Period Ⅴ　Writing-概要寫(xiě)作 學(xué)案 高中英語(yǔ) 外研社必修第一冊(cè)

PeriodⅤWriting——概要寫(xiě)作一、技法指導(dǎo)概要寫(xiě)作是在正確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)原文的內(nèi)容和思想進(jìn)行濃縮，用精煉的詞句概括出文章的要點(diǎn)、次要點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容，再現(xiàn)原作者的思想、觀點(diǎn)，主要包括閱讀和寫(xiě)作兩個(gè)過(guò)程。首先，要求考生能夠讀懂所給閱讀材料的內(nèi)容；其次，要求考生將原文的要點(diǎn)及所理解的內(nèi)容用自己的簡(jiǎn)明、精練的語(yǔ)句準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。二、寫(xiě)作步驟在寫(xiě)概要時(shí)，要按照“六步法”的程序進(jìn)行，具體操作方法如下：1.Scanthepassage—覽全文，定體裁2.Underlinethemainpoints—?jiǎng)澮c(diǎn)3.Missthedetails—畫(huà)細(xì)節(jié)4.Analysethestructure—析結(jié)構(gòu)5.Restatethepoints—換表達(dá)6.Combinethesentencesintoapassage—連全文一、亮點(diǎn)詞匯1.轉(zhuǎn)折：but，however，yet，nevertheless2.結(jié)果：so，thus，therefore，consequently，infact3.原因：because，as，since，for，dueto/owingto4.對(duì)比：instead，likewise，onthecontrary5.讓步：though，as，although，despite6.列舉：first(ly)，next/later，then，finally/eventually7.增補(bǔ)：also，besides，what’smore，moreover，furthermore，inaddition，aboveall...8.舉例：forexample，forinstance9.替代：alternatively10.解釋：namely，inotherwords，whichmeans，referto，thatistosay，orrather11.目的：aimto，mainlydealwith，focuson二、高級(jí)句式1.議論文可用以下開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)：①Thepassage/authorarguesthat...本文/作者主張……②Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof...本文/作者強(qiáng)調(diào)了……的重要性。③Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof...本文/作者討論了……的影響。④Thepassage/authorcompares...with...本文/作者比較了……與……2.說(shuō)明文可用以下開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)：①Accordingtothepassage，wecanknow...根據(jù)文章我們可知……②Thispassage/articleismainlyabout...這篇文章主要是關(guān)于……③Inthepassage，thewriter/authormainlytellsus...在這篇文章中，作者主要告訴我們……④Anewstudyfound...一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)……⑤Thepurposeofthereportistoshow...這一報(bào)告的目的是表明……3.記敘文可用以下開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)：①Thepassage/storyismainlyabout...本文/這個(gè)故事主要是關(guān)于……②Thewriter/authortellsusastoryabout...作者告訴我們一個(gè)關(guān)于……的故事。③Thepassageisastoryabout...本文是一個(gè)關(guān)于……的故事。④Accordingtothepassage，weknow...根據(jù)短文，我們知道……閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing.Traditionalmigrationpathstakebirdsthroughcountriesthatarenotprotectinglocationstostop，restandfeed.Thescientistsstudiedthemigration，orflightpaths，ofalmost1，500species.Theydecidedthat91percentofthempassedthroughdangerousareas.Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.Buildingandpavinghavecoveredovernaturewherebirdsstopandfeedastheymovefromonepartoftheworldtoanother.Forexample，abirdcalledthebar-tailedgodwitmigratesfromitsbreedinggroundsintheArctic.ItfliesallthewaytothesouthernhemisphereinAustraliaandNewZealand.Alongtheway，thesmallbirdsstopatYellowSeamudflatsinChina，NorthKoreaandSouthKorea.Oneofthescientistsworkingonthestudysays，“Manyofthesecriticalsiteshavebeenlosttolandreclamation(開(kāi)墾)owingtourban，industrialandagriculturalexpansion.”Theproblem，accordingtoinvestigators，isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.Thereisnoplacetorestoretheirenergyforthenextlegoftheirjourney.“Theysimplyperish(死亡)alongtheway，”saysoneofthescientists.CountriesinNorthAfrica，CentralAsiaandthosealongthecoastsofEastAsiaarehavingthemostdifficulttimeconservingland.Thescientistssaythesecountriesdonothaveenoughareasthataresafeforbirds.Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Forexample，onecountrymighthavepreservedsafezonesformigratingbirds.Butaneighborcountrymightnot.Abirdmightperish.OnescientisttellstheLosAngelesTimesthatwhilesomehabitatsarechanging，moreworkcanbedonetomakeurbanareassafeforbirds.Hesayssmallchanges—likeplantingmorenativeplantsorkeepingcatsoutofareasbirdswouldbelikelytouse—couldmakeabigdifference.第一步讀懂原文，歸納大意本文是說(shuō)明文，全文共分四段。每段的中心大意如下：第一段：科學(xué)家指出世界上大部分的鳥(niǎo)類的生存受到威脅，因?yàn)轼B(niǎo)類正在失去它們的棲息地。第二段：對(duì)鳥(niǎo)類最大的威脅來(lái)自人類的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。第三段：因?yàn)轼B(niǎo)兒們找不到安全的棲息場(chǎng)所，大量的鳥(niǎo)兒死在遷徙的途中。第四段：呼吁世界各國(guó)加強(qiáng)合作，為過(guò)境的鳥(niǎo)兒提供安全的棲息地。只有這樣才能改變或改善現(xiàn)狀。本文是典型的“總—分—總”的結(jié)構(gòu)，即提出問(wèn)題——分析問(wèn)題——提出解決辦法，結(jié)構(gòu)明確，要點(diǎn)清晰。第二步定位主題句，找到關(guān)鍵在讀懂原文、抓住大意的基礎(chǔ)上，接下來(lái)需要逐段定位每個(gè)段落的主題句，并以提綱的形式記錄下來(lái)。第一段：Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing.第二段：Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.第三段：Theproblem，accordingtoinvestigators，isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.第四段：Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Smallchangescouldmakeabigdifference.第三步整理要點(diǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)要點(diǎn)1：第一段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)1，主題句中的birdspeciesareindanger可改為birdspeciesareendangered；becausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing可改為短語(yǔ)duetothedisappearanceoftheirhabitatsorhomelands或withtheirhabitatsorhomelandsdisappearing。要點(diǎn)2：第二段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)2，主題句中的Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.可用另一種結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方式，比如：Developmentaccountsfor/istoblamefor/takestheresponsibilityforthemajordangerformigratorybirds.要點(diǎn)3：第三段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)3，主題句中的becausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest可整合為forlackingofasafeeatingandrestingplace。要點(diǎn)4：第四段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)4，主題句中的needtoworktogether可用makejointefforts來(lái)替換；smallchanges可改為alittlekindness；makeabigdifference可改為contributealot。第四步銜接過(guò)渡，連句成篇閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。InplaceslikeCalifornia，theRockyMountains,andtheSouthernUnitedStates，wildfiresareanunavoidablereality.Wildfirescancausedamagetopropertyandhumanlife，buttheyhavemanybeneficialeffectsonnativevegetation(植被)，animals，andecosystemsthathaveevolvedwithfires.Theforests，includingpinebarrens，lodgepolepineforestsandmanymore，requirefirestoreproducebecausethetreesintheforestareadaptedtoonlyproduceseedsfollowingamajorfireevent.Therefore，withoutthemmanyoftheseforesttypeswoulddecline.Afirerenewsthewatershed(集水區(qū))inwaysincluding，butnotlimitedto，recyclingofnutrients，increasingfoodsourcesforfishinstreams，supplementtostream-sidevegetation，spreadoffire-adaptedplants，etc.nottomentionrenewalofthesoilchemistrywhichisvitaltotheforestandthewatershed.Thebasisisthatofsomeonewhohasstudiedwildfiresandstreamssincethe1988Yellowstonewildfires.Thesciencebacksuphownaturalwildfirescanbefavorablethroughresearchpublicationafterpublication.It’slike“resettingtheclock”ontheecosystem，allowingtheforesttofunctionsmoothlyalloverag