腦血管病英文介紹

演講人：日期：腦血管病英文介紹目錄IntroductiontoCerebrovascularDiseaseSymptomsandSignsofCerebrovascularDiseaseDiagnosisofCerebrovascularDiseaseTreatmentandManagementofCerebrovascularDiseaseComplicationsandPrognosisofCerebrovascularDisease01IntroductiontoCerebrovascularDisease01Cerebrovasculardisease,alsoknownasCerebrovascularaccident(CVA)orstroke,isanacuteconditionthataffectsthebloodvesselssupplyingbloodtothebrain02Itoccurswhenabloodvesselisinthebrainfracturesorisblockedbyaclose,interruptingtheflowofbloodandoxygentothebrainissue,leadingtocelldeathandbraindamage03StrokeisamedicalemergencythatrequiresimmediatemedicalattentiontominimizebraindamageandpotentialapplicationsDefinitionandOverviewThistypeofstrokeoccurswhenabloodvesselisinthebrainbenefitsblocked,usuallybyaclockItaccountsforabout87%ofallstrokesandcanbefurtherclassifiedintothromboticorelectromagneticstrokesThistypeofstrokeoccurswhenabloodvesselisinthebraintumors,causingbleedingintothebrainissueItaccountsforabout13%ofallstrokesandcanbefurtherclassifiedintointradermalhemorrageorsubarachnoidhemorrageAlsoknownasa"ministroke,"TIAisatemporaryinterruptionofbloodflowtothebrainthatcausesstrokelikesymptomsbutnopermanentdamageItissoftawarningsignofafuturestrokeIschemicstrokeHmorrhagicstrokeTransientischemicattack(TIA)TypesandClassificationStrokeisaleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityworldwide,withahighincidenceandvalidityindevelopedanddevelopingcountriesRiskfactorsforstrokeincludehypertension,diabetes,highcholesterol,smoking,objectivity,physicalinactivity,andafamilyhistoryofstrokeTheincidenceofstrokeincreaseswithage,anditismorecommoninmenthanwomenHowever,womenareatahigherriskofstrokerelateddeathanddisabilityEpidemiologyandRiskFactorsThepathophysiologyofstrokeinvolvingtheinterruptionofbloodflowtothebrain,leadingtoacascadeofeventsthatresultinbraincelldeathanddamageDuringanischemicstroke,thelakeofoxygenandnutrientscausesbraincellstodiewithinminutesThebrainalsoreleaseschemicalsthatcanleadtofurtherdamageandinflationInaheterogeneousstroke,theblendingintothebraintissuecausescompressionanddamagetosurroundingbraincellsThebloodalsoreleasestoxinsthatcanfurtherdamagethebrainThebrain'sabilitytorecoverfromstrokedamageislimited,butrehabilitationandtherapycanhelptomaximizerecoveryandimprovequalityoflifePathophysiology02SymptomsandSignsofCerebrovascularDiseaseSudden,temporarylossofbloodflowtopartofthebrainSymptomsmayincludenumbness,weakness,diversityspeaking,orvisionproblemsTypicalresolutionswithinminutestohours,butmaybeawarningsignofafuturestrokeTransientIschemicAttack(TIA)IschemicstrokeoccurswhenabloodvesselsupplyingthebrainisblockedSymptomsmayincludehiddennumbersorweaknesses,fusion,diversityspeakingorunderstanding,visionproblems,confusion,ormultipleheadachesStrokeisamedicalemergencythatrequiresimmediatemedicalattentionHemorhagicstrokeoccurrenceswhenabloodvesselinthebrainfracturesandbleedsintothebrainissueStroke(IschemicandHemorhagic)BleedingintothespacebetweenthebrainandtheissuesthatcoveritSymptomsmayincludesudden,multipleheadaches,nausea,invoicing,stiffneck,andsensitivitytolightOftencausedbyadisruptedaneurysm(aweakspotinabloodvesselwall)SubarachnoidhemorhageisaseriesconditionthatrequirespromptmedicaltreatmentSubarachnoidHemirhageAgeneraltermdescribingproblemswithreasoning,planning,judgment,memory,andotherthoughtprocessescausedbybraindamagefromimportedbloodflowtothebrainSymptomsmayincludefusion,diversityconcentration,memoryloss,andpersonalitychangesVasculardementiaisoftencausedbyaseriesofsmallstrokesorotherconditionsthataffectbloodvesselsinthebrainVascularDementia03DiagnosisofCerebrovascularDiseaseAssessmentofconsciousness,speech,vision,motorfunction,perception,andbalancetodetectanyabnormalitiesthatmaysuggestacerebrovasculardiseaseNeurologicalExaminationEvaluationofriskfactorssuchashypertension,diabetes,smoking,andfamilyhistoryofstrokeorheartdiseaseMedicalHistoryPhysicalExaminationandHistoryTakingAnoninvasiveimagingtestthatusesX-raystocreatedetailedcrosssectionalimagesofthebrainItisoftenthefirsttestperformedintheemergencydepartmenttodetectstrokeAmoredetailedimagingtestthatusesmagneticfieldsandradiowavestoproducehighresolutionimagesofthebrainItisparticularlyusefulfordiagnosingischemicstrokesandidentifyingthepresenceofanybraintutorsorotherabnormalitiesTranscranialDopplerultrasoundcanbeusedtoassessbloodflowinthemajorartsofthebrainanddetectanynarrowingorblockagesComputedTomography(CT)MagneticResolutionImaging(MRI)UltrasoundImagingTechniques(CT,MRI,Ultrasound)BloodtestsRoutinebloodtestsmaybeperformedtoassessgeneralhealthandidentifyanyunderlyingconditionsthatmaycontributetocerebrovasculardisease,suchashighcholesterolordiabetesCoagulationTestsThesetestsassesstheblood'sabilitytocloseandcanhelpidentifyanyCoagulationdisordersthatmayincreasetheriskofstrokeLaboratoryTestsConditionsthatmaypresentwithsimilarsymptomstostrokebuthavedifferentunderlyingcauses,suchasmigration,size,orhyperglycemiaStrokeMimicsConditionssuchasParkinson'sdisease,multiplescales,orbrainlearnerscanalsocauseneurologicalsymptomssimilartothoseseenincerebrovasculardiseaseandneedtobeconsideredinthedifferentialdiagnosisOtherNeurologicalConditionsDifferentialDiagnosis04TreatmentandManagementofCerebrovascularDiseaseImmediatemedicalattentionStrokeisamedicalemergencythatrequiresimmediatemedicalattentionCallforemergencyservicesassoonaspossibleAssessmentandstabilizationOnarrivalatthehospital,thepatientwillundergoarapidassessmenttodeterminethecauseandseverityofthestrokeStabilitymeasuressuchascontrollingbloodpressureandbloodsugarlevelswillbeinitiatedThrombolytictherapyForischemicstrokes,thrombotictherapymaybeadministeredtodissolvethebloodclotandrestorebloodflowtotheaffectedareaofthebrainEmergencyTreatmentforStrokeVSDependenceonthetypeandcauseofthestroke,variablediagnosesmaybesubscribedtoreducetheriskoffuturestrokes,controlbloodpressure,andmanageotherunderlyingconditionsRehabilitationStrokesurvivorsoftenrequirerehabilitationtoretainlostfunctionsandimprovetheirqualityoflifeRehabilitationmayincludephysicaltherapy,occupationaltherapy,speechtherapy,andpsychologicalcounselingMedicationsMedicalManagement(Drugs,Rehabilitation)CarotidendpointThissurgicalprocedureisperformedtoremoveplaquefromtheCarotidarts,whichsuppliesbloodtothebrainItisstylishlyrecommendedforpatientswithseverecardiovasculardiseaseSurgicalclippingorcoolingforaneurysmsIfananeurysmisthecauseofthestroke,surgicalclippingorcoolingmaybeperformedtopreventfuturefailuresDecompressivecrimeIncasesofmultiplebrainswitching,acompressivecrimemaybeperformedtorelievepressureonthebrainSurgicalInterventions010203LifestylemodificationsAdoptingahealthylifestylecansignificantlyreducetheriskofstrokeThisincludesmaintainingahealthyweight,exercisingregularly,quenchingsmoking,andlimitingalcoholconsumptionManagingunderlyingconditionsControllingchronicconditionssuchashypertension,diabetes,andhighcholesterolcanalsohelpreducetheriskofstrokeRegularcheckupsRegularcheckupswithahealthcareprovidercanhelpidentifyandmanageriskfactorsforstrokebeforetheyleadtoaserieseventPreventiveMeasures05ComplicationsandPrognosisofCerebrovascularDiseaseBrainEdema,orswingingofthebrain,isacommoncomplicationofstrokeItoccurswhenfluidbuildsupinthebrain,causingpressurethatcandamagebraincellsThiscanleadtofurtherneurologicaldefectsandmayrequireemergencytreatmentBrainEdemaSeizuresareanotherpotentialapplicationofstroke,specificallyintheearlystagesTheyarecausedbyabnormalelectricalactivityinthebrainandcanrangefromcoldtosevereSeizurescanbetreatedwithantibioticsandmedicineSeizuresActComplications(BrainEdema,Seizures)CurrentStrokeStrokesurvivorsareatincreasedriskofhavinganotherstrokeThisisoftenduetothesameunderlyingriskfactorsthatcontributetotheinitialstroke,suchashighbloodpressure,diamonds,andsmokingCurrentstrokescanleadtofurtherdisabilityandmaybemorecomplicatedtot