福建省莆田市第七中學(xué)高二下學(xué)期期中考試英語(yǔ)試題

20172018學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期英語(yǔ)期中考試卷第一部分：聽力部分（共20小題，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Whatdoesthemangivetothewoman?A.Chocolates.B.Necklace.C.Roses.2.Whathappenedtotheman?A.Hefeltveryunwell.B.Hishousewasbrokeninto.C.Hisreportwasn’tfinished.3.What’stherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Colleagues.B.Roommates.C.Neighbors.4.Whydoesthemanaskforhelp?A.Hecan’tfindtheform.B.Hedoesn’tknowhowtowrite.C.Hishandishurt.5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Acity.B.Anisland.C.Afilm.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatisthecolorofthechosenbookshelf?A.White.B.Brown.C.Black.7.Whatisthemangoingtodo?A.Waitforthewoman.B.Checktheprice.C.Payfortheitem.聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。8.Whatdoestheteacherthinkofthestudents’performance?A.Notbad.B.Justsoso.C.Excellent.9.Whogotthehighestscoreintheclass?A.Rina.B.Ankita.C.Rita.聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。10.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.Attheman’s.B.Onthephone.C.Attheairport.11.Whattimeisitnow?A.About10:30a.m.B.About11:00a.m.C.About11:30a.m.12.Whatwillthemandosoon?A.Attendameeting.B.FlytoNewYork.C.Pickuphiscousins.聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。13.Whatkindofroomdoesthemanwant?A.Adoubleroom.B.Atwinroom.C.Asingleroom.14.Howmuchshouldthemanpayforhisstay?A.￡45.B.￡90.C.￡135.15.Whereistheman’sroom?A.Nexttothelift.B.Neartherestaurant.C.Besidethebathroom.16.Whenwillthemanhavehisbreakfast?A.9:30.B.9:00.C.7:30.聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17.HowoldwasYangJiangwhenshemarriedQianZhongshu?A.27.B.25.C.24.18.WhydidYanggoabroadaftershemarried?A.Forstudy.B.Forwork.C.Fortravel.19.Whatcanweinferfromthetalk?A.Yangstoppedwritingin2003.B.DonQuixote(《堂吉訶德》)washardtotranslate.C.Yang’stranslationisexcellent.20.Whatbookdescribesthedifficulttimesthecouplefaced?A.WeThree.B.SixChapters.C.ReachingtheBrinkofLife.第二部分：閱讀理解(共四節(jié)，滿分40分)第一節(jié)(共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分)閱讀下列短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。AGlobalEnglishGeneralEnglishinallfourskills:listening,speaking,readingandwriting.*3month(700yuan),6month(1,200yuan)andoneyear(2,000yuan)courses.*Choiceofmorningoreveningclasses,3hoursperday,Mon.Fri.*ExperiencedcollegeEnglishteachers.*ClosetothecitycenterandbusstopsAdd:105ZhongshanRoadTel:6760000Modern*SpecialcoursesinEnglishforbusiness,travel,banking,hotelmanagementandofficeskills.*Smallclasses(216students)onSaturdayandSundayfrom2:00to5:00p.m..*EnglishteachersfromCanadaandtheUSA.*3month(1,000yuan),6month(1,800yuan).Add:675ParkRoadTel:6777777The21stCentury*Weoffermorningorafternoonclasses.Bothofwhichlastthreemonthsandahalfatacostof800yuan.Entranceexams:June1andDecember1.*WealsohaveasixweekTOEFLpreparationclassduringwinterandsummerholidays*Only15minutewalkfromcitycenter.Call6016666formoreinformation.TheInternationalHouseofEnglish*3or6monthEnglishcourseforstudentsofalllevelsatverylowcost:60yuanfor12hoursperweek;convenientclasshours:9:0012:00a.m.and2:005:00p.m.*4montheveningclassesfordevelopingspeakingskills(samecostasdayclasses)*Welltrainedforeignteachers*Freesightseeingtoursandsocialactivities*VeryclosetotheCentralPark.Call6886666forfurtherinformation.21.offersfreesightseeingtours.A.GlobalEnglishB.ModernC.The21stCenturyD.TheInternationalHouseofEnglish22.HowmuchdoyouhavetopayifyouwanttolearnEnglishinModernLanguageA.800.B.1,000.C.1,200.D.1,800.13.WhyisThe21stCenturyEnglishTrainingCenterdifferentfromothers?A.Ithasanentranceexamforlearners.B.Itisthenearesttothecityenter.C.Itsaddressdoesn’tappearintheadvertisement.D.TheteachersarefromCanadaandtheUSA.24.IfyouwanttoimproveyouroverallEnglishability,whichnumberwouldyoucall?A.6886666B.6016666C.6760000D.6777777BSpringisawonderfulseasontocelebraterebirthandnewlife.Thelong，coldwinterisover.Theweatheriswarmerandsunnier.Thetreesagainhaveleavesandtheflowersareblooming.Theseasonrepresentshope，joyandbeauty.Atthistime，manypeoplethinkofthisclassicalmusicpiece—Spring，whichshowshappiness.ItalianposerAntonioVivaldiwroteitintheseventeenhundreds.However，notallsongsaboutspringarehappy.ThissongwrittenandsungbyK．D.Langisaboutdreamingofspringincolddarkplaces.SherecordedIDreamofSpringin2008.RichardRodgersandOscarHammersteinwroteItMightasWellBeSpringforthemovieStateFairin1945.FrankSinatrasingsit.Itisafeelingofrestlessnessorexcitementbroughtonbytheingofspring.RichardRodgersalsowroteSpringIsHere，thistimewithLorenzHart.FrankLoesserwrotethesadsong，SpringWillBeaLittleLateThisYear.Whyhastheseasonbeendelayed?Becausethesinger'sloverhaslefther.SarahVaughnreleased(發(fā)行)herversionofthesongin1953.Bynowyoumaybethinking，“Enoughwiththesadsongs，already！”O(jiān)K，thenhowaboutacowboysong?GeneAutrywasoneoftheAmerica'smostfamoussingingcowboys.HerecordedWhenIt'sSpringtimeintheRockiesin1937.Andfinally，we'llleaveyouwithasunnysongcalledUpJumpedSpring.FreddieHubbardwrotethisjazzsongin1977andBillyTaylorTrioperformsit.25．Ifyouareinabadmood，you'dbetterlistento________.A．UpJumpedSpringB．IDreamofSpringC．SpringIsHereD．SpringWillBeaLittleLateThisYear26．ItMightasWellBeSpringisasongthat________.A．isalsocalledStateFairB．issungbyEllaFitzgeraldC．hasalonelyfeelingD．waswrittenbytwopeople27．Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A．MostsongsaboutspringarewrittenbyItalianposers.B．K.D.Langwasgoodatwritinghappysongs.C．SarahVaughnsangthesongUpJumpedSpringfirst.D．GeneAutrywasafamouscowboysingerbeforeK．D.Lang.28．What'sthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthepassage?A．Tointroducesomesongsaboutspring.B．Tointroducesomewonderfulmusic.C．Tointroducesomefamoussingers.D．Toexpresshis/herlovetospring.CEcoCityFarmsarebeingmorepopularincitiesandtownsaroundtheUnitedStates.EcoCityFarmsinEdmonston，Maryland，islocatednearshoppingcenters，carrepairingshopsandhomes.Theneighborhoodisaworking-classmunity.Peopledonothavemuchmoney，andtheyhavelimitedaccesstofreshfoodinmarkets.Overthepasttwoyears，thefarmhasattractedvolunteersfromthemunitylikeMarcyClark.Sheschoolsherfourchildrenathome.OnarecentdayshebroughtthemtoEcoCityFarmsforalesson.HersonAlstonClarkthinkshisexperienceisveryvaluable.“Ilikeingouthere，”hesays，“Youknow，youconnectwiththeearth，whereyourfoodesfrom.Youappreciatethefoodalittlebitmore.”MargaretMorganstartedEcoCityFarms.Shethinksofitasaplacewherepeoplecanlearntolivehealthierlives.“Growingfoodinamunitybringspeopletogether，”shecontinues，“Everypieceofwhatwedohereisademonstrationtoshowpeopleeverythingabouthowtohaveaneco-friendlymunity.”shesays.FromtheEcoCityFarmspeopleetoknowthattheyarenotonlygrowingfoodandraisingchickensandbees，butimprovingthesoilwithpost(肥料)madefromfoodwaste.EcoCityFarmsisanexperimentaloperation.Thefarmgetsitspowernotfromthelocalelectricitynetworks，butfromthesunwithsolarpanels.Inwinter，thegreenhousesuseageothermal(地?zé)?system.Vegetablescanbegrownallyear.Soonceaweek，allwinterlong，neighborslikeChrisMossandherthreechildrenbiketothefarmtopickupashareoftheharvest.“Ilikeeatingthevegetables，”saysfive-year-oldOwenMoss.29．Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthepassage?A．EcoCityFarmssavealotofenergy.B．EcoCityFarmsaregainingpopularity.C．EcoCityFarmsareinfluencingmunitylife.D．EcoCityFarmshelpstheworking-classlivebetter.30．Accordingtothepassage，EcoCityFarmsareclosetothefollowingplacesEXCEPT________.A．shoppingcenters B．carrepairshopsC．fast-foodrestaurants D．working-classmunity31．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardEcoCityFarms?A．Enthusiastic.B．Disappointed.C．Surprised. D．Doubtful.32．Inwhichcolumnofanewspapercanyoumostprobablyreadthisarticle?A．People.B．Travel.C．Environment. D．Education. DAlbertEinstein(1879—1955)wasoneofthegreatestandmostoriginalscientificthinkersofalltime.BornofJewishparentsinGermany，hepletedhiseducationinSwitzerlandandgothisPh.DattheUniversityofZurich.HewenttoliveintheUnitedStatesin1933becauseoftheriseofNazism(納粹)inGermanyandHitler'spersecution(迫害)oftheJews.In1905，whilestillatZurich，hepublishedhisSpecialTheoryofRelativity，whichwasbasedonthingseveryonemayhavenoticed.Iftwotrainsarestandingalongsideeachotherandonetrainstartstomove，apersonsittinginthetrainmaywonderwhetherhisowntrainismovingortheotherismoving，andbeforehefindsoutwhatishappening，hecanseethatonetrainismovingrelativelytotheother.Fromthisandalsofromothermoreplicatedfacts，Einsteincametotheconclusionthatallmotionisrelativeandthattherearereallynosuchthingsasabsolute(絕對(duì))motion.Someoftheotherconclusionshedrewarethatnothingcangofasterthanlight，andthatifsomethingsuchasarulerwasmovingfasterandfasteritwouldseemtogetshorterandshorterasitsspeedwasnearthespeedoflight.By1915，EinsteinhadmadeknownhisGeneralTheoryofRelativity.HealsoimprovedonNewton'stheoryofgravity.Mostofhistheorieshavebeentestedandfoundtobetruethoughsomemaysoundstrange.Forhisimportantworkhewasawardedthe1921NobelPrizeforPhysics.33．In1933，EinsteinwenttoliveintheUnitedStatesbecause______________.A．helovedtheUSAmorethanhisowncountryB．hehadgotsomefriendstherewithwhomhecouldworktogetherC．hewantedtolivequietlyintheUSAD．hecouldnolongerworkinGermanywhenHitlercameintopower34．EinsteinpublishedhisSpecialTheoryofRelativitywhenhewas________.A．intheUnitedStatesB．inUlm，GermanyafterhegothisPh.DC．stillinSwitzerlandattheageoftwenty-sixD．stillattheUniversityof35．OneoftheconclusionsdrawnbyEinsteinisthat________.A．placesgofasterthantrainsandbusesB．peoplecouldn'trunasfastasvehiclesC．lightgoesthefastestofallthethingsD．twotrainscangoindifferentdirections第二節(jié)(共5小題；每小題2分，滿分10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。__36__Homecanbeagreatplaceforchildrentostudy.It'simportanttoprovideaworkspaceoftheirownwheretheycanreadbooksorjustwritealettertotheirfriends.●Location(位置)__37__Kitchenanddiningroomarenotsowellsuitedforregularstudy,sincebooksandpensgetinthewayoftheday-to-dayusesofthoseareas.Setupaplacewhereachildcansettleinandleavepapersandpensathandwithouthavingtocleareverythingawayeachnight.Forachildthatlikesbeingalone,setasideacornerofhisbedroom,butkeepitseparatefromthingslikegames,musicandotherhobbiesnotrelatedtostudying.●KeepingThingsinOrderParentsshouldencouragetheirchildtospreadout,buttoleaveitneatandorderlywhenheisn'tusinghisworkspace.Ownershipisveryimportantforself-respect.__38__Theworkplaceshouldbepersonal,butnotanotherpartoftheplayroom.●__39__Encouragethewholefamilytohelpbuildasupportiveenvironmentthatchildrenneedforsuccessinschool.Givethemagoodexampleofhowtodealwithproblems,howtomanagetimeandgetthingsdoneintherightway.__40__Studywillbemoreenjoyableandeffectivewhensupportedbythewholefamily.A．AttitudeIsEverything.B．BringOrganizationintoYourHome.C．Hereareseveralwaystochoosealocation.D．BuildingaGoodHomeLearningEnvironment.E．Holdacan-doattitudeandyourchildwillfollowyourexample.F．Settingupaspaceinamonareaofyourhomecanbeagoodideaforchildren.G．Achildwholearnstoorganizehisspacewillcarryorganizationintoeverycornerofhislife.第三部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿分45分)第一節(jié)：完形填空(共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分)閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中，選出可填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。Itwaspouringoutside.Weallstoodthere41,somepatiently,othersannoyed42naturemessedup(弄糟)theirhurriedday.Igotlostinthesoundandsightoftheheavens43awaythedirtanddustoftheworld.“Mom,let’srunthroughtherain,”agirl’svoice44me.“No,honey.We’llwaituntilit45downabit,”Momreplied.Theyounggirlwaitedaboutanotherminuteand46:“Mom,let’srunthroughtherain.”“We’llgetwetifwedo,”Momsaid.“No,wewon’t,Mom.That’snotwhatyousaidthismorning,”theyounggirlsaidasshe47herMom’sarm.“Thismorning?48didIsaywecouldrunthroughtherainandnotgetwet?”“Don’tyouremember?WhenyouweretalkingtoDaddyabouthiscancer,yousaid,”IfGodcangetusthroughthis,hecangetusthrough49.”Theentirecrowdturned50.Mompausedandthoughtforamomentabout51shewouldsay.Nowsomewouldlaughitoffandscoldherforbeing52.Butthenweheard,“Honey,youare53.Let’srunthroughtherain.Ifwegetwet,maybewejustneedwashing,”Momsaid.Then54theyran.Weallstood55,smilingandlaughingastheyranpastthecars.Yes,theygotwet.Buttheywere56byafewwhoscreamedandlaughedlikechildrenallthe57totheircars.Circumstances(境況)orpeoplecantakeawayyourmaterialpossessions,andtheycaneventakeawayyour58.Butnoonecanevertakeawayyourprecious59.So,don’tforgettomaketimeandtakethe60tomakememorieseveryday!Ihopeyoustilltakethetimetorunthroughtherain.41．A．talking B．waiting C．plaining D．expecting42．A．a(chǎn)sif B．evenif C．because D．when43．A．taking B．putting C．driving D．washing44．A．caught B．broke C．impressed D．called45．A．slows B．es C．pushes D．calms46．A．a(chǎn)sked B．repeated C．required D．a(chǎn)dded47．A．pulled B．touched C．waved D．felt48．A．Why B．How C．When D．Where49．A．therain B．thedisease C．a(chǎn)nything D．something50．A．still B．silent C．serious D．a(chǎn)ngry51．A．what B．how C．whether D．if52．A．dishonest B．silly C．daring D．forgetful53．A．right B．wrong C．stupid D．clever54．A．off B．a(chǎn)long C．on D．over55．A．sighing B．joking C．discussing D．watching56．A．followed B．guided C．respected D．praised57．A．time B．way C．same D．best58．A．house B．money C．health D．time59．A．children B．memories C．courage D．experience60．A．possibilities B．opportunities C．risk D．challenge第二節(jié)語(yǔ)法填空(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)讀下列材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。YoumightthinkofBillGatesasahard－workingfounderofMicrosoftoratechnologicalgenius,

butonethingyoumightnotknowabouthimisthathe'soneoftheworld's1._______（rich）menwhohasdonatedbillionsofdollarsandhelpedtheworldbycreatingnewinventions2._________(constant)．In2014BillGates'wife,MelindaGates，persuadedBilltoquitMicrosoftandwork3.______

hertohelpwhatBillGatescallstheBottom2Billion.TheBottom2Billion4._______(consist)ofathirdoftheworld'spopulationthatliveswithlessthan2U.S.dollarsaday.Thesepeopleusuallyliveinareas5._________

electricityisscarceanddiseaseisfarandwide.Oneofthe6.________(solve)todiseasesarevaccines（疫苗）,whichhelpthebodydefeatthedisease.Aproblemariseswithvaccines7.________

theyneedtobekeptcoldtoremainfunctional.Whenelectricityisrare,itisoftenveryhardtokeeprefrigerators8._________(run).OnesolutionGateshasproposedissomethinghecallsthe“SuperThermos”.It'sastrongheat－resistantThermos9.________(make)fromthesamematerialspaceshipsuse.ThisThermoscankeepvaccinescoldfor50days.Gates10._______(change)theworldwithputersandisabouttochangetheworldbyhelpingpeoplethroughhardtimes.第四部分：寫作(共兩節(jié)，滿分35分)第一節(jié)：短文改錯(cuò)(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(\)劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2．只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。LastSaturdayIwenttothelibraryasusually.Ataboutnoon，IwasenjoyingmyreadingnearalakewhilesuddenlyIhearsomeonecryingforhelp.Iwentuptoseewhatwashappened.Iwasshockingtofindalittlechildstrugglinginthewaterinthedistancewhilemanypeopleswerestandingbywithoutdoinganything.Withoutanyhesitation，IhadpushedthroughthecrowdasItookoffmycoatbutjumpedintothewaterquickly.Imanagedtoreachhimandcarriedhimbacktosafety.Tohisgreatrelief，thekidwassaved.IwasproudwhatIhaddone.Ihopeeveryonecangiveahandwhensomeoneelseisinneed.第二節(jié)：書面表達(dá)(滿分25分)假如你是吳鵬，根據(jù)以下提示給同學(xué)李維寫封回信，建議如何克服考試的壓力及緊張情緒。詞數(shù)100個(gè)左右。開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。提示：1.告訴他大部分同學(xué)考試前都緊張，要有正確態(tài)度；2.平時(shí)努力學(xué)習(xí)，做好準(zhǔn)備，不要太在意結(jié)果；3.考前適當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，如散步等；4.充分的睡眠有助于發(fā)揮，睡前洗個(gè)熱水澡、喝杯熱牛奶有助于睡眠；DearLiWeiGladtohearfromyou.Yousayyouhavesomeproblemsinoveringthepressureofexams.Don’tworry.Letmegiveyousomeadvice.Yours,WuPeng班級(jí)_____________________姓名_________________________座號(hào)___________________20172018年度高二英語(yǔ)下學(xué)期期中考試班級(jí)_____________________姓名_________________________座號(hào)___________________答題卡考號(hào)答題卡總分__________1[A][B][C][D]6[A][B][C][D]11[A][B][C][D]16[A][B][C][D]2[A][B][C][D]7[A][B][C][D]12[A][B][C][D]17[A][B][C][D]3[A][B][C][D]8[A][B][C][D]13[A][B][C][D]18[A][B][C][D]4[A][B][C][D]9[A][B][C][D]14[A][B][C][D]19[A][B][C][D]5[A][B][C][D]10[A][B][C][D]15[A][B][C][D]20[A][B][C][D]21[A][B][C][D]26[A][B][C][D]31[A][B][C][D]22[A][B][C][D]27[A][B][C][D]32[A][B][C][D]23[A][B][C][D]28[A][B][C][D]33[A][B][C][D]24[A][B][C][D]29[A][B][C][D]34[A][B][C][D]25[A][B][C][D]30[A][B][C][D]35[A][B][C][D]36[A][B][C][D][E][F][G]41[A][B][C][D]46[A][B][C][D]37[A][B][C][D][E][F][G]42[A][B][C][D]47[A][B][C][D]38[A][B][C][D][E][F][G]43[A][B][C][D]48[A][B][C][D]39[A][B][C][D][E][F][G]44[A][B][C][D]49[A][B][C][D]40[A][B][C][D][E][F][G]45[A][B][C][D]50[A][B][C][D]51[A][B][C][D]56[A][B][C][D]52[A][B][C][D]57[A][B][C][D]53[A][B][C][D]58[A][B][C][D]54[A][B][C][D]59[A][B][C][D]55[A][B][C][D]60[A][B][C][D]語(yǔ)法填空（15分）短文改錯(cuò)（10分）LastSaturdayIwenttothelibraryasusually.Ataboutnoon，IwasenjoyingmyreadingnearalakewhilesuddenlyIhearsomeonecryingforhelp.Iwentuptoseewhatwashappened.Iwasshockingtofindalittlechildstrugglinginthewaterinthedistancewhilemanypeopleswerestandingbywithoutdoinganything.Withoutanyhesitation，IhadpushedthroughthecrowdasItookoffmycoatbutjumpedintothewaterquickly.Imanagedtoreachhimandcarriedhimbacktosafety.Tohisgreatrelief，thekidwassaved.IwasproudwhatIhaddone.Ihopeeveryonecangiveahandwhensomeoneelseisinneed.書面表達(dá)（25分）DearLiWei.Gladtohearfromyou.Yousayyouhavesomeproblemsinoveringthepressureofexams.Don’tworry.Letmegiveyousomeadvice.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________