2017中石油職稱英語考試模擬題(附答案)

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟2017中石油職稱英語考試模擬題（附答案）2017年中石油職稱英語考試馬上就要開始了。你知道中石油職稱英語考試都考哪些知識嗎?下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)淼闹惺吐毞Q英語考試模擬題，歡迎閱讀。?模擬題一：?產(chǎn)品促銷?1.Salespromotionconsistsofthosepromotionalactivitiesotherthanadvertising,personalselling,andpublicity.Assuch,anypromotionalactivitiesthatdonotfallundertheotherthreeactivitiesofthepromotionmixareconsideredsalespromotion.Thetradeoftenusesthetermindiscriminately.Businesspersonsmayusetheterm“promotion”whentheyactuallymean“salespromotion.”Forpurposehere,promotionisabroadtermthatencompassessalespromotionaswellastheotherthreepromotionalactivities.?1、產(chǎn)品促銷指的是不同于廣告、個人銷售和宣傳的推銷活動。因此，不屬于以上三種推銷活動的推銷活動都被認為是促銷。實際生活中經(jīng)常不加區(qū)分地使用這一概念。商務人員在說“推銷”時，實際上指的是“促銷”。本文中，推銷是一個廣義的概念，它包括促銷以及其他三種推銷活動。?2.Thetechniquesofsalespromotionarevariedandnumerous.Thecommononesusedarecoupons,sweepstakes,games,contests,price-offs,demonstrations,premiums,samples,andmoneyrefundoffers.Acombinationofthesecanbeusedandsometimesisusedinthesamecampaign.?2、推銷的手段多種多樣，數(shù)不勝數(shù)。普遍運用的手段有附在商品上的贈券、各種抽獎活動、游戲、競賽、降價銷售、產(chǎn)品示范、各種獎勵、樣品試驗以及錢款返還承諾等等。在同-推銷活動中，多種手段可以結合使用，有時也確實結合使用。?3.Salespromotionistemporaryinnature.Notbeingself-sustaining,itsfunctionistosupplementadvertising,personalselling,andpublicity.TolaunchBudweiserbeerinGreatBritain,Anheuser-Buschemployedthe“American”theme.ItsTVcommercialsonthe4thofJulyandThanksgivingDaywerespotsfilmedinCaliforniawithAmericanactors.Tosupplementitsadvertisingeffort,thecompanyusedavarietyofsales-promotiontechniques.Itmadeposters,bunting,flags,pennants,T-shirts,andsweatshirtsavailabletopubsanddiscosforpromotionalparties.Budashtrays,bartowels,coasters,footballpennants,andsimilaritemswereofferedforsale.Moreover,AmericandiscjockeyswerebroughtintoprogramAmericanmusicnights.?3、從本質(zhì)上說，促銷活動具有時間短暫的特點。由于其本身沒有自我持續(xù)的能力，它的作用就是作為廣告、個人銷售和宣傳等推銷活動的補充。為了將百威啤酒打入英國市場，Anheuser-Busch運用了“美國”主題。7月4日和感恩節(jié)的電視廣告播的都是美國演員在加利福尼亞拍攝的場景。為了加強廣告力度，該GS運用了大量的促銷手段，如制作海報、裝飾旗和三角旗等各種旗幟以及體恤衫和汗衫等供促銷團體出入酒吧和迪斯科夜總會。同時它還制作煙灰缸、酒吧餐巾、杯墊子、杯托子、足球賽用的三角旗以及諸如此類的物品用于銷售。此外，該GS還專門邀請電臺的音樂節(jié)目主持人開辦美國音樂之夜。?4.Salespromotionisnotrestrictedtothestimulationofdemandattheconsumerlevel.Itmaybeusedtogainmiddlemen'ssupportaswell.InOrdertogetThaimiddlementocarryForemost'sdairyproducts,thecompanyusedleasingandconditionalsalescontractstoprovidesmallretailoutlets'andrestaurantswithfreezersfor$1ifcontracttermsweremet.Foremostalsohadtoconvincetheseresellersnottostoreotherproductsinthefreezersandnottounplugfreezerunitsatnighttosaveelectricity.?4、促銷不僅局限于拉動消費者的需求，也可以用來贏得中間商的支持。為了使泰國的中間商銷售其乳制品，F(xiàn)oremostGS運用租賃和有條件銷售合同以一美元的價格向那些零售小商店和飯店提供冰柜，條件是要滿足合同條款。同時，該GS還得說服這些轉賣商不要在冰柜中儲存其他產(chǎn)品，并且不要為了省電而在夜間拔去冰柜插座。?5.Theuseofsalespromotionisnotlimitedtoconsumerproducts.Itcanbeusedwithindustrialsellingtoo.MisawaHomespromoteditsHouse55bysendingsamplestoU.S.HomesandGermany'sOkal.Pfizer,likeotherdrugfirms,attractsdrugwholesalersbysponsoringtripsandotherevents.Giftsaregiventodoctors,anddoctors'wivesaretakenonshoppingtours.?5、促銷手段的運用不僅僅限于消費品，它也可以用于工業(yè)銷售。MisawaHomes為了推銷其House55產(chǎn)品而向美國的HomesGS和德國的OkalGS寄送樣品。與此類似，PfizerGS同其他藥品GS一樣，通過組織旅游和其他活動來吸引藥品批發(fā)商。他們向醫(yī)生們贈送禮品，而且組織醫(yī)生的夫人們進行購物旅游。?6.ThepopularityofsalespromotionhasgrownsteadilybothintheUnitedStatesandoverseas.AsurveyofexecutivesconductedbyStimulus,Canada'sleadingadvertisingjournal,revealedashiftfrommediaadvertisingtosalespromotion.Comparedwithfiveyearsago,threeoffivefirmshadmovedtospendmoreoftheiradvertisingbudgetonsuchnonmediaalternativesastradeshows,point-of-purchasedisplays,andpublicity.AccordingtoaPOPAI(Point-of-PurchaseAdvertisingInstitute)-DuPontstudyofshoppingbehaviorintheUnitedStates,almost70percentofallnon-foodpurchasesinsupermarketsaregeneratedbyin-storedecisions.Ifthesamedecision-makingpatternisprevalentoutsidetheUnitedStates,salespromotionshouldprovetobejustasindispensable.?6、無論是在美國還是在海外，促銷活動越來越受人青睞，而且勢頭強勁。加拿大首屈一指的廣告雜志Stimulus對GS經(jīng)理們的一項調(diào)查表明，他們已從媒體廣告轉向促銷活動。同五年前相比，有五分之三的GS開始在廣告預算中增加對非媒體手段的投入，如交易展銷、買點展示和宣傳。根據(jù)買點廣告機構和杜邦GS對美國人購物行為所作的一項調(diào)查。在超市里所有非食品購買行為中，幾乎有70%源自顧客在超市內(nèi)的臨時決定。如果這種購物方式能在美國以外的其他地方盛行開來，那么，將證明促銷活動同樣是必不可少的。?7.Salespromotioniseffectivewhenaproductisfirstintroducedtoamarket.Italsoworkswellwithexistingproductsthatarehighlycompetitiveandstandardized,especiallywhentheyareoflowunit-valueandhavehighturnover.Undersuchconditions,salespromotionisneededtogainthat“extra”competitiveadvantage.AJapanesefirmcreatedagreatdealofexcitementinThailandbyincludinggamecardsinitsdetergentboxes,andconsumerscouldnotresistbuyingmoreandmoreinsearchofthewinningcards,Likewise,mostgasstationsinThailandatonetimegavefreewashclothswithagasfill-up.Middlemenwerealsoallowedtoparticipateinthesales-promotionprogram.Storeswereinformedofthedisplay,andtheirsalespeopleorsalesclerksweremadeawareoftheprogramandbenefits.?7、當某種產(chǎn)品首次進入一個市場時，促銷活動是相當有效的。如果產(chǎn)品本身極具競爭力，而且比較規(guī)范，那么，促銷也適用于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品。尤其是如果這種產(chǎn)品單價較低而且流通量大。在這種條件下，就需要促銷以贏得額外的競爭優(yōu)勢。一家日本GS通過將游戲紙牌裝在其洗滌劑盒子中，結果在泰國引起轟動效應。消費者情不自禁，越買越多，希望得到勝張。與此類似，在泰國大多數(shù)加油站，顧客每加一次油，即可免費得到一塊清洗布。中間商同樣可以參加促銷活動。經(jīng)銷商店及時了解產(chǎn)品展示信息，商店的銷售人員和職員對這些活動及其利益一清二楚。?8.Theeffectivenessofsalespromotioncanbetemperedbypsychologicalbarriers,andthisfactisapplicabletomiddlemenaswellasconsumers.Someforeignretailersarereluctanttoacceptmanufacturers'couponsbecausetheyfearthattheywillnotbereimbursed.Consumers,ontheotherhand,mayviewrebates,mail-incoupons,andmoney-backguaranteeswithsuspicion,thinkingthatsomethingmustbewrongwiththeproduct.?8、無論是中間商還是消費者，只要有了心理障礙，便會使促銷活動的效果打折扣。有些國外零售商不大愿意接受產(chǎn)品廠家附在其商品中的贈券，因為他們擔心這些贈券中的款項無法返還。另一方面，消費者可能對折扣、郵寄來的贈券和返還款項的承諾持懷疑態(tài)度，他們會認為，這樣的產(chǎn)品肯定有問題。?9.Muchlikemanyothermarketingaspects,sales-promotionmethodsmayhavetobemodified.Thetechniquesemployed,tobeeffective,shouldbeconsistentwithlocalpreference.PhilipsofferedasetofdominoesasapremiumforelectricitypurchaseinBrazil,wherethegameisnationalpastimeandelectricalproductsaretreatedascommodities.Aplayerholdsthecoloredsideuptopreventanopponentfromseeingthedottednumbersside.Sincethecompany'snamewasonthebackofeverydomino,electricianswereoftenremindedofthebrand.?9、促銷方法同營銷的其他許多方面極為相似，應該加以改進。要使所運用的手段產(chǎn)生作用，就應使它同當?shù)叵M者的喜好相一致。電力在巴西是視為商品，而在該國，玩骨牌是一項全國性的娛樂活動，飛利浦GS即在那里推出一套骨牌作為購買電力的獎品。一方要將骨牌反摳，使彩色的一面朝上，這樣，對方就看不見帶點數(shù)的那一面。由于每張骨牌的反面印有飛利浦GS的名稱，電工們便會經(jīng)常想起這種品牌的產(chǎn)品。?模擬題二：?加利福尼亞淘金熱?1.AchancediscoverybyanemployeeofJohnA.Sutter,feudalbaronoftheSacramentoValley,setofftherushtoCalifornia.InJanuary1848JamesW.MarshallwassupervisingtheconstructionofasawmillinColomaValley,about40milesupthesouthforkoftheAmericanRiverfromSutter'sFort.Onthemorningofthe24th,whileinspectingworkontheexcavationofthechannelofthestream,henoticedtheglintofmetalonthebottomofit.Placingtheflakesinthedentedcrownofhisslouchhat,heexcitedlyrashedtothemillandshouted,“Boys,IbelieveI’vefoundagoldmine.”?1.約翰A薩特是薩克拉門托谷的封建貴族，他的雇員的一個偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)引發(fā)了涌向加利福尼亞的人潮。1848年1月，詹姆士馬歇爾正在克羅馬山谷監(jiān)督鋸木廠的工程，那里位于美利堅河南支流，距離薩特的城堡40英里。24日早晨，正當他檢查河流上開掘的坑道時，注意到底部有一些閃亮的金屬。他把這些亮片放在寬邊軟帽的帽檐上，激動地朝工廠跑去，邊跑邊喊：“天吶，我想我發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦了。”?2.Aftermakingtestsatthemillforafewdaysandbeingunabletodeterminewhetherornottheflakeswereactuallygold,MarshallcarriedasampletohisemployerattheFort.ThetwomentriedeverytestthattheycouldthinkoforthattheAmericanEncyclopediasuggested.Finallytheyprovedthatthesamplewasgold.InthecourseoftimeitbecameafactthatMarshallhaddiscoveredahugeveinofgold-bearingquartzmorethan150milesinlengththatlayalongthewesternfoothillsoftheSierraNevada—thefabulousMotherLodeofCalifornia.Weatheringanderosionhadbrokenoffparticlesofthevein,carriedthemdownmountainstreams,anddepositedtheminsandbarsorrockcrevices.?2.經(jīng)過幾天的試驗，馬歇爾仍然無法確定這些小薄片是否就是黃金。于是他帶著一些樣品來到他雇主的城堡。他倆嘗試了能夠想到的、美利堅百科全書提供的所有辦法，最終證明這些樣品就是黃金。經(jīng)過一段時間后，消息終于被證實，馬歇爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個長達150英里的含有黃金的石英礦脈，這條礦脈沿著內(nèi)華達山的西部山麓延伸，正是那條傳說中的加利福尼亞主礦脈。由于風化和侵蝕作用，細小的礦物微粒從礦脈上剝落，被溪水沖刷下來，慢慢沉積在沙洲和巖石縫隙中。?3.Suttercouldseethatnewsofthegolddiscoverywouldspelldisastertohisotherbusinesses—butsuchnewscouldnotbekeptsecret.InMayanenergeticSanFranciscobusinessmanandMormoneldernamedSamBrannanreturnedtothecityfromthediggings.Hisappearanceonthestreetsholdinghighaquininebottlefullofglisteninggolddustandshouting,“Gold!Gold!GoldfromtheAmericanRiver,”startedthestampede.Shopkeepershungsignsontheirdoors,“GonetotheDiggings.”Schoolsclosedasteachersandpupilsalikeleft.SanFranciscobecameaghosttown:everyoneheadedtowardthestrike.?3.薩特預見到發(fā)現(xiàn)金子的消息將會給他的其他生意帶來災難——但這樣重大的消息不可能一直秘而不宣。5月份，山姆布蘭南，一位精力充沛的舊金山商人同時也是摩x教的長老，從礦區(qū)回到城市。他手里舉著一個裝滿了閃閃發(fā)光金粉的金雞納霜瓶子，高聲喊著：“金子!金子!美利堅河里的金子!”他的出現(xiàn)引發(fā)了街頭的騷亂，一時間店主們紛紛關張，店門上掛出“已去礦區(qū)!”的牌子;學校也關閉了，因為老師和學生們都已離開。舊金山一瞬間變成了鬼城：所有人都罷工了。?4.AtMonterey,SantaBarbara,SanDiego,andotherCaliforniasettlements,soldiersdesertedtheirposts,sailorsabandonedships,lawyersleftclients,andeditorssuspendedpublicationofnewspapers.AndbeforetheendoftheyeargoldseekershadalreadyarrivedfromHawaii，Mexico,BritishColumbia,andSouthAmerica.?4.在蒙特利、圣巴巴拉、圣迭戈，以及其他加利福尼亞的聚居地上，士兵們離開了崗位，水手們棄船而走，律師們放棄了客戶，編輯們推遲了報紙的出版。到那年的年尾，淘金者們紛紛從夏威夷、墨西哥、大不列顛哥倫比亞甚至南美洲涌向這里。?5.WestwardHo?5.西行記?6.StoriesofthediscoverygraduallydriftedtotheEasternUnitedStates,butmostpeopledismissedthemasrumor.TheninDecember1848theywereconfirmed.PresidentPolkincludedofficialtelegramsfromCaliforniainhismessagetoCongressandstated,“Theaccountsoftheabundanceofgoldinthatterritoryareofsuchanextraordinarycharacteraswouldscarcelycommandbeliefweretheynotcorroboratedbytheauthenticreportsofofficersinthepublicservice.”TwodayslateraGovernmentmessengerarrivedinWashingtonwithateacaddyfullofgold.Sanityvanished.TheteacaddydidfortheNationwhatSamBrannan'squininebottlehaddoneforSanFrancisco.?6.發(fā)現(xiàn)金子的故事逐漸傳到了美國的東海岸，但大部分人認為它是個謠言。1848年12月，消息終于被確認。波爾克總統(tǒng)將加利福尼亞發(fā)來的ZF電報加到給國會的信息中：“盡管那個地區(qū)金礦儲量驚人，但如果公共服務部門的官員沒有用可信的報道強化它們的話，這個信息也很難被公眾相信。”兩天之后，ZF的信使帶著一個裝滿金子的茶葉盒抵達華盛頓。一瞬間人們的理智土崩瓦解，這個茶葉盒對這個國家所起的作用就像山姆的金雞納霜瓶子對舊金山的作用。?7.Withinamonth,eagergoldseekerscharteredmorethan60ships,someofdoubtfulageandcondition,andweighedanchorforCalifornia.TheNewYorkHerald,inaspecialCaliforniaedition,stated:“IneveryAtlanticseaport,vesselsarebeingfittedup,societiesarebeingformed,husbandsarepreparingtoleavetheirwives,sonsarepartingwiththeirmothers,andbachelorsareleavingtheircomforts;allarerushingheadoverheelstowardtheElDoradoonthePacific.”WheneverandwherevermengatheredthatwinterthetalkwasofCaliforniaandtherichestobefoundthere.?7.—個月之內(nèi)，急不可耐的淘金者們租了60多艘船起航向加利福尼亞行壇報》在加州特刊上寫到：“大西洋的每個港口都聚集著滿載的船只，人們集合成團體，丈夫準備離開妻子，兒子正告別母親，而單身漢們正放棄自己的舒適生活。所有人都一門心思地朝太平洋的黃金之國進發(fā)?！辈徽摵翁帯⒉徽摵螘r，那個冬季人們聚在一起時的話題都離不開加州和那里的財富。?8.RoutesToTheGoldfields?8.通往采金區(qū)的道路?9.ThegoldseekersusedfourprincipalroutestoCalifornia,twoeachbyseaandland.Easternersmainlyusedthesearoutes,andresidentsoftheMississippiValleyandSouthernersthelandroutes.?9.淘金者們通過四條道路前往加州，兩條海路，兩條陸路。東部的人主要選擇海路，而密西西比河谷和南方人主要選擇陸路。?10.ThemostpopularwaytoCaliforniawasoverland,eitherbythecentralorsoutherntrails.?10.而人們最常走的是通過中部或南部的山路。?11.Tensofthousandsof“forty-niners”flockedtotheembarkationtowns—Independence,St.Joseph,Westport,andKanesville—andwaiteduntilthegrassalongthetrailwashighenoughtoholdthestock.Thenthegreatwagontrainsrolledoutontheprairie,climbedsteadilyuntiltheycrossedSouthPass,thendroppeddowntotheGreatBasindesert.ThosewhothoughtthatnothingwassodeadlyasploddingthroughthechokingdustofthedesertforgotthatannoyancewhentheymetthehardshipsofpassingwagonsandoxenovertheSierraandthenloweringthembyropedowndeepcanyons.?11.成千上萬的“四九人們/淘金者們”蜂擁到出發(fā)的小鎮(zhèn)一一因第彭登(Independence)、圣約瑟夫(St.Joseph)、韋斯特波(Westport)以及肯斯維爾(Kanesville)。他們聚集在那里等待著，等待著沿途的草長大，就可以給牲口提供充足的食物。然后，浩浩蕩蕩的車隊在大草原上出發(fā)了，他們一直緩坡而上穿過南通道，然后下行進入大盆地的沙漠。開始有人認為沒有什么能比穿過沙塵飛揚的沙漠更單調(diào)乏味了，但當他們到達山脊時就很快忘記了沙漠的艱難，因為他們必須拼命把牛車和牲口趕上山，然后又用繩子把他們送下深谷。?12.Othergoldseekers,especiallySoutherners,movedwestbywayofthesoutherntrails.DrawingtrafficfromtheSantaFeTrailandthewestTexastrails,thechiefroutefollowedthewagonroadblazedbyLt.ColonelPhilipSt.GeorgeCookefromtheRioGrandebywayoftheGilatothePacificduringtheMexicanWar.Itofferedtheadvantagesoffewmountainrangesandamilderclimate.?12.另一些淘金者，尤其是南方人，沿著南部山路一直向西。圣菲貿(mào)易通道和西德克薩斯通道交匯在主路上，這條路是墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭期間由圣喬治庫克的菲利普上校(Lt.ColonelPhilip)標注的牛車道，從格蘭德河(RioGrande)經(jīng)由基拉(Gila)到達太平洋。這條路線山路較少而且氣候溫和。?13.Whatevertheirroute,thosewhofinallyarrivedatthegoldminesafterthe2,000-mileoverlandtrip,whichusuallyrequired5or6months,hadfacedaseveretest.Onlythehardiestsurvivedtraillife.Asiaticcholeraalonein1849markedthecentraltrailswith5,000gravesbeforethewagonsreachedtheRockyMountains.Butthedangersandprivations——onlandoratsea——wereallforgottenuponarrivalatthegoldfields.TherethenewcomersfoundthosewhohadarrivedearlierworkingeverylargestreamalongtheMotherLode,fromtheFeathertotheTuolumneRivers.Tentcampssprangupeverywhereastheforty-niners,washingpaninhand,setouttoseektherichessowidelyreported.Afewluckysoulsdidfindwealth,butthemajoritywerequicklydisappointed.?13.不論走那條路線，人們需要五六個月的時間，跋涉2000英里的陸路，經(jīng)歷嚴峻的考驗之后才能到達礦山，只有那些最強壯的人才能活下來。1849年中部路線上流行亞洲霍亂，牛車隊到達落基山脈之前就在路邊留下了5000座新墳。當人們經(jīng)由陸路或海路到達金礦時，一路上的危險與窘困都被拋到了九霄云外。搶先一步到達的人們挖掘主礦脈上的每一條河流，從費勒河(theFeather)到圖奧樂米河(theTuolumne)。淘金者們帶上淘洗盤出發(fā)去尋找財富，沿途的帳篷營地隨處可見。只有一些極幸運者找到了財富，但絕大多數(shù)人都很快失望了。?WordsandExpressions?feudal['fju:dl]adj.封建制度的，封地的，領地的?baron['brn]n.男爵(英國世襲的最低級的貴族爵位)?setoffv.出發(fā)，動身，使爆炸，引起，分開?sawmill['s:ml]n.鋸木廠，鋸木機?excavation[,eksk'vein]n.挖掘，挖掘成的洞，出土文物?glint[glint]n.閃爍?flake[fleik]n.薄片v.使成薄片，剝落，雪片般落下?dent[dent]n.凹，凹痕，(齒輪的)齒，弱點v.使凹下，凹進?slouchhatn.寬邊軟帽?vein[vein]n.血管，靜脈，葉脈，礦脈，紋理?quartz[kw:ts]n.石英?fabulous[fbjuls]adj.寓言中的，神話般的，難以置信的?sandbar['sndba:(r)]n.沙洲?crevice['krevis]n.(墻壁，巖石等的)裂縫?diggings發(fā)掘物，礦區(qū)(尤指金礦區(qū))?quinine['kwanan]n.奎寧，奎寧化合物(如里硫酸奎寧)?glistening['gli:sni]閃耀的，反光的?stampede[stm'pi:d]n.驚跑v.驚跑?desert[di'z:t]n.沙漠vt.遺棄，逃跑vi.逃掉，逃亡?dismiss[dis'mis]vt.解散，下課，開除，拒絕接受，不承認?corroborate[k'rbreit]vt.使堅固，確證?caddy['kdi]n.茶葉罐，小盒子，小罐?sanity['sniti]n.心智健全?vanish['vni]vi.消失，突然不見?fitup準備裝備(設備、房屋等)?prairie['prεri]n.大草原，牧場?plodding['pldi]adj.沉重緩慢的，單調(diào)乏味的?annoyance[e'nins]n.煩惱，可厭之事?blaze[bleiz]n.火焰vt.在樹皮上刻路標，公開宣布?Asiaticcholeran.亞細亞霍亂?privation[prai'vein]n.缺乏，窮困，喪失，被剝奪了某物的狀態(tài)?tent[tent]n.帳篷?springupv.跳起來?33.WhatDoParentsOweTheirChildren小于原34?父母欠子女什么??1.IfJhadtoselectawordthatbestdescribesthemajorityofAmericanIparents,thatwordwouldbeguilt-ridden.Howsaditistoseeparentsbecomethe|willingvictimsofthegivc-megame*1,onlylodiscoverthat,nomatterwhattheyjdo,itisn'tenough.Intheend,theyaredespisedfortheirlackoffirmnessandblamedwhentheirspoiledchildrengetintrouble.Withthisinmind,Ishallfirstanswerthisquestion:Whatdoparentsowetheirchildren?andIshallstartwithwhattheydon'towethem.?1.如果我必須挑選取一個詞，來描述美國的大多數(shù)父母，這個詞便是“內(nèi)疚”。目睹父母們甘愿做“給我游戲”的犧牲者是很令人傷心的。但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)無論他們怎么做，都還是不夠。到最后，父母們都會因自己的軟弱而受到蔑視，因他們寵壞的孩子惹出事端而受到責備。認識到這些，我們應該首先回答這個問題：“父母欠子女些什么?”而我首先要從他們不欠子女什么談起。?2.Parentsdon'towetheirchildreneveryminuteoftheirdayandeveryounceoftheirenergy.Theydon*towethemround-the-clockcarservice,singinglessons,tennislessons,expensivebicycles,amotorcycleoracarwhentheyreachsixteen,oratriptoHuropewhentheygraduate.?2.父母不必把分分鈔鈔、點點滴滴的精力都花在孩子們身上。不必時時準備替他們開車外出，不必讓他們上音樂課和網(wǎng)球課，不必給他們買很貴的自行車、摩托車、或在他們滿十六歲時給他們買汽車，也不在他們畢業(yè)時出錢讓他們?nèi)W洲旅游。父母并不欠子女這些。?3.Itakethefirmpositionthatparentsdonotowetheirchildrenacollegeeducation.Iftheycanaffordit,line;theycancertainlysendthemtothebestuniversities.Buttheymustnotfeelguiltilyiftheycan't.Ifthechildrenreallywantlogo,they'llfindaway.Thereareplentyofloansandscholarshipsforthebrightandeagerwhocan'taffordtopay.?3.我還確信父母并不欠孩子高等教育的費用。如果付的起，很好，他們當然可以將子女送進一流大學。但付不起亦無須感到愧疚。假如子女們真愿意上大學，他們自己會找到辦法。因為有許多為聰明好學而又無力支付學費的年輕人設立的貸款項目和獎學金。?4.Afterchildrenmarry,theirparentsdonotowethemadownpaymentonahouseormoneyforthefurniture.Theydonothaveanobligationtobaby-sitortotaketheirgrandchildrenintheirhousewhentheparentswereonvacation.Iftheywantrodoit,itmustbeconsideredafavor,notanobligation.?4.孩子結婚后，父母無須為他們分期付款買房子而出底金，無須為他們購買家具，也不一定要照顧孫輩。倘若父母樂意這么做，子女應把這看作恩惠而不是義務。?5.Inmyopinion,'parentsdonotowetheirchildrenaninheritance,nomatterhowmuchmoneytheyhave.Oneofthesurestwaystoproducealoaferistoletchildrenknowthattheirfutureisassured.?5.在我看來，無論父母多么有錢，都不一定要給子女一筆遺產(chǎn)。讓子女知道自己前途已有保障無疑最能使他們變?yōu)閼邢x。?6.Doparentsowetheirchildrenanything?Yes,theyowethemagreatdeal.?6.那么，父母難道就不欠子女什么了嗎?不，欠得很多很多。?7.Oneoftheirchiefobligationsistogivetheirchildrenasenseofpersonalworthofself-esteemisthebasisofagoodmentalhealth.Ayoungster,whoisconstantlymadetofecistupidandunworthy,constantlycomparedtobrighterbrothers,sistersorcousins,willbecomesounsure,soafraidoffailing,thathe(orshe)won'ttryatail.Ofcourse,theyshouldbecorrectedwhentheydowrong;thisisthewaychildrenlearn.Butthecriticismsshouldbebalancedwithpraises,preferablywithasmileandakiss.Nochildisevertoooldtobehugged.Parentsowetheirchildreniirmguidanceandconsistentdiscipline.Itisfrighteningforayoungstertofeelthaiheisinchargeofhimself;it'slikebeinginacarwithoutbrakes.TheparentswhosayMowhenotherparentssayYessendsadoublemessage.Heisalsosaying:Iloveyou,andIamreadytoriskyouranger,becauseIdon'twantyoutogetintotrouble.?7.父母最主要的責任之一就是使孩子們尊重自己的價值。因為只有自尊自重才是健康的精神狀態(tài)的基礎。如果總讓孩子感到自己愚蠢無為，老是把他與聰明的兄弟姐妹比較，他就會變得缺乏信心，懼怕失敗，結果連嘗試一下的勇氣都沒有了。當然，孩子有錯誤應