跨文化交際教程 課件 Unit 4 Sociopragmatic Failures in Intercultural Communication

Unit4SociopragmaticFailuresinInterculturalCommunication第一PPT01.TheconceptofSociopragmticFailures02.TypesofPragmaticFailure04.CommunicationinChinafortheNon-Chinese03.TypesofsociopragmaticfailuresC

CONTENT行業(yè)PPT模板/hangye/1TheconceptofSociopragmaticFailuresSociopragmaticfailurereferstotheinappropriatenessorinvalidityoflanguagebehaviorininterculturalcommunicationduetothedifferencebetweendifferentculturalandlinguisticbackgroundsandtheimproperuseofpragmaticrulesandhabits.Indifferentsocietiesanddifferentcommunities,peoplespeakdifferently;thesedifferencesinwaysofspeakingareprofoundandsystematic,theyreflectdifferentculturalvalues,oratleastdifferenthierarchiesofvalues;differentwaysofspeaking,differentcommunicativestyles,canbeexplainedandmadesenseofintermsofindependentlyestablisheddifferentculturalvaluesandculturalpriorities(Wierzbicka,1991:69).行業(yè)PPT模板/hangye/Theprincipleofcooperationmeansthatinlanguagecommunication,peoplehaveapurposeofcooperation,whichcanbeachievedbyobservingsomebasicprinciples.Oneofthemostimportantprinciplesisthatthespeakershouldgivetrue,relevant,clearandcompleteinformation,andthelistenershouldunderstandthespeaker’sintentionwithoutunderminingthewillingnessofbothpartiestocooperate.Ininterculturalcommunication,sometimespeopledonotknowhowtoabidebytheprincipleofcooperation,sosociopragmaticfailureswilloccur.SociopragmaticfailurecanbestudiedwithreferencetoGrice’scooperativeprinciple.2TypesofPragmaticFailure行業(yè)PPT模板/hangye/AnExampleItiscustomarytosaytoanewborninUkraine“Howugly”or“Howbad”.Howdoyouinterpretit?ItdoesnotmeanthatUkrainiansintendtocommunicatethatababylooksugly.Theyactuallysayitinordernottojinxababyandtoprotectitfromevil.Thus,ifinanyothersituationonehears“howugly”or“howbad”,thatwillbeoffensive.However,inthisparticularcontextwithanewborn,thisutterancehasagoodintention.IfoneforeignercomestoUkraineandhearsthisphrase,he/sheislikelytobesurprised(orangryifitreferstohis/herbaby)andtomisinterpretit.Thatwillbeapragmaticfailure.Pragmaticfailureis“theinabilitytounderstand‘whatismeantbywhatissaid’”.Itcanoccur“onanyoccasioninwhichthehearerperceivestheforceofthespeaker’sutteranceasotherthanthespeakerintendedhe/sheshouldperceiveit”.Itmayhappenduetodifferentculturalknowledgethatwehaveabouttheworldorduetothewayweutteritlinguistically.PragmalinguisticFailureIthappenswhenthespeakermapsthepragmaticforcedifferentlyfromanativespeakerofthetargetlanguageorwhenthespeakerinappropriatelytransfersspeechactstrategiesfromL1toL2.Twotypesofpragmaticfailure:Theteacher(askedlearnersduringanESLreadingactivities):“John,wouldyouliketoreadthetext?”Thestudent:“No,Iwouldn’t.”Thestudent(John)failedtorecognizethattheteacherwasmakingarequest.Thus,hedidnotmeantoberude;hethought,instead,thathispreferenceswerebeingconsulted.AnExample:What’syourcomment?SociopragmaticFailureIthappenswhenthespeakerusesinadequatestrategiesrelatedtothesocialconditionsoflanguageinuse.AnExample(GreekspeakersofEnglishwritinge-mailstothefacultyinaUniversitycontext):What’syourcomment?Mr.Lee,DidyoutalktoDr.Smithyesterday?Whatdidshetellyou?Willsheallowmetotakesociolinguistics?Thankyou.GeorgeTherequestforinformationdidnottaketheasymmetricalpowerrelationintoaccountandwasperformedwithaninappropriatelyhighdegreeofdirectness.Itwas,therefore,perceivedasimpoliteanddiscourteousbythereceiver.Pragmalinguisticfailureisalinguisticproblem,whereassociopragmaticfailureencodesdifferentperceptionsofsociallyacceptedlinguisticbehavior.Incasesofinterculturalcommunicationinwhichthereisamismatchofspeakers’sociolinguistic,pragmatic,structural,anddiscourseknowledge,sociopragmaticfailurecanoccur.3Typesof

SociopragmaticFailuresSociopragmaticFailures

ThesizeofimpositionMakingreferencestowhatisconsideredtabootopicsindifferentculturePowerandsocialdistanceCross-culturallydifferentpragmaticgroundrulesItreferstothenotionaboutfreeandnon-freegoods.Freegoodsarethosethatanyonecouldaskwithoutanyelaboratepolitenessstrategies.IntheSovietUnion,wherecigaretteswerealmostfreeandanyonecouldaskforthemwithoutbeingextremelypolite.ThisexamplecanapplytoUkraineasapost-sovietcountry,too.Achildandmenwouldcometohisowngrandfatherforsomecigarettesbecausetheyknewhewasabigsmoker.However,inWesternEuropewherethecigaretteswerequiteexpensive.IfoneRussianorUkrainianasksarandomEuropeanpersononthestreetforonecigarette,itwillbeasociopragmaticfailureasitisnotappropriatethere.ThesizeofimpositionItreferstodifferentstylesofcommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentpowerandsocialstatus:forexample,employersandemployees,seniorandyoungpeople,teachersandstudents,etc.PowerandsocialdistanceTabootopics

areallowedtotalkfreelyinoneculturebutcannotbefreelydiscussedinanotherculture.Taboosaretopicsthatareinappropriatefordiscussionsandtheycanvaryfromonecountrytoanother.Themostcommononesaresexual,racial,religious,etc.issues.MakingreferencestowhatisconsideredtabootopicsindifferentcultureCross-culturallydifferentpragmaticgroundrulesPragmatic

rules

do

not

operateinthesamewayindifferentlanguagesandthesameutterancecanbe

interpreted

differently

in

different

cultures.

A

case

of

Polish

and

American

EnglishIt

is

common

for

Americans

to

say

Let’s

do

lunchasapolitefarewellformula.However,Polishinterlocutorsperceiveitasan

invitationandareoffendedwhenAmericansdonotreallycomeforalunch.SimilarsituationshappeninMexicoaswell.MexicanssayWeneedtohavealunch/partyonedayorwemustgettogether.ThePolishwilltakeit

seriouslyandunderstanditasaninvitation.However,itneverhappens.4CommunicationinChinafortheNon-Chinese

TipsFindcommonareastotalkabout,donottrytocriticizethingsinChina.Avoidpoliticalarguments.“Thankyou”issaidalotlessthanintheWest,donotopenthegiftfromothersifyoujustreceiveit.“Excuseme”isnotusedasofteninChina.InChina,theywouldaskaboutyourmaritalandchildbearingstatus,oryourfamilymembers,donottakeoffenseatthesurpriseifyoudonotfitintothecategory.Andtheyarenotsoopen.TheChineseliketoaddresspeopleandrefertopeoplelikemembersoftheirfamilyeveniftheyarenot.Becarefulwhencomplimentingsomeone’spossessionsortheymayfeelthatyouwantit.GroupWorkCase1AnAmericannamedTomGreenisinvitedtohisChinesecolleagueLiBin'shome.Afterhavingdinnertogether,theyarechattinginthelivingroom.Theconversationgoesasfollows:

TomGreen:Thankyouverymuchforinvitingmetothedinner.Thefoodisdelicious.Yourwifeisawonderfulcook.

LiBin:Oh,Imustapologizeforthosehumbledishes.Ihaven'tpreparedenoughforthedinner.Mywife'scookingisjustOK.Mymother'scookingisbetter.Nexttime,Iwillinviteyoutohaveatry.

TomGreen:Thanksalot.Youarebeingtoomodest.IamstuffedandIreallyenjoyedthedinner.Bytheway,thepaintingonthewallismarvelous.

LiBin:ItispaintedbyafamouspainterinChina.Ispendalotofmoneyonbuyingit.Doyoulikeit?

TomGreen:Ilikethatstyleofpaintingalot.LiBin:Sinceyouareoneofmybestfriends,pleaseacceptitasagift,asatokenofourfriendship.

TomGreen:Oh,no.Thankyouforyourkindness,butyoudon'tneedtogiveittome.It'stooprecious.Onhearingtheirtalk,thewifecalledthehusbandawayandasked,“Thatpaintingisexpensive.Doyoureallymeantogiveitaway?”“Tomlikesitalot.Itwouldbeembarrassingformenottogiveitasagift.Iwouldlosefaceinfrontofafriendfornotbeinggenerous.”Whilethehusbandandwifewereaway,Tomwasthinking,“Oh,myGod!Ilikethatpainting,butIdonotwanttoownit.WhereamIgoingtoputitinmyhotelroom?”Questionsfordiscussion:1.DoyouthinkLiBin'sbehaviorsareproperornot?Pleasegiveyourreasons.2.IfyouwereTomGreen,howwouldyoufeeltowardLiBin'sbehaviorsafterthedinner?Case2AChinesestudentiscalledtotheofficeofanAmericanteacher,ProfessorJohnSmith,whoisseventyyearsold.Theirconversationgoeslikethefollowing:Chinesestudent:Goodmorning,TeacherSmith.Americanteacher:Goodmorning.Chinesestudent:Teacher,pleasesitdown.Youareold.Don'tgettired.Americanteacher:Pleasedonotcallmeold.Thankyou,anyway.Chinesestudent:Nothanks.Americanteacher:YouhavemadegreatprogressinyourEnglishlearning.Chinesestudent:No,no,no.Istillhavealongwaytogo.MyEnglishispoor.Questionsfordiscussion:Accordingtothedialogue