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PAGE非謂語動詞非謂語動詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)意義不定式一般式todotobedone不定式的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生不定式進行式tobedoing不定式的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone不定式的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞的動作之前現在分詞/動名詞一般式doingbeingdone其表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,或基本上同時發(fā)生完成式havingdonehavingbeendone其表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生過去分詞一般式done與句中主語為邏輯上的被動關系,表完成考點一非謂語動詞作狀語一、不定式作狀語1.作目的狀語,可用soasto/inorderto替換,但soasto一般不行置于句首,意為“為了;想要”。例:DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogethertoshareameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.在中秋節(jié)期間,家人們通常會聚在一起吃飯、賞月、品嘗月餅。2.作結果狀語,常用于下列結構中:onlytodo(表示意想不到的結果);enoughtodo(足夠做……);too...todo...(太……而不能……);so/such...asto...(如此……以至于……)等。例:Tomtookataxitotheairport,onlytofindhisplanehighupinthesky.湯姆乘出租車去了機場,結果發(fā)覺他要乘坐的飛機已飛入高空。作緣由狀語,常用在“主語+系動詞+形容詞+todo”結構中。這類形容詞有easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous,surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointed等。例:Thismachineisveryeasytooperate.Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.這臺機器很簡單操作。只需幾分鐘,任何人都能學會運用它。留意:語法填空和短文改錯中??疾椤爸髡Z+be+形容詞+不定式”結構,句子的主語和不定式構成邏輯上的動賓關系,且此時不定式通常用主動形式表示被動意義。另外需留意的是在該結構中,不定式中的動詞必需是及物動詞,若為不及物動詞,則要在其后加上適當的介詞,使之構成及物動詞短語。二、分詞作狀語分詞作狀語時,可以表時間、緣由、結果、條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等。為了強調,還可與while,when,once,if,unless等連用。非謂語動詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語通常要與句子的主語保持一樣。現在分詞作狀語時,現在分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的主動關系。過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的被動關系。例:Around13,500newjobswerecreatedduringtheperiod,exceedingtheexpectednumberof12,000heldbymarketanalysts.在這期間,大約創(chuàng)建13500個新的工作,超過市場分析師持有的12000的預期數量。Ordinarysoap,usedcorrectly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.假如正確運用的話,一般肥皂可以有效地殲滅細菌。留意:某些動詞的過去分詞已經形容詞化,且常用于一些系表結構中,此時這些過去分詞只表示一種狀態(tài),作狀語時不表示被動關系,其前不用being。常見的有l(wèi)ocated(坐落于),lost(迷路的),seated(坐著的),hidden(躲著的),lost/absorbed/buriedin(沉溺于),dressedin(穿著),tiredof(厭煩的),facedwith(面對著)等,無論它們在句中作何種成分都不用其-ing形式。例:Absorbedinpainting,Johndidn’tnoticeeveningapproaching.由于用心繪畫,約翰沒有留意到夜幕正在駕臨 。三、獨立成分作狀語有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語,其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響,稱作獨立成分。常考的有:獨立成分意義generallyspeaking(tobegeneral)一般來說honestly/roughly/strictlyspeaking醇厚說/大體說/嚴格說franklyspeaking/tobefrank坦白說judgingfrom/by依據……來推斷oconsideration/account考慮到……considering/seeing/given...考慮到……totellthetruth/tobehonest說實話comparedwith/by與……相比tomakethingsworse更糟糕的是例:Tobehonest,thepayisn’tattractiveenough,thoughthejobitselfisquiteinteresting.說實話,盡管這份工作本身很好玩,但這個酬勞不是很吸引人。四、獨立主格結構作狀語獨立主格結構是由名詞或代詞加上名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或非謂語動詞等構成的一種獨立主格,用于修飾整個句子。該結構位置相當敏捷,可置于句首、句末或句中,常由逗號將其與句子主體分開,在句中通常作狀語,表示時間、條件、緣由、伴隨、目的等,還可以作定語。其構成形式主要有:1.名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞/名詞/介詞短語/現在分詞/過去分詞/不定式(主動表被動)例:Weatherpermitting,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.假如天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.他上課用心聽講,眼睛緊盯著黑板。2.with/without+名詞/代詞+賓語補足語(現在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語)例:Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.有很多的難題要解決,這位新選的總統(tǒng)正度過一段艱難的日子。Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhisworkfinished,hegladlyacceptedit.約翰收到了一張宴會的請柬,由于工作做完了,他很樂意地接受了。Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoisegoingon.在這么多噪音的環(huán)境下,我沒法做作業(yè)??键c二非謂語動詞作定語一、不定式作定語1.不定式作定語通常放在所修飾詞之后,表示將來的動作。例:Theplaytobeproducednextmonthaimsmainlytoreflectthelocalculture.下個月將上演的這部戲劇主要目的是反映當地文化。留意:不定式與其所修飾的詞之間往往是動賓關系,若該不定式是不及物動詞,其后應有必要的介詞。例:Suddenlyagoodideaoccurredtoher,butshecouldn’tfindanypapertowriteon.突然她想到了一個好辦法,但是她找不到紙把它寫下來。2.序數詞,形容詞最高級,thelast,theonly等后或被這些詞修飾的名詞/代詞后,常用不定式作定語。例:Heisalwaysthefirsttoarriveattheschoolandthelasttoleavetheschool.他總是第一個到校,最終一個離校。3.被修飾詞是抽象名詞時,常用不定式作定語。常見名詞:ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way等。例:Andthebestwaytostrengthenwillpoweristomakeitintoahabit.增加意志力最好的方法就是讓意志力成為一種習慣。留意:不定式作定語時,當句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語時,不定式運用主動式;當句子的主語不是不定式的邏輯主語且不定式與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間是被動關系時,不定式運用被動式。例:Haveyougotanythingtobuy?你有什么東西要買嗎?(you是buy的執(zhí)行者)IwanttogotoBeijing.Doyouhaveanythingtobebought?我想去北京。你有什么東西要買嗎?(you不是buy的執(zhí)行者)二、分詞作定語1.作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式有:現在分詞、“being+過去分詞”、過去分詞。當被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動關系時,用現在分詞;當被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動關系且表示正在進行時,用“being+過去分詞”;當被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動關系且表完成時,用過去分詞。例:TsinghuaUniversity,foundedin1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.清華高校建立于1911年,是很多杰出人物的搖籃。Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeoplewatchingtheopeningceremonyliveonTV.昨天晚上,有幾百萬人觀看了開幕式的電視直播。2.作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式為:現在分詞和過去分詞?,F在分詞表示動作正在進行;過去分詞只表示動作已完成,不表被動。fallingleaves正在落下的葉子(表正在進行)fallenleaves落葉(表完成)留意:非謂語動詞作定語的解題思路表示被動、完成用過去分詞(done);表示主動、進行用現在分詞(doing);表示被動、進行用beingdone;表示主動、尚未進行用todo;表示被動的動作尚未進行用tobedone。試比較:①Todaytherearemoreairplanescarryingmorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.②Thebridgebuiltin2024wasdesignedbyalocalcompany.③Thebridgebeingbuiltnowwasdesignedbyalocalcompany.④Thebridgetobebuiltnextyearwasdesignedbyalocalcompany.考點三非謂語動詞作賓語1.只接不定式作賓語的動詞:決心學會想希望,拒絕設法愿假裝decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend主動答應選安排,同意懇求幫一幫offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help例:Thepoliceofficersdecidedtoconductathoroughandcomprehensivereviewofthecase.警官們確定對這起案件進行一次周密而全面的審查。留意:動詞learn,decide,know,wonder,show,tell,understand,explain,teach,advise,findout等常接“疑問詞+動詞不定式”作賓語。2.只接動名詞作賓語的動詞及短語:考慮建議盼寬恕,承認推遲沒得想consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/putoff,fancy避開錯過接著練,否認完成就觀賞avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒險,不禁介意準避開forbid/avoid,imagine,risk;can’thelp(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape例:Thereisnodoubtthattheeventwillattractmorevisitorstoenjoyvisitingthiswonderfulcity.毫無疑問,這次活動將吸引更多的游客來參觀這個漂亮的城市。留意:allow,permit,forbid,advise后需加動名詞作賓語,但假如后面出名詞或代詞作賓語,則用不定式作賓補,即allow/permit/forbid/advise((。3.接不定式與動名詞作賓語意義不同的動詞:(1)trytodo盡力做……;trydoing試著去做……;(2)meantodo準備做……;meandoing意味著……;(3)regrettodo缺憾要去做……;regretdoing懊悔做過……;(4)remembertodo記得去做……;rememberdoing記得做過……;(5)forgettodo遺忘去做……;forgetdoing遺忘做了……例:IstillrememberbeingtakentotheFamenTempleandwhatIsawthere.我仍記得別人帶我去過法門寺,并記得在那里我所看到的一切。IrememberedtolockthedoorbeforeIlefttheoffice,butforgottoturnoffthelights.我離開辦公室之前記得關門卻遺忘關燈了。留意:動詞want,need,require作“須要”講時,其后要用v.-ing形式的主動形式或不定式的被動語態(tài)作賓語。與此用法相同的動詞還有deserve(值得)。4.動詞作介詞的賓語時,要用動名詞形式,不能用動詞不定式。由“動詞+介詞”構成的短語,其后跟動名詞作賓語,常見的有be/getusedto(習慣于),feellike(想要),insiston(堅持),getdownto(起先仔細做某事),devote...to...(致力于……),objectto(反對),stickto(堅持),giveup(放棄)等。此外,havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.;havefun(in)doingsth.等句型中也用動名詞作賓語。例:Theauthorbeginshisaccountofthetourintheforestmainlybydescribingvarioussounds.作者主要是通過描繪各種聲音起先敘述自己的森林之旅的。留意:當非謂語動詞位于but,except后時,習慣上要用不定式。并且,當其前有實義動詞do及相關形式時,則不定式要省略to;若其前沒有動詞do,則不定式通常帶to。例:Wehadnochoicebuttowait.我們除了等待之外別無選擇。Icoulddonothingexceptagree.我除了同意,什么都做不了??键c四非謂語動詞作賓補一、不定式作賓補不定式作賓補時,賓語和不定式之間在邏輯上是主謂關系,不定式表將來、主動。常用不定式作賓補的動詞(短語):advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,intend,invite,order,persuade,prefer,require,remind,tell,want,warn,wish,callon,dependon等。例:Ifweexpectpeopletogiveupthehabitofdriving,wemustgivethemanalternativetheycanrelyon.假如我們期望人們放棄開車的習慣,我們必需給他們可以依靠的選擇。留意:有些動詞,如think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,understand等后常用tobe作賓補或主補。例:Chinesepeopleareconsideredtobethemosthard-workingpeopleintheworld.中國人被認為是世界上最勤勞的人民。在sb.besaid/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+todo/tohavedone結構中,不定式用作主語補足語。例:Heisthoughttohaveactedfoolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.大家都認為他表現得很愚蠢?,F在要為他的失業(yè)負責的不是別人,而是他自己。二、分詞作賓補1.現在分詞作賓補時,動詞與賓語之間存在主謂關系,且強調正在進行的主動動作??山蝇F在分詞作賓補的常見動詞:感官動詞(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel),使役動詞(have,get),find,leave,keep,catch等。例:Listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallingforhelp?聽!你聽到有人正在呼喊救命嗎?2.過去分詞作賓補時,動詞與賓語之間存在動賓關系。可接過去分詞作賓補的常見動詞:感官動詞(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel),使役動詞(have,make,let,get),find,leave,keep等。例:JennyhopesthatMr.SmithwillsuggestagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglishimprovedinashortperiod.珍妮希望史密斯先生會建議一個好的方法以使她的英語寫作在短期內得到提升。留意:使役動詞have,get后接非謂語動詞作補語的異同點:(1)havesth.done=getsth.done讓別人做某事(2)havesb./sth.doing讓……始終做某事;getsb./sth.doing使……起先做某事(3)havesb.dosth.=getsb.todosth.讓某人做某事(4)havesb.doing用于否定句中,常與can’t,won’t等連用,表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。例:Beforedrivingintothecity,youarerequiredtogetyourcarwashed.在開車進城之前,你須要找人洗洗車。考點五非謂語動詞作主語和表語一、不定式作主語和表語1.不定式作主語時,一般表示詳細某一次的動作。若不定式太長,常用it作形式主語而將不定式后置。Nomatterhowbrightatalkeryouare,therearetimeswhenit’sbettertoremainsilent.不論你多么能說會道,有些時候保持緘默會更好。2.不定式作表語時:(1)表示預定要發(fā)生的動作;(2)當主語是aim,purpose,idea,plan,wish,decision,choice等詞時,常用不定式作表語;(3)主語為what引導的名詞性從句時,表語多用不定式。例:Hiswishistobeadoctorinthefuture.他的愿望是將來當一名醫(yī)生。WhatIwanttodomostinseniorhighschoolis(to)improvemyEnglish.我在中學最想做的事就是提高我的英語水平。(假如前面有實義動詞do的形式,作表語的不定式常省略to)二、動名詞作主語和表語1.動名詞作主語通常表示抽象的或習慣性的動作。也可用it作形式主語,動名詞作真正的主語放在句末。動名詞作表語時相當于名詞,用于說明主語的內容,表語和主語常??梢曰Q位置。例:TravelingalongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.沿著絲綢之路旅行是一次既好玩又有益的經驗。2.常用于動名詞作主語的句型:(1)It’sawasteoftimedoing...(2)It’snouse/gooddoing...(3)Itisuselessdoing...(4)Thereisnodoing...例:It’snousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.不實行行動而只是埋怨是沒用的。留意:不定式和動名詞作主語時,謂語動詞都用單數,這是短文改錯中常常出現的錯誤。Ⅰ.單句語法填空依據句意和結構,用括號內動詞的正確形式填空。1.Ilikestayinguplate,________(watch)TV,surfingtheInternetordoingsomethingI'mfondof.2.FinallyIrefusedtoattendclasses,_______(shut)myselfinmyroomforhours.3.Astheresearchersexpected,30%ofthechefs________(survey)saidthattheirbestmealasakidwasstillwhattheylikedthemostasanadult.4.However,ourdiscussionsaremorethanjustaway________(practice)ourdebatingskills.5.IfyouspeaktoalocalaboutyourstayinChengdu,they'llprobablyaskifyou'vetriedhotpot.Everyone________(live)hereseemstoloveit,andtryingitshouldbeafixedpartofeveryone'sculinarytourofSichuan.6.Hongcun,________(fill)withlakesandbeautifulAnhui-stylebuildings,is900yearsold.Itwasbuilttolooklikeabigox.HuangshanMountainisthehead;thetownisthebodyandthebridgesarelegs.7.Inmymind,theyhelpustobecomecalmandconsider________(win)andsolvingrealproblemsaswell.8.Nextkeepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymean________(accept)theactionofthepersonwhoupsetsyou.9.SilkRoadtradestraveledtogetherinlongcaravans(旅行隊)ofcamels.Thismodeoftravelprovidedprotectionfromrobberswhomightattempt________(rob)thevaluablegoodsbeingtransported.10.Today,youcanfindastatueofJohnHarvard________(stand)infrontoftheUniversityHallinHarvardYard,anditisperhapstheUniversity'sbest________(know)landmark.11.Tohissurprise,Jackfoundhisson________(dress)asSantaClausonChristmasEve.12.Whenyoumeetpeoplefromdifferentcultures,itisimportant________(understand)whatyoucanandcannotdo.13.DuringtheQindynasty,tokeeptheenemyoutofhisempire,EmperorQinShihuanghadallthewalls________(join)up.14.Butby1955,paintingswerebeginningtobecomedifficult________(see).15.AlongtheSilkRoadroute,Xi’anandGansuaresuitabletovisitallyearround.Thebesttime________(visit)XinjiangisfromMaytoOctoberbecausetheweatherismild.16.Nobodyknowsexactlyhowthesebirdsfindtheirwaythereandbackoversuchvastdistance,butithassomething________(do)withwindsandaircurrents.17.BecauseallthefamymemberscanspeakfluentEnglishandhaveoutgoingpersonalities,I'msureyouwillhavenotrouble________(communicate)withthem.18.AtthetopofHaleakala.________(look)downinsidewhatisthemostactivepartofthevolcano,wecanseethatthevolcanohasleftthousandsofdifferentshapesoflava(熔巖)stoneeversince.19.Manyofusignoretheproblemasthedaygoeson,________(forget)thatitmighthaveadangerouseffect.20.OnegreatsiteisScienceNewsforKids.Thissitereportssciencenews________(cover)awiderangeofsubjects.21.Antibioticdrugscanlosetheireffectivenesswhenpeopletakemoreorlessthantheamount________(require)bydoctors.22.Whileregularlyeatingoutseemsto________(become)commonformanyyoungpeopleinrecentyears,it'snotwithoutacost.23.________(realize)itwasourlasthigh-schoolsportsmeeting,wedecidedtomakeitanunforgettableexperienceforallofus.24.Greatly________(encourage),theteamconductedanotherexperiment,thistimewithwaterthatcontainedbacteria.25.Shefirstcameacrossthisphenomenonwhile________(research)NorthAmericanchildrenlivinginIndia.26.________(compare)withthewesternmedicine'shighfees,TCMhasareasonablepricethatordinarypeoplecanafford.27.Formanyyoungpeople,________(go)touniversityisoneofthemostimportantstagesoftheirlives.28.ShefailedthisEnglishexaminationagain.Thisisbecauseshesometimeshastrouble________(pay)attentiontoherstudy.29.Thecoolingwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,________(make)airconditioningunnecessary.30.Anotherstudent,a15-year-oldgirlfromGuangdong,wasafraidofexams.Shewouldgetveryupsetwiththeexampaper________(lie)infrontofher.31.Failingto________(turn)inyourhomeworkontimewilldirectlyaffectyourgradeforacertaincourse.32.Long________(consider)amasterpieceofChineseliterature,thenovelisgenerallyacknowledgedtobethepeakofChinesefiction.33.Once________(build),Xiong'anNewAreawillreducetheburdenofBeijingheavily.34.Itisverydifficultforparentstodecidewhether________(have)asecondchildornot.35.TheYangtzeRiver,________(know)inChinaastheChangJiangisthelongestriverinAsiaandthelongestintheworldtoflowentirelywithinonecountry.36.Youloseweightforawhile,only________(gain)backmoreweightwhenyoustopyourweightlossprogram.37.Thereisa________(grow)tendencynowadaysforsomepeopletotreatanimalsaslivingmeatandwalkingfur.38.The15-year-oldfromOaklandhasfascinatedaudiencesintheU.S.andChinawithhisability________(sing)pitch-perfectMandarin(一般話)andperformtheancientChineseartform.Ⅱ.單句改錯下面每句各有一處錯誤,請在原句標出后把答案寫在句子后面的橫線上。1.Ialsonoticedthattheyalwaysseemedtodresswell,andalwayshadtheirhairandmake-updo.2.Asweallknow,wecanmeetwithvariouschallengesinourlife.Facingwithchallenges,whatshouldwedo?3.Thoughtthathissolutionmightbewrong,Icarefullyanalyzedtheproblemandtriedtoworkitoutinadifferentway.4.Iamwritingtokeepyouinformingofsomethingabouttheseveresituationthattheyarefacedwithpresently.5.Asforme,IamlookingforwardtospendthisprecioustimewithmyfamilybeforeIleaveformycollege.6.Theysendletterstobusinesses,goingtojobinterviews,andasktheirfriendsandrelativesforhelp.7.Besides,thereisalongholidaywaitsformeaftertheGaokao.AndIcantravelanywhereIlikethen.8.We'renevergoingtohaveenoughtimeexploreeverything!9.SoIwouldliketoadviseyounottohurtyourselftotryingtomakemoney.10.LaterIbecameaccustomedtotalkwithpeoplefromvariouscultures.11.Locatinginabeautifulandquietneighborhood,thehouseisbigenoughtoenableyoutohavearoomofyourown.12.However,whatstillmakesmepuzzlingishowtomakemydreamtogotoatopuniversitycometrue.13.ThevisitorstoBritainmayfindthemostmarvellousplaceenjoyingthelocalcultureisinatraditionalpub.14.TheChineserestaurantnamingNewPandaBuffetprovidesgenuineChinesefood,whichmanydinershavegiven5-starreviews.15.LastSundaywasmybirthday,solinvitedsomeguysgooutwithmeforacelebration.16.Ifthereisnoaiminourlives,wewillgetlose.17.Afterwaitingforanhour,Katawenthome,feltlonelyandmiserable.18.I,togetherwithmytwofriends,waseatingataChineserestaurant,locatinginthecenterofNewYork.Ⅲ.語篇填空(非謂語動詞)用括號內動詞的正確形式填空。ADoyoulike1.________(travel)?2.________(stay)healthywhile3.________(travel)canhelptoensureyourtripisahappyandenjoyableone.Herearethetipsyouneed4.________(make)yourtripmucheasier.Makesureyouhavegota5.________(sign)passportandvisa.Also,beforeyougo,fillintheemergencyinformationpageofyourpassport!Maketwocopiesofyourpassportidentificationpage.Thiswillhelpalotifyourpassportis6.________(steal).Leaveonecopyathomewithfriendsorrelatives.Carrytheotherwithyouinaseparateplacefromyourpassport.Readthepublicannouncementsortravelwarningsforthecountriesyouplan7.________(visit).Getyourself8.________(inform)oflocallawsandcustomsofthecountriestowhichyouaretravelling.Leaveacopyofyouritinerary(旅行日程)withfamilyorfriendsathomesothatyoucanbe9.________(contact)incaseofanemergency.Donotacceptpackages10.________(give)fromstrangers.Donotcarrytoomuchmoneyorunnecessarycreditcards.Ifyoumakeenoughpreparations,youwillsucceed.Haveagoodtime!BGoodafternoon,mydearfriends.MynameisLiJin.TodayI'mveryglad1.________(have)thechance2.________(run)forvicepresidentoftheEnglishClub.Concerningtheposition,Ifeelqualified3.________(take)thejob.First,Ihavegainedalotofexperienceinmanagementandhavewonwidepraisefrommyclassmatesformyjobasmonitor.Second,I’mawarm-heartedboyandalwaysreadytohelpothers.Third,Iamgoodat4.________(organize)allkindsofactivitiesandhavesuccessfullyheldanumberofEnglishcorners.5.________(look)
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