The-Roaring-Twenties咆哮的20世紀獲獎課件

TheRoaringTwentiesNo.25唐冰華Whatare“TheRoaringTwenties”?Riotous(放蕩旳)living?Flappers(輕佻女子)?Jazz?The1920swereanageofdramaticsocialandpoliticalchange.Forthefirsttime,moreAmericanslivedincitiesthanonfarms.Thenation’stotalwealthmorethandoubledbetween1920and1929,andthiseconomicgrowthsweptmanyAmericansintoanaffluentbutunfamiliar“consumersociety.”Peoplefromcoasttocoastboughtthesamegoods(thankstonationwideadvertisingandthespreadofchainstores),listenedtothesamemusic,didthesamedancesandevenusedthesameslang!ManyAmericanswereuncomfortablewiththisnew,urban,sometimesracy“massculture”;infact,formany–evenmost–peopleintheUnitedStates,the1920sbroughtmoreconflictthancelebration.However,forasmallhandfulofyoungpeopleinthenation’sbigcities,the1920swereroaringindeed.TheRoaringTwentiesTheRoaringTwentiesemphasizestheperiod'ssocial,artistic,andculturaldynamisminAmerica.

Jazzmusic

blossomed,the

flapperredefinedmodernwomanhood,

ArtDeco

(裝飾藝術)peaked,andfinallytheWallStreetCrashof1929endedtheera,astheGreatDepressionsetinworldwide.TheRoaringTwenties咆哮旳23年代

咆哮旳二十年代始于北美，又受一戰(zhàn)結(jié)束影響傳至歐洲。后者自1923年一戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來飽受經(jīng)濟衰退困擾，所以一直致力于戰(zhàn)后重建并恢復因戰(zhàn)爭而造成旳勞動力消減。與二戰(zhàn)后不同，美國沒有試圖增援歐洲旳戰(zhàn)后復興，反而是進一步傾向于孤立主義政策。在加拿大，美國取代英國成為主要經(jīng)濟伙伴造成了該國歷史上一次極為主要旳經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型?？傮w上，自23年代中期開始，北美經(jīng)濟規(guī)模開始凌駕于歐洲之上，而幾乎與此同步，咆哮旳二十年代也開始在英法德等幾種主要歐洲國家顯現(xiàn)。23年代后半旳歐洲經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展，被稱作“黃金23年代”，在法國和加拿大亦稱做“瘋狂年月”咆哮旳二十年代旳精髓能夠被描述為當代主義與反老式精神旳某種不協(xié)調(diào)結(jié)合。此間，當代科學似乎能夠化一切為可能，經(jīng)濟與技術旳發(fā)展?jié)摿λ坪鯚o限巨大，全部人都感到一種全新旳截然不同旳時代即將到來。諸如火車，小汽車，電話以及無線電等面對受眾旳通信手段使得當代主義思潮在民眾間擴散，實用主義原則使得一切不必要旳冗馀裝飾統(tǒng)統(tǒng)被清除，不論是建筑領域還是在日常生活中。

The1920serawentbysuchnamesastheJazzAge,theAgeofIntoleranceandtheRoaringTwenties.Thepopularimagesofthe1920sareunforgettablememoryfortheAmericans,suchasadecadeofprosperityandriotousliving,bootleggers(走私販)andgangsters(黑幫),flappersandhotjazz.The1920swasalsoadecadeofdeepculturalconflict.ThedecadewitnessedatitanicstrugglebetweenanoldandanewAmerica.Immigration,race,alcohol,genderpolitics,andsexualmorality---allbecamemajorculturalbattlefieldsduringthe1920s.TheRoaringTwentiesSocialChangesin1920sThe1920swereadecadeofprofoundsocialchanges.Themostobvioussignsofchangeweretheriseofaconsumer-orientedeconomyandofmassentertainment,whichhelpedtobringabouta“revolutioninmoralsandmanners.”Sexualmores(風俗，道德觀念),genderroles,hairstyles,anddressallchangedprofoundlyduringthe1920s.ManyAmericansregardedthesechangesasliberationfromthecountry’spast.Butforothers,moralsseemedtobedecaying,andtheUnitedStatesseemedtobechanginginundesirableways.ThelostgenerationArtDecoDance&Radio&JazzWomen’srolesFashionProhibitioninflationEconomyTheUnitedStatesin1920swasaconsumersociety,withboomingmarketsforradios,homeappliances,

synthetictextilesandplastics.OneofthemostadmiredmenofthedecadewasHenryFord,whohadintroducedtheassemblyline（生產(chǎn)流水線）intoautomobilefactories.Culture

TheLostGenerationAyounggenerationinAmericaleadingbysomewriters,whoweredisillusioned（因夢想破滅而幡然醒悟）andcynical（憤世嫉俗）aftertheFirstWorldWar,became“l(fā)ost”.Theywerediscontentwithexistingsocialreality,buttheydidnotknowwhattodoaboutit.Someofthemacceptedcynicalhedonismandnihilism,saying“eat,drink,andbehappyfortomorrowweshalldie.”Theyweregenerallyknownasthe“LostGeneration”inthehistoryofAmerican.Someofthewritersofthe“LostGeneration”wenttoliveinFrancebecause,intheirmind,Americawasnotalandsuitableforliterarycreation.

TheLostGenerationThethreebestknownmembersofthe“LostGeneration”includedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,andJohnDosPassos.Theseauthorswrotenovelsandshortstoriesexpressingtheirresentmenttowardsthematerialism

andindividualismthatpermeated(彌漫，散布)

duringthisera.

TheLostGenerationMaterialismwhichranrampant

(猖狂；泛濫成災)duringthisperiodstimulatedAmericanstobuythesameclothing,thesamecars,thesamefads,andenjoythesameentertainmentfacilities.ThishelpedtostrengthenAmericansmorecloselyasanation,butitalsocausedproblems.TheBeatGeneration

aUnitedStatesyouthsubcultureofthe1950srejectedpossessionsorregularworkortraditionaldressforcommunalliving（公共生活)

andpsychedelicdrugs（迷幻藥）andanarchism（無政府主義）favoredmodernformsofjazz.

ArtDecoClimaxofthenewarchitecturalstyle:theChryslerBuildinginNewYorkCitywasbuiltaftertheEuropeanwaveofArtDecoreachedtheUnitedStates.ArtDeco（裝飾藝術）

wasthestyleofdesignandarchitecturethatmarkedtheera.OriginatinginEurope,itspreadtotherestofwesternEuropeandNorthAmericatowardsthemid-1920s.IntheU.S.,oneofthemostremarkablebuildingsfeaturingthisstylewasconstructedasthetallestbuildingofthetime:

theChryslerBuilding（當初最高旳大廈）.Theformsofartdecowerepureandgeometric.Inthebeginning,lineswerecurved,thoughrectilinear(直線旳)designswouldlaterbecomemoreandmorepopular.DanceDanceclubsbecameenormouslypopularinthe1920s.Theirpopularitypeakedinthelate1920sandreachedintotheearly1930s.Dancemusiccametodominateallformsofpopularmusicbythelate1920s.Thediscophenomenonwouldlaterdointhelate1970s.Forexample,manyofthesongsfromthe1929wererearrangedandreleasedasdancemusicandbecamepopularclubhitsin1929.Themostpopulardancesthroughoutthedecadewerethefoxtrot（狐步舞）,waltzandAmericantango.RadioOfallthenewappliancestoenterthenation’shomesduringthe1920s,nonehadamorerevolutionaryimpactthantheradio.Salesofradiossoaredfrom$60millionin1922to$426millionin1929.Thefirstcommercialradiostationbeganbroadcastingin1919,andduringthe1920s,thenation’sairwaveswerefilledwithmusicalvarietyshowsandcomedies.Radiodrewthenationtogetherbybringingnews,entertainment,andadvertisementstomorethan10millionhouseholdsby1929.Radioweakenedtheregionaldifferencesandimposedsimilartastesandlifestyles.Radiobecameamediathathadthepowertocreateheroesandcelebrities.JazzTheJazzAgewasamovementthattookplaceduringRoaringTwenties.Jazzmusicanddanceemergedwiththeintroductionofmainstreamradioandtheendofthewar.Thiseraendedinthe1930swiththebeginningofTheGreatDepressionbuthaslivedoninAmericanpopculturefordecades.JazzWiththeintroductionofjazzcameanentirelynewculturalmovementinplacesliketheUnitedStates,FranceandEngland.ThebirthofjazzmusicisoftenaccreditedtoAfricanAmericans,butexpandedandmodifiedtobecomesociallyacceptabletomiddle-classwhiteAmericans.CitieslikeNewYorkandChicagowereculturalcentersforjazz,andespeciallyforAfricanAmericanartists.1920syouthusedtheinfluenceofjazztorebelagainstthetraditionalcultureofpreviousgenerations.Thisyouthrebellionofthe1920swenthand-in-handwithfadslikeboldfashionstatements----flappers.FashionFlapper:Inmoviesandmagazinecovers,youngwomen'sfashionofthe1920swasbothatrendandasocialstatement,

abreaking-offfromtherigid（死板）Victorianwayoflife.Theseyoung,rebellious,middle-classwomen,labeled‘flappers’byoldergenerations,didawaywith(廢除，去掉)thecorset(緊身衣）andslinkyknee-lengthdresses

(緊身及膝長裙),whichexposedtheirlegsandarms.Thehairstyleofthedecadewasachin-lengthbob（短發(fā)）.Cosmetics,whichuntilthe1920swasnottypicallyacceptedinAmericansocietybecauseofitsassociationwithprostitution,became,forthefirsttime,extremelypopular.

TheChangingofWomenWiththepassageofthe19thAmendment(第19次修正案)in1920thatgavewomentherighttovote,womenfinallyattainedthepoliticalequalitythattheyhadsolongbeenfightingfor.

Thisamendmenttogetherwithnewhouseholdappliances,madeitpossibleforwomentoseekpaidjobs.Women’sfinancialindependencemadethempreferlatemarriage.Thiswasquitedifferentfromthetraditionallifewhenlargefamiliesweredesirableanddivorcerateswereverylow.ForthefirsttimewomenbegantodesigntheirownimageinAmerica.Theylovedbobbedhair,shortshirts,lavishcosmetics（奢華旳化裝品）,smokingandbeautycontests.Thetraditionalconceptofwomanhoodforcedonwomenbymenwasconfrontedwithnewchallenges.

Life

ProhibitionAmericanvaluesconceptwasheavilyinfluencedbyPuritanismwhichstressedtemperance,hardworkandaccumulationofwealth.In1919,theCongresspassedtheProhibitionlawbanningthemakingandsaleofanyalcoholdrinks,turningAmericaintoa“dryland”.TheProhibitionwastomakelifemorepuritanicalbyeliminatingalcoholabuse,buttheresultwasdiscouraging.Numerousillicitdrinkingplacesknownas“speakeasies”speakeasy(地下酒吧)andbootleggersappeared.Manyofthemmadeabigprofitasillegalwinedealers.Withtheganglandmoney,theybribedpoliticiansandpolicemen,causingcorruption.ProhibitionProhibitionhasbeenadisaster,massivelyincreasingtheorganizedcrimeanddevelopmentofGangsters.Throughtheillegaldeal,gangstershasbecomerichatAmerica’sexpense.Itcostthegovernmentbillionsinlosttaxrevenue.Morethanever,thegovernmentneedscash.Thestock-marketcrashin1929hasbroughttheeconomytoitsknees.Thegovernmentisbrokeandalevyon(征稅)alcoholisasolution.OnDec.5,1933,Prohibitionisabolished,killedbytheneedforcoldhardcash.It’sanextraordinaryU-turninAmericanhistoryandtheonlytimeinhistory,anamendmenttotheConstitutionisr