新高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向22 閱讀理解之主旨大意題(原卷版)

考向22閱讀理解之主旨大意題主旨大意題旨在考查考生通過(guò)對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過(guò)字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見(jiàn)的命題形式如下：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_________.(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis…(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_________.(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(7)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.從上述命題形式可以看出，此類(lèi)閱讀測(cè)試題主要可概括為兩大類(lèi)，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。主旨大意題的分類(lèi)

1.從考查對(duì)象上劃分，主旨大意題可分為兩種

①篇章主旨：針對(duì)全文的主題進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。主題句出現(xiàn)在首段的居多，其次是末段或?yàn)閹锥沃黝}的綜

②段落主旨：針對(duì)某一段或幾段的主題提問(wèn)。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要從上下文中尋找或總結(jié)。

2.從考查內(nèi)容上劃分，主旨大意題可分為三種

①主題類(lèi)(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；

②目的類(lèi)，考查文章或段落的寫(xiě)作目的；

③標(biāo)題類(lèi)，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。

◆設(shè)問(wèn)特點(diǎn)：

1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。

2.正確選項(xiàng)概況范圍大小恰當(dāng)，主旨判斷準(zhǔn)確。

3.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)常常是太大、太窄或者偏離主題，主觀臆斷。

4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等詞提問(wèn)。

◆?？紗?wèn)題：

（1）中心思想類(lèi)

Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis…

Thepassageismainlyabout…

Thepassagemainlydiscusses…

Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith…?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

（2）標(biāo)題類(lèi)

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe…

（3）目的類(lèi)

Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…

Thepassageismeantto….

Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto…怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開(kāi)，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過(guò)分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過(guò)主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達(dá)的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個(gè)話題，它是文章的核心?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類(lèi)文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類(lèi)試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫(xiě)作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：1.中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫(xiě)作方法。新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫(xiě)法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱(chēng)為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”實(shí)際上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)?！镜淅纠浚?018·新課標(biāo)卷I）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish.SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6.000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.PeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.HumandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguagesD.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越少及其原因。【答案】C【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的主題句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，語(yǔ)言的產(chǎn)生和消失進(jìn)行了幾千年，但最近時(shí)代語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生的少，消失的太多。故選C。2.主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式，即細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段?！镜淅纠縏hefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas—shepretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonherhandsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasintheMist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonster(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedtoshowanewidea:therealmonsterisman,whilethegorillaistobeadmired.Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthewild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandbythecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwophotossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.“Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳類(lèi)動(dòng)物),”saidthewordsbelowit.“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.Thewordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,”butthenwenton:“Itisthemostdestructive(破壞性的)onearth.Wemustretrainitforitsowngood.”56.Thetextmainlytalksabout________.A.DianeFossey B.thegorillasinRwandaC.theprotectionofthegorillas D.thefilmGorillasintheMist【答案】C【解析】文章第一段談到DianeFossey對(duì)大猩猩的研究；第二段談到根據(jù)她的事跡所拍攝的影片；第三段談到了大猩猩數(shù)量減少的原因；最后一段談到保護(hù)大猩猩的宣傳的措施。前面三段都是為最后一段做鋪墊的，從最后一段的“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”可知，最主要的目的還是要人們保護(hù)大猩猩。3.首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方法為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為多見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味?！镜淅纠縇acrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長(zhǎng)曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項(xiàng)D最符合短文的主題。4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類(lèi)型的試題則迎刃而解?！镜淅纠俊?019·全國(guó)卷II，C】MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday’sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It’sachanceforself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn’tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文通過(guò)一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨(dú)自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨(dú)自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢(shì)。31.A【解析】主旨大意題。本文通過(guò)一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨(dú)自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨(dú)自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢(shì)，故選A。5.主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展?！镜淅纠縏heSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance....67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中第二段第一句話“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開(kāi)幕式上的活動(dòng)。答案選A。怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題——高度概括法對(duì)文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。虎谶^(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門(mén)面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來(lái)吸引讀者對(duì)文章的興趣。最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，擬定標(biāo)題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.話題：Stamps控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames標(biāo)題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames【典例示例】August8,wasEarthOvershootDay.Calculatedannuallybytheenvironmentaladvocacy(支持，擁護(hù))group,GlobalFootprintNetwork(GFN),itisthedaywhenhumanhasconsumedallthenaturalresources—produce,meat,fish,water,andwood—thatourplanetcanregenerate(再生)inasingleyear.Thismeansthatfortherestof2016,wewillbeusingnaturalresourcesthatareimpossibletoreplace.Forthosethatarealittleconfused,itissimilartospendingyourentireyear’sallowancebyAugustandthenborrowingmoneyfromfriends,knowingfullywellthatyoucannotrepaytheloan.GFNsaysthatthesamethinghappensinthecaseoftheEarth.ThedateofEarthOvershootDayvarieseachyear.Inanideal,fullysustainableworld,weshouldonlyspendwhatwehave.ThismeansthatEarthOvershootDaywouldfallonDecember31,orperhapsevenspillintothefollowingyear,indicatingthatwearesavingsomeresourcesforarainyday.Thatdidhappenin1961,whenweonlyconsumedthree-quartersofwhattheplanetproduced.Unfortunately,thedayhasbeengoinguprapidlysince2014whenitfellonAugust19.In2015,itwasAugust13,andthisyear,theearliestsofar—August8!Theonlywaytosustainthisdemandwouldbetohave1.6earths,whichasweallknow,isnotpossible.Fortunately,expertssaythatthesituationisnotasgrimasitsounds.Manycountriesarealreadytakingstepstoreducecarbonemissions,whichaccountsfor60%ofourecologicalfootprint,byswitchingtosolarorwind-generatedpower.Individualscanalsohelpbyeatinglessmeat,walking,biking,ortakingpublictransportation,aswellasadoptingthethreeR’s:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycle.Ifweallworktogether,wecanhelppushbackEarthOvershootDaytoDecember31,orevenbeyond!27.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.AWarning:EarthOvershootDayB.ACelebration:EarthOvershootDayC.AReminder:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycleD.AnAdvertisement:GlobalFootprintNetwork【文章大意】本文是一篇環(huán)保類(lèi)說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了EarthOvershootDay。今年在八月八號(hào)我們就已經(jīng)消耗掉今年全年的可再生資源，接著又介紹了EarthOvershootDay的計(jì)算方法。通過(guò)介紹EarthOvershootDay，作者呼吁人們減少資源浪費(fèi)?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】今年的EarthOvershootDay是八月八號(hào)，即我們今年在八月八號(hào)就已經(jīng)消耗掉我們今年全年的可再生資源。本文通過(guò)介紹EarthOvershootDay告訴人們要減少資源浪費(fèi)，所以最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)是A項(xiàng)?！緳z測(cè)訓(xùn)練】1Regardlessofhowfamoustheyare,anddespitethestartreatmenttheyreceive,manycelebritiesmakeitapointtogivebacktocharities.Somehaveevensetuptheirownprivatefoundations.Theirwidelypublicisedvisitstotroubledareasoftheworldhelptoraiseawarenessofissuessuchasfamineandpoverty.AccordingtoJaneCooperofUnicefUK,celebritieshaveauniqueabilitytoreachhugenumbersofpeople,manyofwhommightnototherwisebeengagedincharitablecauses.Shepointedoutthatfamousfaceshadplayedasignificantroleinraisingfundsinrecentyears,andtheirenergieshadproducedtangibleresults,suchasenablingmillionsofchildreninpoorercountriestoattendschool.Butinspiteofthesesuccessesthereisevidencetosuggestthatcelebrityendorsement(代言)maybeoverrated.Inasurveyofmembersofthepublictofindoutifcelebrityinvolvementwouldencouragepeopletodonate,researchersfoundthattheimpactwasnotasgreataspreviouslythought.Whenshownalistofwell-knownorganisationsandfamouspeoplewhorepresentthem,overhalfofrespondentswereunabletomatchthecelebritywiththecause.What’smore,threequartersclaimedthattheydidn’trespondtocelebrityendorsementinanyway.Thesurveyalsoshowedthatafewnamesdidstandoutasbeingassociatedwithparticularcharities.Butthepresenceofacelebrityinacampaign,wasnotasignificantfactorwhenitcametoadecisiontodonatetimeormoney.Instead,themajorityofpeoplecontributebecauseofpersonalconnectionsintheirlivesandfamilieswhichmakeacharityimportanttothem.Inanotherstudyaimedatyoungpeople,mostparticipantscitedacompelling(無(wú)法抗拒的)missionastheirmainmotivationtogive.Thesecondmostimportantincentivewasifafriendorpeerrecommendedsupportingaparticularcause.Onlytwopercentofrespondentssaidtheyweremotivatedbycelebrityendorsement.Thisseemstocontradictthegeneralassumptionthatteenagersareparticularlyinfluencedbyfamouspeople.Onepossibleexplanationisthatthereisageneralfatigue(疲倦)withcelebrityculture.Thereisalsoasuspicionthatthestarsaretheonewhobenefitmostwhentheyoffertodocharitywork.Somecriticshaveaccusedthatcelebritiesmightactuallytakeattentionawayfromissuesbyattractingmoreattentionthanthecausestheyrepresent.Sotakingalltheseissuesintoaccount,isittimeforcharitiestorethinktheircampaignstrategiesandlookforalternativewaystoreachnewaudiences?Whicheverpointofviewyoufavour,thereseemstobeopportunitiesformoreresearchintohowcharitycampaignsmightdeveloprelationshipswithcelebritiestomaximisetheirpotential.Thisinturnwillopenupmoreengagement,andbettertargetedcampaigns-whichcanonlybenefitthosewhoreallymatter—thepeopleandanimalsthatareinneedofassistance.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tangible”inparagraphIprobablymean?A.Definite. B.Complicated. C.Limited. D.Temporary.2.Accordingtothepassage,mostpeoplecontributetocharitiesbecause________.A.theygainbenefitfromthecharitiesB.theyareforcedtofinishanecessarytaskC.theybelieveinthefamouspeopletheylikeD.theyareinspiredbythepeoplearoundthem3.Thethirdparagraphismainlyabout________.A.whatcelebritiesachieveindoingcharitiesB.HowyoungpeoplereacttocelebritycultureC.whyyoungpeoplearehardlyinfluencedbycelebritiesD.whoistoblamefortakingattentionawayfromcharities4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardscelebritydoingcharities?A.Objective. B.Positive.C.Negative. D.Unclear.2Inpreviousrecessions(經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退),billionaireswerehitalongwiththerestofus;ittookalmostthreeyearsforForbes’s400richestpeopletorecoverfromlossescausedin2008’sGreatRecession.Butinthecoronavirusrecessionof2020,mostbillionaireshavegottenricherthaneverbefore.BillionairesincreasedtheirnewbillionsjustasmillionsofotherAmericansranintoterriblefinancialproblems.Morethan20millionpeoplelosttheirjobsatthestartofthepandemic.Foodbanksacrossthecountryarepreparingforanothergreatincreaseindemand.WhyareAmericanbillionairesdoingsowellwhilesomanyotherAmericanssuffer?Peoplemayfindpartofthereasonsfromthefollowingfact.Stocks(股票)areoverwhelminglyownedbythewealthy,andthestockmarkethasrecoveredfromitsearly-pandemicdepthsmuchmorequicklythanotherpartsoftheeconomy.Butsomebillionairesarealsobenefitingfromeconomicandtechnologicaltrendsthatwereacceleratedbythepandemic.AmongthesearetheownersandinvestorsofretailgiantslikeAmazon,Walmart,Target,DollarTreeandDollarGeneral,whichhavereportedhugeprofitsthisyearwhilemanyoftheirsmallercompetitorsweredefeatedcompletelyasthecoronavirusspread.ThentherearecompaniesthathavebetontherapiddigitizationofeverythingEricYuan,thechiefexecutiveofZoom,becameabillionairein2019.Nowheisworthalmost$20billion.DanGilbert,thechairmanofQuickenLoans,wasworthlessthan$7billioninMarch,nowhecommandsmorethan$43billion.Butthereisagreatdealofstratification(層化)evenamongbillionaires—richerbillionairesgotevenricherin2020thanthepooreronesdid.JeffBezos,Amazon’sfunder,wasworthabout$113billionatthestartofthepandemic.Nowheisworth$182billion.Twoyearsago,Bezoswastheonly“centibillionaire”onearth—thetrendyneologism(anewword)forpeoplewhosewealthexceeds(超過(guò))￥100billion.5.Whatdoestheauthormainlytellusinthepassage?A.FoodbanksarenotenoughintheUnitedStates.B.Therichestkeptgettingrichereveninthepandemic.C.Thestockmarketrecoveredbeforethepandemicstarted.D.400richestpeoplerecoveredfromlossesinthepandemic.6.Whatis“partofthereasons”thatisimpliedinParagraph2?A.TheAmericaninequality.B.Therecoveryofstockmarket.C.Theeffectofthepandemic.D.Thefoodshortageacrossthecountry.7.Whatisoneofthechangesduringthepandemic?A.Thedeclineofdigitalgames.B.Moremoneylenttopeoplebybanks.C.Thetrendoftechnologyacceleration.D.Highprofitearnedbysmallercompanies.8.Whydoestheauthorreferto“centibillionaire”asa“neologism”?A.Itisanewtitleinthestockmarketaftertherecession.B.Itisanewwayofsolutiontopovertythroughtheworld.C.Itisanewlyestablishedcompanyduringthepandemic.D.Itisanewtermforpeoplewhosewealthexceeds$100billion.3HaveyoueverheardaboutBlackFridayandCyberMonday?Surely,theyareallaboutfindingthebestdealsonholidaygiftsforyourselfandfamilymembers.AndhaveyouheardaboutGivingTuesday?Hereissomethingaboutit!GivingTuesdayisobservedannuallyontheTuesdayafterThanksgiving,whichencouragespeopletohelpthoseinneedbymakingfinancialdonationsordoinggoodintheirlocalcommunity.The“GlobalDayofGiving”wasstartedin2012byNewYorkCitynonprofit92ndStreetYandtheUnitedNationsFoundation.UnlikeBlackFriday,GivingTuesdayservesamorealtruisticpurpose.Initsfirstyear,themovementbroughtinalmost$10millionforcharities,andthingshaveonlyimprovedsince.In2019,manyGivingTuesdaysocialmediacampaignsworldwidehelpedraiseanamazing$1.9billionfrom27milliondonors!Overthepastfiveyears,manyhighereducationinstitutionshavealsobeenusingtheTuesdayafterThanksgivingtoaskalumnifordonations.In2019,theUniversityofMichigan,whichcallsitBlueday,received5887giftstotalingover$4million,whilePennsylvaniaStateUniversityraised$710000tobenefitover85Universityprograms.Thoughdonatingmoneycertainlyhelps,therearemanyotherwaystosupportthegreatcause,especiallyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Youcanvideotutorkidsstrugglingwithonlinelearning,orteamupwithanadulttogetgroceriesormedicationsforanelderlyneighbor.Alternatively,callonyourpeerstohelpyouwithaserviceprojectthataddressesanissueclosetoyourheart,orpickonefromtheseveralideassuggestedontheGivingTuesdaywebsite.Youcanalsodonateyourgently-usedclothesandtoystolocalshelters,ormailahandwrittennotetoagrandparentorafriendyoumissseeing.WhatareyougoingtodotomakeapositivedifferenceinyourcommunityonGivingTuesday?Letusknowbyaddingyourcommentsbelow!9.WhydoestheauthormentionBlackFridayandCyberMondayinParagraph1?A.Tomakeacomparison. B.Toleadtothetopic.C.Toarousereaders’interest. D.Toexpresshisdoubt.10.What’stheaimofGivingTuesday?A.Topromotethedevelopmentofeconomy. B.Toattractpeopletobuymoreholidaygifts.C.Tocallonmoreuniversitiestodonatemoney. D.Toencouragepeopletohelpthoseinneed.11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”inParagraph3mean?A.Selfless. B.General. C.Specific. D.Complex.12.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A.Wherepeoplecanoffertheirkindhelp. B.WhatpeoplecandoonGivingTuesday.C.HowpeoplecanstaysafeduringCOVID-19. D.Whypeopleneedtosupportthegreatcause.4Morgan’sWonderland,locatedinSanAntonio,Texas,isathemeparkmainlyintendedformentallyorphysicallydisabledchildren.TheparkwasbuiltbyGordonHartman,aformerrealestate(房地產(chǎn))developer.Thecreationoftheparkwasinspiredbyhisdaughter,Morgan,whosuffersfromseverecognitivedelayandphysicalchallenges.Theworld’sfirstultra-accessiblefamilyfunpark,Morgan’sWonderlandopenedinthespringof2010.Admissionforguestswithspecialneedsisfree,andfeesforthegeneralpublicaresetatamuchdiscountedpricesothatpeopleofallagesandabilitiescancometogetherandplayinafunandsafeenvironment.Completelywheelchair-accessible,theparkfeatures25acresofattractionsincludingrides,playgrounds,acatch-and-releasefishinglake,andpicnicareasthroughoutthepark.Theridesarecustom-designedtoaccommodatewheelchairriderssothateveryfamilymembercanenjoythefun.TheadaptedridesincludetheOff-RoadAdventure,whereguestscantesttheirdrivingskillsinsportyvehicles.Moreover,eachvisitorisofferedtheoptiontowearaGPSAdventureBand,whichallowsthemtokeeptrackofeachotherwhileinthepark.Thebandalsoenablesthemtotakepartinelectronicactivities.Forexample,whentheridersscanthebandattheOff-RoadAdventure,aphotowillbetakenandsenttotheiremail.InJune2017,Morgan’sWonderlandcelebratedtheopeningofMorgan’sInspirationIsland.ThenewexpansioniscomposedoffivethemedsplashpadsandaRiverBoatAdventureRide.Thewheelchairguestscanbemovedoutoftheirchairsintounique,waterproofchairsandenjoythesplashparkwithoutriskingdamagetotheirpersonalwheelchairs.“Morgantaughtmethatthere’smoretolifeinmanywaysthanwhatIsawbefore,”saidHartman.“TheblessingthatMorganhasbroughtisbeyondanythingthatIevercouldhaveimaginedandcouldexplain.”13.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ThenewadditiontoMorgan’sWonderland.B.Theestablishmentandfeaturesofaspecialthemepark.C.TheadvancedtechnologicaldevicesinMorgan’sWonderlandD.Theneedsofpeoplewhosufferfromphysicalandmentaldisabilities.14.Whatdoes“ultra-accessible”inthesecondparagraphimply?A.It’seasyforallvisitorstousethefacilities.B.Admissionisfreeforpeopleyoungandold.C.Wheelchairsareprovidedforeveryfeaturedattraction.D.Morgan’sWonderlandissituatedinaconvenientlocation.15.Whatdoestheparkprovidetopreventpersonalwheelchairsfrombeingdamaged?A.SafeBoats. B.Water-resistantcloth. C.GPSbands. D.Specialchairs.16.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutMorgan’sWonderland?A.Waterproofchairsenablevisitorstowonderalloverthepark.B.Morgan’sInspirationIslandincludes25acresofattractions.C.ThesuccessoftheparkisexactlywhatMorganintendedtoachieve.D.GPSbandsallowvisitorstoenjoytheconvenienceoftheelectronicdevices.5Notlongago,LindaKhanwassittingbyahospitalbedinHouston,feelingillatease.Besideherlayherfatherwhoneededaheartsurgery.Thetwoofthemhadengagedinnothingbutdepressingsmallta