕的；當掘進有涌水的井筒時，提供一個大容量的永久水倉是有利的。742、Thetimerequiredtocleanbottomaftermuckingisminimized;theremainingrockbeingblownintothesump.Mucking裝巖/抓巖;minimize減少到最低限度；blow放炮/爆破/(風)吹/噴水/噴氣；；裝巖后需要清理井底的時間減少到最低值，剩余的巖石可被清理(吹)到水窩里去。3、Flyrockuptheshaftisminimized,Astheshotrockisthrownagainsttheoppositesideoftheshaft,Therefore,itisnotnormallynecessarytomovethestagebeforeblasting.stage階段/吊盤；shotrock爆落巖石；向上的飛石減到了最少，因為爆落的巖石被拋向井筒對面，因此爆破前通常不必移動吊盤。75Whenusingafull-bottomround,extremecaremustbetakentominimizetheamountofpowderperdelayinthecut,Thisisdonetoavoiddamagetothestage.Thestageisusuallywithdrawnaminimumof150feetfromthebottomforblasting.Thiscaninvolveadelayof30minutesormorebecause,asasafetyprecaution,thestageisnotmovedwithmenonthebottom.76Extreme極度的/極端的/非常的；withdraw撤離/縮回；precaution警惕/預防措施；當采用全斷面爆破時，必須非常小心地把掏槽眼的每段裝藥量減到最低。這樣做為了避免破壞吊盤，吊盤通常撤離到距井底最少150英尺以躲避爆破，這可以包括在30分鐘甚至更多的延期里，因為作為一項安全預防措施，人員在井底時，吊盤不能移動。77Lesson2SupportofMineWorkings礦山巷道的支護Priortominingoperations,Strataaresubjecttoaverticalcompressiveforceduetotheweightoftheoverlyingbeds.Inaddition,therocksaresubjecttoalateralorsidewaysforce,duetothefactthattheyareexternally

constrainedandarethusunabletoexpandsideways,Theseverticalandlateralforcesareinequilibriumorinotherwordstheybalanceeachotherandthestrataremainatrestintheirnaturalposition.78采礦作業(yè)之前，由于上覆巖層的重力作用，地層受到垂直壓力。另外，巖層還受到水平(橫向)的或側向力。由于這個緣故，巖層表面上被抑制，不能側向擴張(膨脹)，這些垂直的和橫向的壓力保持平衡，換句話說，它們相互平衡，地層在原位置靜止不動。priorto在….之前；sideways橫的(地)/斜的;excavation挖掘/采掘/巷道;Full-face～全斷面掘進；shaftanddrift～井巷掘進；winning~采掘空間/工作；79excavator挖掘機/電鏟；single-bucket~單斗挖掘機；walking~邁步式挖掘機；dragline~索斗挖掘機；bucket－wheel~輪斗挖掘機；clamp~抓斗挖掘機；externally外面/表面上；compressive有壓力的/壓縮的；lateral側面的/旁邊的/橫向的；constrain強迫/抑制/阻止；sink挖掘/沉降；roadway巷道/路；subjectto遭受/受到/根據(jù)；overlyingbeds上覆巖層；inaddition另外/還有；equilibrium平衡；beinequilibrium保持平衡；80atrest靜止/安靜；avolcanoatrest靜止的火山；setaquestionatrest把問題解決；operation操作/工作運轉；expand使膨脹/使擴張；81Oncewemakeanexcavation,however,asinsinkingashaftordrivingaroadway,Wedisturbthisstateofequilibriumorbalanceandtheverticalandlateralforceareredistributed,sothatnewforcesareinducedwhichoperateinamannertorestoreequilibrium.我們掘進一條巷道，如掘進一條井筒或開掘一條平巷，我們打破(破壞)了這種平衡狀態(tài)，，垂直的和橫向的壓力重新分布，以致誘發(fā)了新的壓力，其以某種方式起作用，促使恢復新的平衡。82Thisredistributionoftheforcestendstocausethestratatomoveintotheexcavation.Thegreaterthedepthoftheexcavationthegreateristhepressureuponthesurroundingstrata,Iftherockarestrong,andtheexcavationnarrow,themovementwillbeslightandtheexcavationmayremainopen.壓力的重新分布往往導致地層向巷道內移動，巷道所處深度越大，圍巖的壓力就越大，如果圍巖穩(wěn)固且巷道斷面跨度小，圍巖的移動是輕微的，巷道可不用支護(保持敞空)。83Inmostcases,however,especiallyinwideexcavations,thestratabreakandsupportshavetobeused,Insuchcases,Ifthesupportsaresetearlyenoughandarestrongenough,theymaypreventthestratafrombreaking,orIffracturehasoccurred,theywillpreventthebrokenrocksfromfallingwherethestratabreak。然而，在多數(shù)情況下，尤其是巷道斷面跨度大，地層破碎必須應用支護，在這種情況下，如果支護安裝的及時且強度足夠大，支護可以防止巖層破碎或者出現(xiàn)破裂(斷面)?；蛟诘貙訑嗔烟?，可防止破碎巖石冒落。84itisimpossibletopreventthemfromsubsidingsothattherealproblemofsupportisoneofroofcontrol.Thetermroofcontrolnotonly

coverstheactualsettingofsupports,butincludesastudyoftheforcesactinginthestrata.阻止巖層下沉是不可能的，如此支護的真正問題是頂板管理之一，頂板管理這個術語不但包括了實際的安裝支護，而且包括了作用在地層中壓力的研究。85andtheapplicationofsupportssuitablefortheparticularconditionsexistinginthemine,Theseconditionsvarywidelywiththenatureoftherocksandthesystemofworkingemployed.以及礦山中適合于特殊條件的支護的應用，這些情況(條件)隨著巖石性質及使用的工作系統(tǒng)的變動很大。86Thebedformingtheroofofanynarrowexcavationmayberegardedasaverylargeslabofstonerestingupontheroadsidepillarsandcarryingtheweightoftheoverlyingrocks.Theforcesactingonandinthisslabwillbemostlycompressivedownwardforcesbutothertypesofforcealsoariseintherocksaroundtheroadway.形成任何小斷面巷道頂板的地層，可看作是一塊很大的石板被支撐在路旁礦柱上，承載/托著上覆巖層的重量.作用在平板上面的和內部的壓力，多數(shù)是向下的壓力，但是巷道圍巖中也產生了其它類型的壓力。87Thesectionoftheroofbedimmediatelyabovetheseammayberegardedasabeamfixedatbothendshavingaspanequaltothewidthoftheroadway