2024高考英語一輪復習詞匯語篇模式主題語境二人與社會Topic35語言學習教學案含作業(yè)

PAGETopic35語言學習學習內(nèi)容(LearningContent)words,phrase,idiom,saying,proverb,expression,sentence__________['str?kt??(r)]30,grammar,vocabulary,spoken,oral,written,pronunciation,composition,standard,accent,spelling,context，verbal,foreign,official,secondlanguage,________[stres]93學習資料(LearningMaterials)computer,Internet,TV,traditional,modern,newspaper,magazine,journal,pocketdictionary,entry,term,assignment,abundant學習手段(LearningMethods)practice,________[?'kwaI?(r)]12,grasp,____________[k?'mju?nIkeIt]48,overcome,________['f??k?s]109,focuson,concentrateon,attractone'sattention,pickup,lookup,makenotes,writedown,askforadvice,giveadviceon,analyze,________[dI'beIt]28,explanation,library,takein,________[rI'f??(r)]99to,________[?'tempt]48學習實踐(LearningPractice)learn...byheart,payattentionto,put...touse,haveagoodcommandof,memorize,repeat,classify,identify,skip,scan,recite,________[k?n's?lt]11,comprehension,competition,improve,instruction,takeanactivepartin,________[In'sIst]48on,differ學習成效(LearningPerformance)dowellin,achievement,prize,award,makeit,accomplish,convey意義影響(MeaningandInfluence)master,accurate,perfect,wonderful,fault,advanced,beginner,coin,mothertongue,nativespeaker,broaden,fluency,ambiguous,enlarge,meaningstructure;stress;acquire;communicate;focus;debate;refer;attempt;consult;insistfocus①(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Thecoachisabletofocusonthekidswhiletheotherparentsarerelievedtobeoffthehookforanotherseason.②Letyoureyesfocusonobjectsthatarefurtherawayfromyou.③(2024·天津高考)There'sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat'sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.(1)單句語法填空①Thechildren'sfacesare________focusinthevaluablephotograph.②Pleasefocusyourattention________thearticleyouarereading.③Ifyouwanttogetabetterview,bringtheobject________focus.答案：①in②on③into(2)單句寫作①這次訪問促使全世界關(guān)注氣候變暖問題。Thevisithelpedto____________________theclimatechange.②我們的政策是著眼于把這些地區(qū)發(fā)展起來。Ourpolicyisto____________developingtheseareas.③約翰的這張照片不清晰。ThisphotoofJohnis________________.答案：①focusworldattentionon②focuson③outoffocus(1)v.集中(留意力、精力等于)togiveattention,effort,etc.tooneparticularsubject,situationorpersonratherthananother(2)v.(使)調(diào)整焦距toadaptorbeadjustedsothatthingscanbeseenclearly;toadjuststh.sothatyoucanseethingsclearly(3)n.中心點(指人或事物)thethingorpersonthatpeoplearemostinterestedin;theactofpayingspecialattentiontosth.andmakingpeopleinterestedinitbeinfocus清晰；明確；在焦點上beout_offocus模糊；不清晰；不在焦點上bringsth.intofocus使某物清晰；使某物成為焦點focus...on...(使)凝視focusone'sattentionon...把某人的留意力集中在……上表示“集中留意力于……，致力于……”的常用短語還有：①bedevotedto②beburiedin③bebenton④concentrate...on...debate①(2024·北京高考)Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams.②(2024·江蘇高考)WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.(1)單句語法填空①Afiercedebate________thetaxcutwasgoingon.②Thegovernment________(debate)theeducationlawsnow.③Thewholequestionisstill________debate.④Whetherhedeserveswhathashappenedtohimisopen________(debate)．答案：①on②isdebating③under④todebate(2)單句寫作①Theproposalisstill____________________(在探討中)．②I________________________(和瑪麗辯論)thisquestion.答案：①underdebate②debatedwithMaryabout(1)n.辯論aformaldiscussioninwhichspeakersexpressopposingviewsandthenthereisoftenavoteontheissue(2)v.(尤指正式)探討，辯論todiscusssth.,especiallyformally,beforemakingadecisionorfindingasolutioninsist①(2024·天津高考)AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.②Ididn'twanttogobutheinsisted.(1)單句語法填空①Theteacherinsistedthathisstudents________(finish)theirhomeworkalone.②Heinsistedthathe________(do)nothingwrong.③Sheinsistedonyour________(say)“sorry”toherinpublic.答案：①finish②haddone③saying(2)單句寫作①我們都堅決要求不完工不休息。_________________________________________________________________②我堅持我們每輛車都應(yīng)當看一下。_________________________________________________________________③那人堅持說他從未偷過錢。_________________________________________________________________答案：①Weallinsistthatweshouldnotrestuntilwefinishthework.②Iinsistedthatweshouldhavealookateverycar.③Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.(1)v.堅決要求；堅持todemandthatsth.happensorthatsb.agreestodosth.(2)v.堅持說；固執(zhí)己見tosayfirmlythatsth.istrue,especiallywhenotherpeopledonotbelieveyouinsiston堅決主見insistencen.堅決要求；堅持；固執(zhí)(1)表堅持要去做某事(未做)insist＋that從句(主語＋should＋動詞原形)，should可以省略。(2)insist表示“堅持認為，堅持說”之意時，從句不用虛擬，用正常的陳述語氣。differ①Ideasonchildcaremaydifferconsiderablybetweentheparents.②Medicalopiniondiffersastohowtotreatthedisease.(1)單句語法填空①OldEnglishdiffers________theEnglishwespeaknow.②Humanfacialexpressionsdiffer________thoseofanimals________thedegreetowhichtheycanbecontrolledonpurpose.③Thesymptoms(癥狀)didnotdiffer________thetwogroups.答案：①from②from;in③between(2)單句寫作①他的觀點與其父母大相徑庭。Hisviews________considerably________thoseofhisparents.②這兩雙鞋顏色不同，大小卻一樣。Thetwopairsofshoes____________colourbutnot________size.③我和菲爾在很多事情上看法不一樣。I________________Philonmanythings.④沒有他，會影響你的工作嗎？Doeshisabsence____________________yourwork?答案：①differ;from②differin;in③differwith④makeadifferenceto(1)v.相異；有區(qū)分；不同于tobedifferentfromsb./sth.(2)v.看法相左；持不同看法；不同意todisagreewithsb.differabout(on)對某問題有異議differfrom不同于；和……不同；和……看法不一樣differin...在某方面有異議；在……方面不同differwithsb.(on/about/oversth.)不同意(某人)或某種看法differentadj.不同的；各種的bedifferentfrom與……不同bedifferentin在……方面不同differencen.差別；不同(之處)makeadifference對……有影響，使……不相同makemuch/agreat/alotofdifferenceto對……有很大的影響makeno/littledifference對……沒有影響tellthedifferencebetween...and...說出……的區(qū)分convey①Understandingyourownneedsandstylesofcommunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.②Yourluggagewillbeconveyedtothehotelbytaxi.(1)依據(jù)漢語提示填空①Whentheinformationistobe________(傳遞)overanydistance,acommunicationsystemisrequired.②Pipes________(輸送)hotwaterfromtheboilertotheradiators.答案：①conveyed②convey(2)單句語法填空①Thepieceofinformationforvictorywasconveyed________thecountry.②Themessage________(convey)hereisclear：“Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.”答案：①to②conveyed(3)單句寫作①那一刻，語言無法表達我的情感。Atthatmomentwordscouldn't________________________.②可怕的地震過后，政府運輸人們?nèi)テ桨驳牡胤?。Aftertheterribleearthquake,thegovernment________________________.答案：①conveymyemotion②conveyedpeopletoasaferplace(1)v.表達，傳遞(思想、感情等)tomakeideas,feelings,etc.knowntosb.(2)v.傳送；運輸；輸送totake,carryortransportsb./sth.fromoneplacetoanotherconveyone'sfeelings/meanings/appreciation/affection/emotions表達某人的感情/意思/感謝/寵愛/情感conveysth.to_sb.向某人表達/傳遞某物conveysb./sth.from_A_to_B把某人或某物從A地運輸?shù)紹地Ⅰ.閱讀(2024·上海松江區(qū)高三第一學期期末質(zhì)控)LearningEnglishVideoProject1.EncountersintheUK(17minutes)WatchCommentsEncountersintheUKisthefirstfilminthisdocumentarymini-series.IttellsthestoryoffourgirlsfromdifferentcountrieswhotraveltoCambridgeinEnglandtostudyEnglishandstaywithlocalfamiliesinwhatiscalleda“homestay”arrangement.Forthefourgirlsthehomestayarrangementisapositiveexperience.Asoneofthehomestayhostsexplains:“It'sgoingtobeagreatexperience,notonlyintermsoflearningEnglish,butinlearningaboutlife.”WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments2.InsightsfromChina(18minutes)WatchCommentsNeversaydieBasedinthebusy,cosmopolitancityofShanghai,DanielEmmerson'slatestfilmInsightsfromChinatakesusinsidetheworldsofEnglishlanguagelearningandteachingandtheairlineindustryinChina.InsightsfromChinafocuseslargelyonthestaffandmanagementofaChineseairlinecompanythathasrecentlycommittedtolearningEnglish.SpringAirlinesisthefirstlow-costairlineinChina.WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments3.StoriesfromMorocco(16minutes)WatchCommentsSetinCasablanca,Morocco,thisfilmfeaturesfootageandinterviewsfocusingonkeyquestionssuchas“WhyarepeoplelearningEnglish？”and“Whattipsandadvicecanlearnersoffer？”StaffandlearnersdiscusstheadvantagesandchallengesofEnglishlanguagelearninginMorocco.IntervieweestouchonavarietyoftopicsincludingBritishvs.Americanaccents,multi-levelclassrooms,andthesimilaritiesofEnglishtoFrenchandSpanish.WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments4.ThoughtsfromBrazil(17minutes)WatchCommentsLikeInsightsfromChina,ThoughtsfromBrazilalsolooksatmoderntrendsinlearningEnglish,especiallyforchildrenandteens.Itwillbeofparticularinteresttoallthosewholongforalearningexperiencethatismoreinteractiveandcommunicative.Teensandyoungadultswillfindnewideasforcombiningpersonalinterestssuchasmusic,gamingandsocialmediawithself-study.AsDanielEmmersontalkstolearnersandteachersofEnglishinSaoPaulo,WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments篇章導讀：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了幾個有關(guān)英語學習的短視頻。當下有各種學習英語的渠道和資源，我們不能被這些巨大的信息量沉沒(overwhelmedbythemassamountofinformation)，找到適合自己的方法并加以利用才是正道。1．Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat“LearningEnglishVideoProject”ismostprobably________.A．a(chǎn)nonlinecoursefocusingonlanguageandcultureB．a(chǎn)udiodocumentsonlanguagelearningC．a(chǎn)seriesofEnglishlearningvideoprogramsD．a(chǎn)setoffilmsonEnglish-speakingcountries答案：C細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)EncountersintheUK(17minutes)中的“It'sgoingtobe...learningEnglish,...”、InsightsfromChina中的“InsightsfromChina...committedtolearningEnglish.”、StoriesfromMorocco中的“...ofEnglishlanguagelearning”和ThoughtsfromBrazil(17minutes)中的“...inlearningEnglish”可知，學習英語視頻節(jié)目是一系列學英語的視頻節(jié)目，故選C。2．IfsomeoneisinterestedinthecomparisonbetweenEnglishandotherlanguages,hemightbeinterestedinwatching________.A．EncountersintheUK B．StoriesfromMoroccoC．ThoughtsfromBrazil D．InsightsfromChina答案：B細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)StoriesfromMorocco(16minutes)中的最終兩句“受訪者被問到的話題包括英國腔調(diào)與美國腔調(diào)、多層次教室以及英語、法語和西班牙語的相像之處?！笨芍琒toriesfromMorocco中介紹了英國和美國腔調(diào)和英語、法語和西班牙語的相像性，故選B。3．WhatcanweknowaboutEnglishlearninginSaoPaulo,Brazil?A．Classroomteachingismoreinteractiveandcommunicative.B．Homestayarrangementprovidespositiveexperienceforlearners.C．TheInternetandgamesplaysamajorroleinlanguagelearning.D．Theprincipleoflearningbydoingiswidelyacceptedbylearners.答案：D細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)ThoughtsfromBrazil中的最終一句“AsDanielEmmersontalkstolearnersandteachersofEnglishinSaoPaulo,Brazil,hediscoversthatmanyofthemhavefoundforthemselvestheprincipleoflearningbydoingandhavereadilyadaptedittotheInternetera.”可知，在圣保羅，通過實踐學習的原則被學習者廣泛接受，分析選項可知，D符合題意。①homestayn.寄宿家庭②cosmopolitanadj.世界性的③footagen.(影片中的)連續(xù)鏡頭，片段④longfor渴望；憧憬(第一段最終一句)It'sgoingtobeagreatexperience,notonlyintermsoflearningEnglish,butinlearningaboutlife.不僅在學習英語方面，而且在學習生活方面，這都將是一次不錯的體驗。(2024·山東省棗莊八中月考)ThereareplentyofpeopleintheUKforwhomevenbasicEnglishisaproblem.Accordingtothesurvey,726,000peopleinEnglandandWalessaidtheycouldnotspeakEnglishwell,andanother138,000saidtheydidnotspeakitatall.Ling,40,whoarrivedfiveyearsagofromChina,founditdifficulttolearnEnglish.“WhenIcamehere,IwaspregnantandsoIwasathomeforthenextthreeyears.IttookmelongertolearnasIwasverybusywiththechildren.”EventuallyshewasabletobegintakingclassesandnowspeaksgoodconversationalEnglish.Butevenwithclasses,itcanbealongprocesstopickupthelanguage.Ageisthemostimportantfactorinlanguagestudy,saidMilaVulchanova,professoroflinguistics(語言學)atNorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology.“Thereisasensitiveperiodinlanguagelearning,whichisbiologicallydetermined.Sotheyoungertheimmigrants(移民),thebetter.Sincethisdeclineisonlygradual,teenagersareatanadvantageoveradults，”hesaid.ThereareanumberofsystemsforgradingEnglish.Thegovernmentexpectsimmigrantstoreach“ESOLEntry3”or“B1level”inScotland,beforetheycanbegivencitizenship.Itisequaltobeingabletoholdaconfidentconversationanditmighttake360hoursofstudytoachieve.GeorgeOsborne,theUKchancellor(財政大臣),saidinJunethatbenefitclaimants(申請救濟金者)whodon'tspeakEnglishwillhavetheirbenefitscutiftheyfailtoattendlanguagecourses.HuanJapes,deputychiefexecutiveofEnglishUK,atradebodyforlanguagecolleges,saiditneeded360hours—120hoursforeachofthreestages—togettotheresultthegovernmentexpectedbenefitclaimantstoreach.“Using120hours(foreachstageofEnglishfluency)isarathertraditionalapproachtocoursebooklearning，”saidDrElaineBoyd,headofEnglishlanguageatTrinityCollegeLondon.“Ifsomeoneisreallyhighlymotivated,theycanlearnreallyquickly.It'scommonforchildrenundertheageof11tobefluentinaboutsixmonths.”篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講解并描述了在英國，很多移民不能說一口流利英語這一現(xiàn)狀，作者借助專家們的觀點告知我們怎樣能學好英語，練就一口流利的英語。學好英語不僅是為了考試，當你會說不止一種語言時，你會擁有更好的記憶力(developbettermemory)，變成一個更棒的旅行者(becomeabettertraveler)，而且有更光明的職業(yè)前景(havemorebrightercareerprospects)。4．Thefirstparagraphservesasa(n)________.A．introduction B．discussionC．explanation D．conclusion答案：A推理推斷題。第一句說“在英國有很多人，即使是基礎(chǔ)英語也是個問題”，接著依據(jù)調(diào)查可知，在英格蘭和威爾士有很多人英語說得不好甚至根本不會說英語。因此推知，這是為了引出下文的很多移民不會說英語的現(xiàn)狀，告知我們?nèi)绾螌W好英語，故選A。5．WhatdoesMilaVulchanovamainlystress?A．Theimportanceofkeyteachingways.B．ThenecessityofworkinghardatEnglish.C．TheadvantagesoflearningEnglish.D．TheimportanceofstartinglearningEnglishatanearlyage.答案：D推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Thereisasensitiveperiodinlanguagelearning”和“Sotheyoungertheimmigrants(移民),thebetter.Sincethisdeclineisonlygradual,teenagersareatanadvantageoveradults”可知，MilaVulchanova認為對于移民來說，學英語越早越好，年齡小是優(yōu)勢。因此可推知，他在強調(diào)早學英語的重要性，故選D。6．TheUKgovernmenthopesthatbenefitclaimants________.A．reach“ESOLEntry1”B．a(chǎn)readvancedEnglishlearnersC．studyEnglishforabout360hoursD．getcitizenshipfromthegovernmentfirst答案：C細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段中的“saiditneeded360hours—120hoursforeachofthreestages—togettotheresultthegovernmentexpectedbenefitclaimantstoreach”可知，假如申請救濟金者須要360個小時——三個階段，120個小時一階段——才能達到政府預期申請救濟金者能達到的效果，分析選項可知C項符合題意。7．WhatDrElaineBoydsaidsuggestedthat________.A．120hoursisahighlevelforlearnersB．onecanlearnEnglishfastifactiveC．EnglishfluencycanbeeasilyachievedD．childrenunder11learnEnglishhard答案：B推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段第一句中的“Using120hours(foreachstageofEnglishfluency)isarathertraditionalapproachtocoursebooklearning...”可知，120小時是慣例，一般人能達到；再依據(jù)最終一段最終兩句可知，假如某人主動性很高，6個月內(nèi)能學會流利的英語，故選B。①pregnantadj.懷孕的②biologicallyadv.生物學上③citizenshipn.公民權(quán)利(或資格)(第三段其次句)Thereisasensitiveperiodinlanguagelearning,whichisbiologicallydetermined.語言學習有一個敏感時期，這是從生物學上確定的。(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了隨著社會的發(fā)展人類語言越來越少的現(xiàn)象及其緣由。語言是人類才智發(fā)展的結(jié)晶(thecrystallizationofhumanwisdom)，是探討民族文化的重要指標。激勵學習這些稀有語種，防止非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的滅亡。8．Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A．Theydevelopedveryfast. B．Theywerelargeinnumber.C．Theyhadsimilarpatterns. D．Theywerecloselyconnected.答案：B推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段其次、三句可知，當人類社會處在原始社會，人們以狩獵為生時，小而聯(lián)系緊密的群落形成了他們彼此之間獨立的語言模式。當世界上的人口數(shù)量在五百萬到一千萬時，語言種類達到了12,000種。由此推知，當時的語言種類很多。故選B。9．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinParagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.答案：C詞義揣測題。依據(jù)其次段中的“dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover”可知，英語、西班牙語和漢語越來越占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位。由此推知，dominant意為“占優(yōu)勢的；強大的”。故選C。10．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.答案：B細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”和“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知，目前世界上大約有6,800種語言，但是講的人數(shù)少于6,000人的占一半，即3,400種。故選B。11．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.答案：C主旨大意題。依據(jù)第一段第一句和其次段其次句可知，本文所講的主要內(nèi)容為隨著時代的發(fā)展，語言在漸漸消逝和削減。故選C。①independentadj.獨立的②compulsoryadj.強制的③settledown定居，安排下來④accountfor(數(shù)量或比例上)占；導致(其次段其次句)Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.譯文：在最近的幾個世紀，貿(mào)易、工業(yè)化、民族國家的發(fā)展和全球義務(wù)教化的擴散，尤其是過去幾十年來，全球化和更好的溝通，這些都是導致很多語言消逝的緣由。而且像英語、西班牙語和漢語這些強大的語言正不斷地占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位。分析：介詞短語inrecentyears作時間狀語，all前面的部分為本句的主語，havecaused為本句的謂語。(2024·南昌市重點中學高三年級段考試題)LearningNewVocabularyDuringDeepSleepSleepingtimeissometimesconsideredunproductivetime.Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage?Sleepresearchtodatefocusedonthestabilizationandstrengtheningofmemoriesthathadbeenformedduringpreviouswakefulness.However,learningduringsleephasrarelybeenexamined.Thereisconsiderableevidenceforwake－learnedinformationundergoingrevisionbyareplayinthesleepingbrain.Thereplayduringsleepstrengthensthestillweakmemorytracesandembeds(嵌入)thenewlyacquiredinformationinthepreexistingstoreofknowledge.Ifthereplayduringsleepimprovesthestorageofwake－learnedinformation,thenfirst－play,i．e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexaminedwhetherasleepingpersonisabletoformnewsemanticassociationsbetweenplayedforeignwordsandtranslationwordsduringthebraincells'activestates,theso－called“Up－states\”.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.Whenwereachdeepsleepstages,ourbraincellsprogressivelycoordinatetheiractivity.Duringdeepsleep,thebraincellsarecommonlyactiveforabriefperiodoftimebeforetheyjointlyenterintoastateofbriefinactivity.Theactivestateiscalled“Up－state\”andtheinactivestate“Down－state\”.Thetwostatesalternate(交替)abouteveryhalf－second.Newevidenceforsleep－learningchallengescurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.Theconceptofsleepasanencapsulated(被概括的)mentalstate,inwhichweareseparatedfromthephysicalenvironmentisnolongerreasonable.“Wecoulddisprovethatcomplexlearningbeimpossibleduringdeepsleep，\”saysSimonRuch,co－first－author.“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequencesdeepsleepcanbeappliedtotheacquisitionofnewinformationwillbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears，\”saysKatharinaHenke.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeispartoftheInterfacultyResearchCooperation(IRC).Thirteenresearchgroupsinmedicine,biology,psychologyandinformationsciencearepartoftheIRC.Theaimoftheseresearchgroupsistogainabetterunderstandingofthemechanismsinvolvedinsleep,consciousnessandcognition.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章通過一項探探討證了在深度睡眠中學習新詞匯的可能性。睡眠可以補充人體的能量，增加自身反抗力，促進人體的正常生長發(fā)育(promotethenormalgrowthanddevelopmentofhumanbody)，使人體得到充分的休息等。睡眠對于愛護人的心理健康(protectpeople'smentalhealth)與維護人的正常心理活動極其重要，所以我們應(yīng)當保證足夠的睡眠！12．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．“Up－state\”and“Down－state\”appearinturnduringdeepsleep.B．“Up－states\”isanothernameforthebraincells'activestates.C．Semanticassociationsareimportantforlanguagelearning.D．Thebraincells'activestatesarecentralforsleep－learning.答案：D推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段前兩句“TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexamined...theso－called‘Up－states’.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.”可知，探討小組探討了睡眠中的人能否在腦細胞活躍狀態(tài)下，在被播放的外來詞和翻譯詞之間形成新的語義關(guān)聯(lián)。結(jié)果證明他們的想法是合理的。據(jù)此可推知，當大腦處于“Up－states”時，可以進行語言學習。在這個過程中，大腦細胞的活躍狀態(tài)起著主要作用。故答案是D。13．Whatwillresearcher