初中英語語法梳理

初中英語語法梳理前言習(xí)得語言需要自然的語境，那么，脫離了自然的語境，該如何學(xué)好一門外國的語言呢？國內(nèi)外學(xué)者通過占有盡可能多的自然語料，建立語料庫，分析語料，描述出一套系統(tǒng)的語言使用規(guī)律，從而方便外語學(xué)習(xí)者更好更快地掌握一門語言。因此，對于把英語作為外語的我們來說，了解英語語法是十分必要亦是十分有效的，是我們說出或者寫出正確語句的基礎(chǔ)，再反復(fù)強(qiáng)化模擬練習(xí)，碰到真實(shí)的語境就能夠檢驗(yàn)了。英語語法研究的對象是句子，具體來說是用詞造句的規(guī)律，我們認(rèn)識英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)及其變化，從簡單句、復(fù)合句到變化句型，最終能夠融會于英語的聽、說、讀、寫運(yùn)用中去。英語語法中所涉及到的術(shù)語，只需顧名思義地理解，切勿看作增加學(xué)習(xí)難度的障礙，初學(xué)階段不必細(xì)究。簡單句（TheSimpleSentence）簡單句是初級階段要掌握的層次，是最重要的，是復(fù)合句以及變化句型等一切的基礎(chǔ)。主要介紹簡單句的五種基本句型。簡單句由基本詞類構(gòu)成，包括主干部分和修飾部分，主干部分有名詞詞組、動詞詞組，修飾部分有形容詞、副詞、介詞詞組。名詞詞組部分涉及前置限定詞（冠詞、數(shù)詞、代詞）與名詞結(jié)合的用法。動詞詞組部分涉及動詞的變化，包括時(shí)態(tài)（8個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)）、語態(tài)（主動和被動）、語氣（情態(tài)助動詞）。復(fù)合句（TheCompoundandComplexSentence）運(yùn)用連接詞結(jié)合兩個(gè)以上的簡單句就構(gòu)成了復(fù)合句。并列連接詞對等的簡單句就構(gòu)成了compoundsentence。簡單句的成分是句子（從屬連接詞語連接）就構(gòu)成了complexsentence。人稱代詞表格人稱和數(shù)主格賓格所有格反身（格）（形容詞）（名詞）一單Imemyminemyself復(fù)weusouroursourselves二單youyouyouryoursyourself復(fù)youyouyouryoursyourselves三單he/she/ithim/her/ithis/her/itshis/hers/itshimself/herself/itself復(fù)theythemtheirtheirsthemselves主格就是主語的形式，賓格就是賓語的形式，所有格就是所有關(guān)系的形式。代詞所有格辨析所有格（形容詞），也稱作形容詞性物主代詞，“誰的”所有格（名詞），也稱作名詞性物主代詞，相當(dāng)所有格（形容詞）+名詞，“誰的……”Thisismydictionary.His(=Hisdictionary)isinthebag.Theblackoneisyourpenandtheblueoneismine(=mypen).反身代詞固定搭配不定代詞辨析G1用法含義一些肯定some否定、疑問anyG2范圍含義全，都（∩）或者，任一（∪）全都不（┐∩）兩者botheitherneither三者及以上allanynone注意：any有兩種基本含義，一為“一些“，二為“任何“。G3數(shù)含義一個(gè)/一些另一個(gè)/另一些兩者剩下的一個(gè)/兩部分剩下的一些單數(shù)oneanothertheother復(fù)數(shù)someother，othersTheother,theothersothers=other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothers=theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞G4限定對象含義許多少許（肯定）少許（否定）復(fù)數(shù)名詞（cn.plural）manyafewfew不可數(shù)名詞（un.）muchalittlelittleG5數(shù)用法泛指同類不同物指代同一事物特指同類不同物單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞oneitthat復(fù)數(shù)名詞onesthemthoseIlovetheredonebestofalltheclothesontheracks.Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Thereareallkindsofshoesintheshop.Ilovetheblackones.Thepriceofaphoneislowerthanthatofacomputer.ThechildrenbooksinChinaarenotasgoodasthoseinAmerica.基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞變化規(guī)則1,2,3,5,9特殊變化20,30,40…變y為ie-th其他-th基數(shù)詞one,two,threefive,ninetwenty,thirty,thirtyfour序數(shù)詞first,second,third,fifth,ninthtwentieth,thirtieth,fortiethfourth名詞的分類專有名詞人、地、物、團(tuán)體、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。如：Beijing,Tom,thePeople’sRepublicofChina,theGreatWall,theGreens。普通名詞可數(shù)名詞（有單復(fù)數(shù)，不可分割）如：boy，family不可數(shù)名詞（無單復(fù)數(shù)，可以分割）如：milk，peace名詞名詞普通名詞專有名詞普通名詞專有名詞不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化I.規(guī)則變化例詞1一般-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-days2（以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾）-esbus-buses,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3（以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾），變y為i-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities4（以-f或-fe結(jié)尾）變f/fe為v-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives其他-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs5（以o結(jié)尾）-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes”黑人英雄吃土豆和西紅柿”其他-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos,volcano-volcanoes/volcanosII.不規(guī)則變化例詞1改變元音字母man-men,woman-women,child-children,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen2單復(fù)同形Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,Portuguese,fish,sheep,deer,series,means,species3單復(fù)數(shù)詞義不同customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),sands(沙灘),papers(文件),manners(禮貌),brains(頭腦),ruins(廢墟)4集體名詞只用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff用作單數(shù)（整體）或復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class,family,audience,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party5合成名詞主體名詞變復(fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by（無主體名詞時(shí)）后面部分變復(fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches兩部分都變復(fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservants名詞所有格’s構(gòu)成所有格構(gòu)成以s結(jié)尾加’Dickens’novels,Charles’job,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有關(guān)系Tom’sandJerry’smoms表示共有的所有關(guān)系TomandJerry’smom用法表示＂家＂＂店＂等場所thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s表示時(shí)間、地方、距離、重量、價(jià)值等的名詞today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday,thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry，amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapplesof構(gòu)成所有格1無生命的事物thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook2較長定語修飾的有生命的事物theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents3名詞化的詞thestruggleoftheoppressed雙重所有格可以省略重復(fù)的名詞我的幾本/許多書some/manybooksofmine（=mybooks）我爸爸的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ)/onefriendofmyfather’s(friends)形容詞、副詞形容詞和副詞可以看作一對孿生兄弟，跟隨不同的老板，形容詞輔佐名詞，副詞輔佐動詞。形容名詞作定語修飾名詞，副詞作狀語修飾動詞，即形名副動。限定修飾順序限定詞形容詞代詞冠詞代詞所有格序數(shù)基數(shù)評價(jià)性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀年齡新舊溫度顏色國家地區(qū)材料質(zhì)地allbothsuchthea/anthisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulexcellentlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseParissilkstoneShehaslongstraightblackhair.形、副三級（原級-比較級-最高級）變化規(guī)則（5+6）（一）規(guī)則變化例詞1一般-er,-esttall-taller-tallest,hard-harder-hardest2(以e結(jié)尾)-r,-stlarge-larger-largest,late-later-latest3(以重讀閉音節(jié)且只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾)雙寫-er,-estbig-bigger-biggest,slim-slimmer-slimmestfat-fatter-fattest,thin-thinner-thinnest4(以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾)變y為i-er,-esthappy-happier-happiest,busy-busier-busiesteasy-easier-easiest,early-earlier-earliest5（部分雙音節(jié)及多音節(jié)詞）前加more,mostpopular-morepopular-mostpopular,comfortably-morecomfortably-mostcomfortably（二）不規(guī)則變化例詞好壞good/well-better-bestbad/badly-worse-worst多少many/much-more-mostlittle-less-least老old-older-oldest-elder-eldest(定語)遠(yuǎn)far-farther-farthest-further-furthest（抽象）1.as+原級+1.as+原級+as“和……一樣”O(jiān)urroomisasbigastheirs.Sheworksashardaswe.2.notas/soas+原級+as“不如……”O(jiān)urroomisnotas/sobigastheirs.Shedoesnotworkas/sohardaswe.3.倍數(shù)+as+原級+as表示倍數(shù)Ourroomistwiceasbigastheirs.Sheworksseveraltimesashardaswe.1.比較級+than“1.比較級+than“比……更”O(jiān)urroomisbiggerthantheirs.Sheworksharderthanwe.2.The+比較級①…，the+比較級②…“越……就越……”Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.Themoretreesweplant,themorebeautifulourcitywillbecome.3.比較級and比較級“越來越……”Nowadaysourlifeisbecomingbetterandbetter.Fastfoodisgettingmoreandmorepopular.注意：注意：①比較級不能重疊，可用much,alot,far,alittle,倍數(shù)等修飾HeismoremuchtallerthanI.HeworksmorealittleharderthanI.②比較對象不能重疊Iamtallerthananyotherstudentinourclass.Heworksharderanyotherboyinhisclass.③比較對象要對等Ourroomisbiggerthanthey/themtheirs.Mary’stestscoreisbetterthanI/memine.1.最高級+范圍1.最高級+范圍Heisthetallestofus.Heworks(the)hardestinourclass.ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.2.oneof+最高級+范圍TabletennisisoneofthemostpopularsportsinChina.TheSpringFestivalisoneofthemostimportantfestivalsinChina.3.序數(shù)詞+最高級+范圍Chinaisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld.YellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.介詞賓語介詞，就是中介，表示詞與詞之間的關(guān)系。把介詞比作鬼魂，沒有軀體，只能依附于名詞（包括動名詞），構(gòu)成介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.介詞分類1簡單介詞about,across,against,among,at,below,beyond,during,in,on,with…2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4雙重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween，acrossfrom5分詞介詞considering,including,concerning,regarding,given介詞辨析1表示時(shí)間at,on,inat表示時(shí)刻，on表示天，in表示月、季、年2表示空間at,on,inat表示在一點(diǎn)或小地方,on表示在面上，in表示在空間里或大地方3on,above,overon表示在接觸面上，above相對點(diǎn)以上（包括海拔、零度以上）(反義詞below)，over在……正上（反義詞under）4in,on,toin在范圍內(nèi)，on相鄰，to在范圍外5in(front)ofinfrontof“在……前面”，inthefrontof“在……前部”6through，acrossthrough表示從空間通過，across表示在表面通過7between，amongbetween表示在兩者之間，among于三者或以上中間8besides,exceptbesides“除了……還有”,except指“除去……不算”(不放句首)10“用”in,withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音固定搭配atatfirst,atlast,atleast,atmost,atonce,atthesametimeattheageof18ononvacation,ontime,ontheleft/right,onfoot,online,onsale,onthestreet,ontheway,ontheradioininall,inshort,insummary,inaword,intime,intheend,indanger八大時(shí)態(tài)（時(shí)態(tài)就是時(shí)間決定動詞的形態(tài)）動詞的形態(tài)要隨著時(shí)間而變化，把握時(shí)間標(biāo)志和動詞的變化是掌握時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。完成進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)行一般一般將來現(xiàn)在過去將來現(xiàn)在過去過去將來過去將來一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(SimplePresentTense)含義:表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段的發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+do/doestoday,everytoday,everyday/week/month/year,never,hardly,sometimes,often,usually,always,once/twice/threetimes…aweek/month/year動詞形式動詞原形（用do表示）和動詞三單（用does表示）變化動詞三單形式does變化規(guī)則一般過去時(shí)態(tài)(SimplePastTense)含義：表示過去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+didyesterday,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastday/week/month/year,threedaysago,justnow,in2008動詞形式：動詞過去式(用did表示)動詞過去式did變化規(guī)則（一）規(guī)則變化例詞一般加-edplay-played,look-looked,start-started（以e結(jié)尾）加-dlive-lived,hope-hoped,like-liked(以重讀閉音節(jié)且只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾)雙寫加-edstop-stopped,plan-planned(以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾)變y為i加-edstudy-studied,carry-carried,try-tried（二）不規(guī)則變化（見下表）一般將來時(shí)態(tài)(SimpleFutureTense)含義：表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。由近及遠(yuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+will/shalldo由近及遠(yuǎn)begoingtodobetodobeabouttodobedoingtomorrow,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextday/week/month/year,inaminute,inthreedays,intenyears,inthefuture,HowsoonMyfatherwillcomebackinthreedays.Therewillbeastormtomorrow.Thestudentsaregoingtopreparefortheexamnextweek.Thereisgoingtobeamatchtomorrowafternoon.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(PresentProgressiveTense)含義：表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的活動或發(fā)生的動作。結(jié)構(gòu)：be(am,is,are)doingnow現(xiàn)在now現(xiàn)在rightnow此刻,現(xiàn)在atpresent目前，現(xiàn)在atthemoment此刻,現(xiàn)在提示語:Look!Listen!動詞形式：動詞現(xiàn)在分詞（用doing表示）動詞現(xiàn)在分詞doing的變化規(guī)則規(guī)則例詞一般加-ingdo-doing,look-looking（以e結(jié)尾）去e加-ingwrite-writing,make-making(以重讀閉音節(jié)且只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾)雙寫加-ingget-getting,begin-beginningThestudentsarelisteningtotheteachernow.Heiswritingastorythismonth/thesedays.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(PastProgressiveTense)含義：過去某時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be(was,were)doing過去將來時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)(PresentPerfectTense)含義：表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響、結(jié)果或者表示過去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+have/hasdone動詞形式：have/hasdone過去分詞done變化規(guī)則（規(guī)則變化同動詞的過去式）不規(guī)則變化動詞表（動詞原形-動詞過去式-過去分詞）情況例詞ABCdo-did-doneis-was-beenare-were-beenwrite-wrote-writtenforget-forgot-forgottenspeak-spoke-spokentake-took-takengive-gave-givenbegin-began-begungo-went-goneABBhave-had-hadmake-made-madekeep-kept-keptleave-left-leftspend-spent-spentbuild-built-builtbring-brought-broughtbuy-bought-boughtsay-said-saidsell-sold-soldABAcome-came-comerun-ran-runAAAcost-cost-costhurt-hurt-hurtput-put-put用法1影響already已經(jīng)（肯）already已經(jīng)（肯）yet已經(jīng)；還沒(疑、否句末)never從不ever曾經(jīng)（疑）before從前just剛剛…times幾次recently/lately最近sofar,bynow,uptonow到目前為止IhavealreadyseenthemovieMr.Donkey.(強(qiáng)調(diào)了解或者拒絕再看)Ihaven’tseenthemovieMr.Donkeyyet.（強(qiáng)調(diào)不了解或者想要去看）IhaveneverseenthemovieMr.Donkey.（強(qiáng)調(diào)十分不了解）HaveyoueverseenthemovieMr.Donkey（before）?HaveyouseenthemovieMr.Donkey（yet）?IhaveseenthemovieMr.Donkeyseveraltimes.（強(qiáng)調(diào)十分了解）IhaveseenthemovieMr.Donkeyrecently/lately.（強(qiáng)調(diào)有所了解）Ihaveseenmorethan100moviesuptonow.--Where’sMary?--She’sgonetoItaly.（人在B）--Hi,Mary.Longtimenosee.--Yes,I’vebeentoItaly.（人在A）用法2持續(xù)since+過去的時(shí)間since+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)“自從……”for+時(shí)間段“長達(dá)……”howlong“多久，多長時(shí)間”IhavelivedinQingdaoforthreeyears.IhavelivedinQingdaosincethreeyearsago./sinceIgraduatedfromtheuniversity.HowlonghaveyoulivedinQingdao?注意：非延續(xù)性動詞延續(xù)性動詞①become→be②buy→have③borrow→keep④join→bein⑤come/go/arrive/get→bein/at⑥leave→beaway(from…)⑦start/begin→beon⑧end/finish→beover⑨die→bedead⑩marry→bemarried過去完成時(shí)態(tài)（PastPerfectTense）（“過去的過去”）含義：表示過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+haddoneWhenIgottoschool,IrealizeditwasSunday.BythetimeIgottotheairport,myflighthadalreadytakenoff.ThemoviehadstartedbeforeIarrivedatthecinema.被動語態(tài)(PassiveVoice)含義：表示主語跟動詞是被動關(guān)系。結(jié)構(gòu):be+done變化結(jié)構(gòu)(對be下手)1一般現(xiàn)在am/is/are+done2一般過去was/were+done3一般將來willbe+done4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行am/is/arebeing+done5現(xiàn)在完成have/hasbeen+done6含情態(tài)動詞can/may/must…+doneThephonewasinventedbyAlexanderGrahamBellin1876.ThesubwayinQingdaowillbefinishedinafewyears.Teenagersshouldbeallowedtomaketheirowndecisions.解題：一換主賓，二變動詞，三加bySVOO的被動結(jié)構(gòu)（兩個(gè)賓語，兩種被動）Myfatherboughtmeabook.Iwasboughtabookbymyfather.Abookwasboughtformebymyfather.SVOC的被動結(jié)構(gòu)（一感二聽三讓四看半幫）Hemadeuslaugh.Weweremadetolaughbyhim.1.句子不出現(xiàn)主語，一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…2.主動形式表示被動意義：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut.Theclotheswasheswell.Thebooksellswell.3.沒有被動態(tài)的詞或詞組：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,appear,happen,takeplace,occur,belongto,agreewith,consistof等情態(tài)助動詞有哪些？詞義原形過去式（語氣委婉）同義詞組能夠；可能cancouldbeableto可以；也許maymight必須；一定musthaveto將要；應(yīng)該shallshouldoughtto將要；愿意willwould需要need最好hadbetter寧愿wouldrather結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)助動詞+動詞原形用法：1.must1.must肯定推測“一定”（可能性大）Lookatthefamilyphoto.Yourparentsmustloveyouverymuch.2.can’t否定推測“不可能，一定不”（沒有可能）JoehasgonetoGermany.Hecan’tbeatschool.3.may/might/could一般推測“可能”（可能性?。㊣tmaybeMary’sband,oritmightbelongtoLucy.Theybothhaveone.1.Must/Need…?1.Must/Need…?必須做……嗎？-Must/NeedIfinishtheworkinaday?-Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto.2.Can/May/Could…?可以做……嗎？-Can/May/CouldIborrowyourmoney?-Yes,youcan./No,youcan’t.主謂一致語法一致原則謂語動詞的形式取決于主語的數(shù)，要跟主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。（二）意義一致原則謂語動詞的形式取決于主語所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)意義。①時(shí)間、距離、長度、價(jià)值等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，用單數(shù)形式Athousandpoundsisalargenumber.Fivehundredmilesisalongwalkforme.②書、報(bào)、地名或組織以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)作主語，用單數(shù)形式TheUnitedStatesismadeupof50states.TheArabiansNightsisaninterestingbook.③由and連接的兩單數(shù)名詞是指同一個(gè)人、事物或不可分的整體，用單數(shù)形式Theteacherandwriterisherfriend.Knifeandfoxisusedinthewest.④thenumberof“……的數(shù)量”/thevarietyof“……的種類”,限定名詞作主語，用單數(shù)形式Thenumberofstudentsinourclassis30.⑤class,team,family,group,government，nation,world等集體名詞做主語，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；強(qiáng)調(diào)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。單復(fù)數(shù)同形的詞means,works,fish,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動詞看語境。Ourfootballteamisplayingwell.Ourfootballteamarehavingbaths.Notallmeansareused.Noteverymeansisuseful.⑥定語從句oneof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋who(that，which)，從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。one前有the（only）用單數(shù)形式。SheisoneoftheengineerswhoaregoodatEnglish.SheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisgoodatEnglish.（三）就近原則。謂語動詞形式取決于最鄰近的名詞、代詞。⑦并列主語由or,either….or,neither….nor,not…only…butalso…連接及therebe句型，就近原則。Eitherheortheyaretoblame.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherknowsaboutit.Thereisanapple,twoorangesandsomebananasontheplate.（四）就前原則。由介詞連接前后名詞，介詞前面的名詞為真正的主語。⑧有aswellas,ratherthan,like,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,including,inadditionto等介詞連接名詞。Nooneexceptyourparentsispresent.TheteacheraswellashisstudentsisgoingtovisittheGreatWall.其他特殊情況⑨pair/kind/type/sort…of+名詞作主語，謂語形式取決于這些詞。half/majority/therest/onethird/some/plenty/alot/lots/mostof+名詞作主語，謂語形式取決于名詞。Thisnewtypeofcarsisnowonshow.Allkindsofcarshavetobeovercome.Alotofstudentsarewaitinginline.Lotsofthemoneyhasbeenwasted.Morethan30percentoflandiscoveredbywater.⑩aquantityof接不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。quantitiesof后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Alargequantityofwaterisneededeveryday.Aquantityofbooksareonsalenow.Greatquantitiesofwaterareneededeveryday.Quantitiesofbooksareonsalenow.肯定句和否定句結(jié)構(gòu)：be、情態(tài)助動詞、其他助動詞肯定式否定式（直加not）Iamaboy.Iamnotaboy.Jackcanplaythepiano.Jackcannotplaythepiano.Hehasfinishedhishomework.Hehasnotfinishedhishomework.（2）實(shí)義動詞肯定式否定式（借助do/does再加not）Iloveyou.Idonotloveyou.Jacklovesplayingthepiano.Jackdoesnotloveplayingthepiano.一般疑問句(Yes/NoQuestions)含義：以Yes/No回答的疑問句。封閉式問題。結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）be、情態(tài)助動詞、其他助動詞肯定式疑問式（提前）及回答Iamaboy.--Areyouaboy?--Yes，Iam./No,I’mnot.Jackcanplaythepiano.--CanJackplaythepiano?--Yes,hecan./Nohecan’t.Hehasfinishedhishomework.--Hashefinishedhishomework?--Yes,hehas./No,hehasnot.（2）實(shí)義動詞肯定式疑問式（借助do/does提前）及回答Iloveyou.--Doyouloveme?--Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.Jacklovesplayingthepiano.--DoesJackloveplayingthepiano?--Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.特殊疑問句(Wh-Questions)含義：以疑問詞提問信息回答的疑問句。開放式問題。結(jié)構(gòu)：疑問詞+一般疑問句（不完全）疑問詞意義信息示例問答what什么事物-What’syourname?–MynameisAlice.who誰人-Whoishe?–HeisourP.E.teacher.when何時(shí)時(shí)間-Whenisyourbirthday?–ItisonMay1st.where何地地點(diǎn)-Wherewereyouborn?–IwasborninQingdao.why為什么原因-Whydoyoulikesoccer?–Becauseitisfun.how如何方式-Howisyourjobgoing?–Itisgreat.反義疑問句（TagSentences）含義：表示提問人的看法，向?qū)Ψ阶C實(shí)。

結(jié)構(gòu)：陳述部分，A+B？解題：找動詞—看肯否（前肯后否，前否后肯）—變主語回答：“實(shí)話實(shí)說”--Weallloveourparents,don’twe?--Yes,wedo.--2012wasnottheendoftheworld,wasit?--No,itwasn’t.易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)：（1）陳述部分是祈使句，問句willyou?(例外Let’s開頭的祈使句，問句shallwe?)（2）陳述部分是Therebe句型，問句be(not)there?（3）陳述部分含no,none,nothing,nobody,little,few,never,seldom,hardly,rarely等否定意義的詞時(shí),問句用肯定式。LuXunwasneverlateforschool,washe?Ithardlyrainshere,doesit?（4）陳述部分主語是everything,anything,nothing,none,this,that等，問句主語用it；陳述部分主語是everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，問句主語常用they，有時(shí)也用he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doesn'the?)感嘆句Exclamatorysentencesa/an+()+cn.單數(shù)a/an+()+cn.單數(shù)()+cn.復(fù)數(shù)()+un.結(jié)構(gòu)：What+名詞詞組+（S+V）！How+形容詞/副詞+（S+V）！如何選擇引導(dǎo)詞？一去主謂，二看詞類。Whataninterestingmanheis!Howinterestingthemanis!Howlovelytheweatheris!Whatlovelyweatheritis!Whatexcellentstudents!Howexcellentthestudentsare!祈使句含義：祈使句用來表達(dá)命令、請求、建議、勸告、禁止等。（省略主語you）結(jié)構(gòu)：肯定式以動詞原形開頭，否定式為Don’t+肯定式。PleasecallmeaComein,please.Bequiet.Don’tbringthemobilephoneatschool.Don’tbelateforclass.Letusgoforawalk.(你讓我們?nèi)ド⒉桨伞?Let’sgoforawalk.（咱們?nèi)ド⒉桨?。）表建議經(jīng)典句型三大從句主從復(fù)合句，主要包括賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句，就是連接詞引導(dǎo)從句在主句中充當(dāng)成分。送給大家一個(gè)生動的比喻，把復(fù)合句比作懷胎的母親，主句比作母體，從句比作胎兒，連接詞就比作臍帶。賓語從句含義：在復(fù)合句中，一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語，這個(gè)句子就是賓語從句。結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞+賓語從句（SVO、SVOO）賓語從句三要素（that）+陳述句連接詞if/whether“是否”+一般疑問句wh-/how~（15個(gè)）疑問詞+特殊疑問句Ibelieve…Icanfly.Ibelieve…Icanfly.Ibelieve(that)Icanfly.Iask…Willhecometomorrow?Iaskwhether/ifhewillcometomorrow.Ibelieve…Icanfly.Ibelieve(that)Icanfly.Canyoutellme…?Canyoutellme…?Whichbookdoyouprefer?Canyoutellmewhichbookyouprefer?(2)語序陳述語序，即主語+動詞疑問句作賓語從句一般要調(diào)整為陳述語序，以下幾種特殊疑問句，語序不變。①①What’swrong?/What’sthematter?/What’syourtrouble?②Whichisthewayto…?③Who引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句且who做主語。Whotoldthesecret?(3)時(shí)態(tài)主現(xiàn)從變Weknow(that)JackoftenpracticesspeakingEnglish.Jackmetrosetenyearsago.Jackwillcomebacktomorrow.Jackisdrawingapicturenow.JackhaslivedinQingdaofortenyears.主過從過Wedidn’tknow(that)JackoftenpracticedspeakingEnglish.Jackhadmetrosetenyearsago.(過去的過去是過去完成)Jackwouldcomebacktomorrow.Jackwasdrawingapicturenow.Jackhad