全球碳捕集與封存現(xiàn)狀2021（英）-Global CCS Institute

CCSACCELERATINGTONETZERO

ABOUTUS

TheGlobalCCSInstitute(theInstitute)isaninternationalthinktankwhosemissionistoacceleratethedeploymentofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS),avitaltechnologytotackleclimatechange.

Asateamofover30professionals,workingwithandon

behalfofourMembers,wedrivetheadoptionofCCSas

quicklyandcosteffectivelyaspossible;sharingexpertise,buildingcapacityandprovidingadviceandsupportsoCCScanplayitspartinreducinggreenhousegasemissions.

Ourdiverseinternationalmembershipincludesgovernments,globalcorporations,privatecompanies,researchbodiesandnon-governmentalorganisations;allcommittedtoCCSasanintegralpartofanetzeroemissionsfuture.

TheInstitutehasofficesinAbuDhabi,Beijing,Brussels,

Houston,London,Melbourne,TokyoandWashingtonDC.

ABOUTTHEREPORT

CCSisanemissionsreductiontechnologycriticaltomeetingglobalclimatetargets.TheGlobalStatusofCCS2021

documentsimportantmilestonesforCCSoverthepast12

months,itsstatusacrosstheworldandthekeyopportunitiesandchallengesitfaces.

Wehopethisreportwillbereadandusedbygovernments,policy-makers,academics,mediacommentatorsandthe

millionsofpeoplewhocareaboutourclimate.

AUTHORS

ThisreportwasledbyGulorenTuranandAlexZapantis.

TheteamofauthorsincludedDavidKearns,EveTamme,

ChristinaStaib,TonyZhang,JamieBurrows,AngusGillespie,IanHavercroft,DominicRassool,ChrisConsoliandHarryLiu.

SupportfromMattBright,JeffErikson,PatriciaLoria,HiroshiNambo,YiWu,CarlaJudge,RuthGebremedhinandMatt

Steynmadeitpossible.

ACRONYMS

ACCUAustralianCarbonCreditUnit

ADNOCAbuDhabiNationalOilCompany

BECCSBiooenergywithCCS

CCSCarbonCaptureandStorage

CCUSCarbonCaptureUtilisationandStorage

CDRCarbonDioxideRemoval

CO2CarbonDioxide

COPConferenceoftheParties

DACDirectAirCapture

DACCSDirectAirCapturewithCarbonStorage

DOEUSDepartmentofEnergy

ECEuropeanCommission

EOREnhancedOilRecovery

EPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgency

EPCEngineer,Procure,Construct

EPSsEmissionPerformanceStandards

ESGEnvironmental,SocialandCorporateGovernance

ETSEmissionsTradingSystem

EUEuropeanUnion

FEEDFront-EndEngineeringDesign

GFCTheGreenClimateFund

GHGGreenhouseGas

GtGigatonne

GWGigawatt

IEAInternationalEnergyAgency

IEA-SDSIEA’sSustainableDevelopmentScenario

IMOInternationalMaritimeOrganisation

IPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

IRSTreasuryandInternalRevenueService

JCMJointCreditingMechanism

JOGMECLCFS

LEDS

LNG

MEE

MMVMt

MtpaMW

NDCNET

NETLNZE

PV

R&D

RD&DSDS

SLL

SMRSOETWH

UNFCCC

UAE

UNSDGsVCM

WtE

JapanOil,GasandMetalsNationalCorporationLowCarbonFuelStandard

LongTermLowGreenhouseGasDevelopmentStrategies

LiquifiedNaturalGas

MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment

Monitoring,MeasurementandVerificationMillionMetricTonnes

MilliontonnesperannumMegawatt

NationallyDeterminedContributionNegativeEmissionsTechnology

NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratoryNetzeroemissions

Photovoltaic

ResearchandDevelopment

Research,DesignandDevelopmentSustainableDevelopmentScenario

SustainabilityLinkedLoanSteamMethaneReformingStateOwnedEnterprise

TerrawattHour

UnitedNationsFrameworkConvention

onClimateChange

UnitedArabEmirates

UN’sSustainableDevelopmentGoalsVoluntaryCarbonMarket

WastetoEnergy

1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.0INTRODUCTION

2.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS

2.1CCS,NETZEROANDECONOMICPROSPERITY10

2.2GLOBALCCSFACILITIESUPDATEANDTRENDS12

2.3INTERNATIONALPOLICYUPDATE22

3.0REGIONALOVERVIEWS

3.1NORTHAMERICA26

3.2ASIAPACIFIC32

3.3EUROPEANDNEARBYREGIONS38

3.4GULFCOOPERATIONCOUNCILSTATES44

4.0PATHWAYSINFOCUS

4.1ENVIRONMENTAL,SOCIALANDGOVERNANCE50

4.2FINANCINGCCS50

4.3CCSNETWORKS53

4.4INDUSTRY54

4.5HYDROGEN55

4.6TECHNOLOGY-BASEDCO2REMOVAL58

4.7MINERALCARBONATION59

5.0APPENDICES

5.1COMMERCIALCCSFACILITIESANDPROJECTS62

5.2CCSNETWORKS68

5.3CO2GEOLOGICALSTORAGE70

6.0REFERENCES76

23

1.0INTRODUCTION

FOREWORD

BRADPAGE

FormerCEO,GlobalCCSInstitute

“TIMEISNOTON

ANYONE’SSIDE.WEMUSTPRESSONWITHVIGOUR

INRAPIDLYACCELERATINGSTILLFURTHERTHE

DEPLOYMENTOFCCS.”·BradPage

Asimpressiveasthepastyear’sprogresswithacceleratingtheCCSprojectpipelineis,thestarkrealityisthatenormouslymoreCCSfacilitiesarerequired–atleasta100-foldincreaseover

the27inoperationtoday–by2050.Withoutthis,theworldisextremelyunlikelytoachievethekeytargetsintheParisAgreementwiththewelldocumentedseriousconsequencesofsuchanoutcome.

IncreasinglythefocusfortheapplicationofCCSisintheindustrialor‘difficulttodecarbonise’sectors.ForthemostpartCCSisthe

‘go-to’solutionwhereelectrificationisnotaviablesolution,oftenwhenhighheatorchemicalreactionsdependentonthepresenceofcarbonarerequired.Inotherinstances,CCShasverylow

costanddemonstratedmaturetechnologystronglyinitsfavour.Andbecausetheseheavyindustriesoftencongregatetogether,CO2networkshavequicklybecomeasignificantelementinCCSdeployment.Whilewereportedsimilarlyin2020,thisyearhasseensignificantstridestakeninprogressingmanyoftheseCCSnetworkprojectsandnewones,liketheHoustonShipChannelproject,beingannounced.

Theworldcontinuestoemployfossilfuel-basedelectricity

generationplantsatenormousscale.Whileinsomecountries

thesearedeclining,inotherpartsoftheworldcoalandgasfiredpowerplantsremainacentral,andinsomecasesgrowing,part

ofelectricitysystems.Whilepowergenerationdidnotfeature

significantlyinourreportsforsomeyears,thischangedin2020andfurthernewprojectshavebeenannouncedthatareincludedinthisreport.Thisisgoodnewsastherewillbealargeand

increasinglyurgentneedtoaddresspowersectoremissionsin,

forexample,muchofAsiawhereearlyretirementofrelatively

youngcoalandgasplantsisunlikely.Technologydeploymentindevelopednationswillmakeforlowercostapplicationelsewhere.

Weknowbasedonreputableanalysis,includingfromthe

IPCC,thatcarbondioxideremovalwillberequiredtomeettheParistargets.Wealsoknowthatnature-basedsolutionsalonewillnotbeenough.BioenergywithCCS–BECCS–haslongbeenunderstoodtobeanimportantelementofthis.Itisalsoincreasinglyapparentthatdirectaircapturewillneedtoplay

WhenIwaswritingtheForewordtothe2020GlobalStatusofCCSReport,theworldwasinthegripoftheCOVID-19pandemicand

COP26wasalmostcertainlygoingtobecancelled.Wewereall

hopefulthattheendofthepandemicwouldbeinsightduring

2021andthatlifewouldreturntoamuchmorenormalrhythm.

‘Buildbackbetter’wasthegeneralcallasgovernmentsaroundtheworldinjectedsignificantfiscalmeasuresintotheireconomiesandweallsawtheopportunityforthefuturetobecharacterisednotbyareturntobusinessasusualbutahardbreakfromthepastwith

emphasisoncleanenergy-driveneconomies.

Fastforward12monthsandthefocusondeliveringtheParisAgreementobjectiveshasintensified,evidencedbymore

commitmentsfromgovernmentsandcorporationsalike.

Theaccelerationinclimateactioncommitmentisunprecedentedinmyview.Asyet,universalpubliccommitmenttothekey

temperatureobjectivesandNetZeroEmissions(NZE)aroundmid-centuryhasnotbeenreached.Butwhatisencouragingistheneardailyannouncementsbycountriesandcompaniesofcommitmentstotheseobjectives.

asignificantrole.Pleasingly,thedevelopmentanddeployment

ofdirectaircaptureofCO2isgainingmomentum,albeitoffasmallbase.Significantcapitalinvestmentinnascentdirectaircapture

developersisbeingseenandsubstantialnewprojectsarebeingprogressed.Thedecreasingcostcurvefordirectaircaptureis

notableandimportant.

AsIsignofffrommyfinaleditionoftheGlobalStatusofCCS

Report,IamhugelyencouragedthatCCSisnowonastronggrowthtrajectoryafterenduringsomeverydifficultyears.Overthepast

decadeIhaveseenCCSmovefrombeingfalselyidentifiedonlyasacoalfiredpowergenerationtechnologytobeingincreasinglyembracedasavitalelementofmeetingtheclimatechallengeduetoitsversatilityofapplication,demonstratedeffectivenessand

abilitytodealwithenormousvolumesofemissions.Recently,itsroleinremovingCO2fromtheatmospherehasaddedyetanotherstringtoitsbow.

Timeisnotonanyone’sside.WemustpressonwithvigourinrapidlyacceleratingstillfurtherthedeploymentofCCS.

Settingtargetsandmakingcommitmentstoachievingobjectivesdecadesintothefutureisnecessary.Havingactionableplans

thatwilldeliveronthosecommitmentsisthenext,exceptionallyimportantstep.Withoutthis,thecommitmentsareworthless.

Thereremainsalongroadaheadontheactionplansjourney,butagainearlyprogressisbroadlyencouraging.

Thisyear’sGlobalStatusofCCSReportrevealsthatjustasthe

accelerationinclimateactioncommitmentisunprecedented,

sotooisthegrowthintheCCSfacilityandprojectcatalogue.

InalltheyearsthattheInstitutehasbeenrecordingandpublishingthedataonCCSfacilitiesandprojects,neverbeforehassuchabigsingleyearincreaseintheprojectpipelinebeenrecorded.

Thisisthenaturaloutworkingofthecommitmentsbeingmade

toaddressemissionsandachieveNZE.Itconfirmsthefindings

ofmodellingundertakenbyavarietyofdifferent,independent

agencies:CCSisanecessaryelementofthetechnologysuitethatmustbedeployediftheworldistoachievetheParisObjectives.

45

HRH,THEPRINCEOFWALES

“THECLIMATEACTIONEFFORTSWE’RESEEINGGLOBALLY,WHILEENCOURAGING,ARENOTENOUGH.THESOONER

WEINCLUDECARBONCAPTUREUSEANDSTORAGETECHNOLOGIESINTOTHEFOLDOFWIDE-SPREAD

DECARBONISATIONINITIATIVES,THEMORELIKELYWEWILLBEABLETOACHIEVEPARISAGREEMENT

CLIMATETARGETSANDGETTONETZEROEMISSIONS.”

HRH,ThePrinceofWales

1.0INTRODUCTION

CCSADVOCATE

TINABRU

NORWEGIANMINISTEROFPETROLEUMANDENERGY

“CCSISACRITICALCLIMATECHANGEMITIGATIONTOOLTHATPROVIDES

SIGNIFICANTEMISSIONSREDUCTIONSFORENERGYINTENSIVESECTORS.”

TheNorwegiangovernmentrecognisesthatambitious,

comprehensiveandboldstepsarerequiredtoreachclimate

neutralityby2050,andcarboncaptureandstoragetechnologywillbeakeypartinthateffort.CCSisacriticalclimatechangemitigationtoolthatprovidessignificantemissionsreductions

forenergyintensivesectors.Forover20years,Norwayhas

beensuccessfullydeployingCCSinthecountry’sclimate

mitigationplansandactions.Withacontinuedcommitmenttoreduceemissions,Norway’sCCSLongshipprojectwillsupporttheEuropeanregioninitsdecarbonisationeffortsbyprovidingextensiveCO2storagecapacity.Workingalongsideawide

rangeofclimatemitigatingapproaches,CCStechnologywill

playacentralroleinthelow-carbontransition,bothinNorwayandbeyond.TheGlobalStatusofCCSReporthighlightsthe

positivestepsbeingtakentotackleclimatechangearoundtheworld,whilesheddinglightontheurgentneedtoaccelerate

thedeploymentofCCStoreach2050climatetargets.

“FOROVER20YEARS,NORWAYHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYDEPLOYING

CCSINTHECOUNTRY’SCLIMATE

MITIGATIONPLANSANDACTIONS.”

TinaBru

67

2.0

GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS

1.0INTRODUCTION

2.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS

2.1CCS,NETZEROANDECONOMICPROSPERITY10

2.2GLOBALCCSFACILITIESUPDATEANDTRENDS12

2.3INTERNATIONALPOLICYUPDATE22

3.0REGIONALOVERVIEWS

3.1NORTHAMERICA26

3.2ASIAPACIFIC32

3.3EUROPEANDNEARBYREGIONS38

3.4GULFCOOPERATIONCOUNCILSTATES44

4.0PATHWAYSINFOCUS

4.1ENVIRONMENTAL,SOCIALANDGOVERNANCE50

4.2FINANCINGCCS50

4.3CCSNETWORKS53

4.4INDUSTRY54

4.5HYDROGEN55

4.6TECHNOLOGY-BASEDCO2REMOVAL58

4.7MINERALCARBONATION59

5.0APPENDICES

5.1COMMERCIALCCSFACILITIESANDPROJECTS62

5.2CCSNETWORKS68

5.3CO2GEOLOGICALSTORAGE70

6.0REFERENCES76

8

9

1011

2.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS

2.1CCS,NETZEROANDECONOMICPROSPERITY

2.1CCS,NETZEROANDECONOMICPROSPERITY

CCSISANESSENTIALCLIMATEMITIGATIONTOOL

TheCCSprojectpipelineisgrowingmorerobustlythanever.From75milliontonnesayear(Mtpa)attheendof2020,

thecapacityofprojectsindevelopmentgrewto111MtpainSeptember2021–a48percentincrease(1).

TheCCSprojectpipelinemirrorsclimateambition,growing

steadilysincethe2015ParisAgreement.Civilsociety’scalls

forgovernmentandtheprivatesectortoaligntheirpoliciesandpracticeswithclimatestabilisationhavegrowninnumberand

volume,especiallysincetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange’s(IPCC’s)specialreport.This2018publicationreviewedscientificliteraturetodevelopanauthoritativeprojectionoftheimpactsfromglobalwarming.Fourpathwaysshowhowglobal

anthropogenicemissionsmustchangethroughthiscentury

toachievea1.5°Celsiusclimateoutcome.Allrequirearapid

decreaseinemissionstonetzeroby2060(2).TheIPCCalso

estimatedthat5-10gigatonnes(Gt)ofcarbondioxide(CO2)

mustberemovedfromtheatmosphereeachyearinthesecondhalfofthiscenturyto:

?offsetresidualemissionsthatareverydifficulttoabate–hardtoavoidemissionssuchasthosefromagricultureandairtravel

?reducethetotalloadofgreenhousegasesintheatmospheretobelowthecarbonbudgetfor1.5°Cofglobalwarming–

correctingfortheovershoot.

Governmentandprivatesectorresponsestopressureforclimatechangeactionhaveresultedinawealthofcommitmentstonet

zeroemissions.

TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)reportsthat,bylate

April2021,44countriesandtheEuropeanUnionhadannouncednetzeroemissionstargets.Tenlegislated,eightproposeto

makethemalegalobligationandtherestpledgednetzero

targetsingovernmentpolicydocuments.Thesecommitmentscoverapproximately70percentofglobalCO2emissions(4).

TheClimateAmbitionAlliance,whichbringstogethercountries,regions,cities,businessesandinvestorstoworktowards

achievingnetzeroemissionsby2050,hasalmost4,000

participants,includingover2,300companiesand700cities(5).Theleadersoftheseorganisationshavepledgedtoreach

netzeroemissionsbymid-century.

CAPACITYOFCCSFACILITIESINDEVELOPMENT(Mtpa

100

50

0

35.0

60.9

37.7

2.3

46.7

3.1

2020SEPTEMBER2021

IN

EARLY

ADVANCED

DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION

Excludesfacilitiesthathavenotyetannouncedtheircapacity

FIGURE1CCSFACILITIESINDEVELOPMENTSOURCE:'CO2REDatabase'2021(1)

EMISSIONS(GtCO2/yr)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

2010202020302040205020602070208020902100

EMISSIONSREMOVALSNETEMISSIONS

FIGURE2ILLUSTRATIVEREPRESENTATIONOFEMISSIONSTRAJECTORYFOR1.5CELSIUS

SOURCE:AdaptedfromFriedmannetal.2020(3);IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)2018(2)

CATEGORYOFPARTICIPANT

NUMBEROFPARTICIPANTS

Regions

28

Countries

121

Investors

163

Organisations

624

Cities

700

Companies

2357

TotalParticipants

3993

FIGURE3PARTICIPANTSOFTHECLIMATEAMBITIONALLIANCESOURCE:‘ClimateAmbitionAlliance:NetZero2050’2021(6)

Settinganetzerotargetisanessentialfirststep.Achievingnetzeroemissionswillrequiremanyspecificactions,inallsectors,overdecades.

Itisnocoincidencethatrecentgrowthinnetzerocommitments

hasbeenaccompaniedbyanunprecedentedspikeinCCSactivity.Whenorganisationsconsideradoptingnetzero,theycommonly

doananalysiswheretheycatalogueemissions,identifymitigationoptionsforeach,thenrankthemforcostandefficacy.CCSoften

emergesasanessentialpartofthelowestcostpathwaytonetzero.

ThereisanincreasingrecognitionbygovernmentsofCCS’scriticalrole.Itnowappearsin24of291LongTermLowEmissionsand

DevelopmentStrategies(LEDS)submittedunderArticle4oftheParisAgreement,asnationalgovernmentsdecidehowthey’ll

delivertheirabatementcommitments.

Pacala&Socolow(2004)foundthatCCSshouldbeusedin

conjunctionwithothermitigationoptions.Thisfindinghasbeen

reiteratedmanytimesbytheIEAandothers.TakingCCS,orany

otheroption,offthetableincreasesthecostofcuttingemissions.CCSisoneofmanyclimatemitigatingtechnologies–commerciallyavailableandabsolutelynecessarytoachieveastableclimate.

83%

17%

●CCSINNATIONAL

LONG-TERMSTRATEGY

●CCSOMITTEDFROMNATIONALLONG-TERMSTRATEGY

FIGURE4CCSINLONG-TERMSTRATEGIES(ASOFJULY2021)

1AsofJune2021

THEECONOMICANDSOCIALVALUEOFCCS

Effectiveclimatepolicymustdelivernear-termeconomicandsocialvalueaswellasnetzeroemissions.Representative

governmentswillavoidpolicieswherecostsfalldisproportionatelyonspecificcommunitiesorindustries.Anabsenceofstrong

opposition,andsustainedsupport,isessentialifgovernmentsaretoimplementstrong,effectiveclimatepoliciesthatsurvivethepoliticalcycle.CCScanhelp.

Inmanycountries,climate-focusedpolicyorregulationis

increasinglyunlikelytobeopposedbyarguingagainstclimate

science.Debateismoreoftenfocusedonhowtomitigate

emissions,policycostsandtheeconomicimpactsofpoliciesonspecificindustriesorcommunities.Sustainableclimatepolicyislesslikelywhenacommunityorindustrythatwouldbeadverselyimpactedhaspoliticalpower–duetotheirsize,economic

contribution,orculturalvalue.Anaggrievedandmotivatedgroupcanquicklytranslateintoelectoraldefeat.Byprotectingand

creatingjobs,CCSbuildssupportforstrongclimateactioninplacesthatmightotherwiseperceiveitasathreat.

Emissionsintenseindustriesoftendevelopinclustersduetotheavailabilityoffeedstocks;accesstoinfrastructure,suchasportsandrail;thepresenceofaskilledworkforce;andacriticalmassofspecialistsuppliersofengineeringandothergoodsand

services.Manylocalcommunitiesrelyuponaclusterlikethisforalargeproportionoftheiremploymentandlocaleconomy.Theywouldsuffersevereeconomicandsocialdislocationif

theiremissionsintenseindustrieswereshutdown.CCScanhelptransformhighemissions-intensityindustriestonear-

zeroemissionsindustries–continuingsupportforeconomicprosperity,butalsohelpingachieveclimateimperatives.

Putsimply,CCSprotectsjobsinindustriesandcommunities.Itisoneofthereasonswhynetworkscentredonexisting

industrialprecinctsareemergingasapreferredmodelforCCSdevelopment.

CCSalsocreatesnewhighvaluejobs.CCSfacilitiesbeginas

largeengineeringandconstructionprojectsthattakeyearsto

plan,design,constructandcommission.Theyrequireasignificant

developmentandconstructionworkforce.Atitspeak,the

BoundaryDamCCSfacilityinCanadaemployedaconstructionworkforceof1,700.Similarly,upto2,000peoplehelpedbuild

theAlbertaCarbonTrunkLine.Ongoingjobsarethencreated

torunandmaintaintheCCSfacilities.AcommercialCO2capturefacilitymayemployaround20operatorsandmaintainers,whilesupportingjobsinfirmsthatprovideitsgoodsandservices(7).

TheglobalCCSindustrymustgrowbymorethanafactor

of100bytheyear2050,toachieveParisAgreementclimatetargets.Thismeansbuilding70to100facilitiesayear,upto100,000constructionjobsandongoingjobsfor30,000to

40,000operatorsandmaintainers(7).ThesizeoftheglobalCCSindustrycouldapproachthatoftheworldnaturalgasindustrywithinafewdecadescreatingasignificantengineofgrowth,alongsiderenewableenergy,inthenewlow

emissionseconomy.

1213

2.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS

2.1CCS,NETZEROANDECONOMICPROSPERITY

2.2GLOBALCCSFACILITIESUPDATEANDTRENDS

NETZEROBY2050REQUIRESSTRONGACTIONBY2030

DespiteunprecedentedgrowthintheCCSprojectpipelineforthelast12months,thereremainsamassivegapbetweentoday’sCCSfleetandwhatisrequiredtoreduceglobalanthropogenicemissionstonetzero.Limitingglobalwarmingto2°CrequiresinstalledCCS

capacitytoincreasefromaround40Mtpatodaytoover5,600Mtpaby2050(8).BetweenUSD$655billionandUSD$1,280billionin

capitalinvestmentisneededto2050(9).

Thisfiguremayappeardauntingbutinvestingaroundonetrillion

dollarsoveralmost30yearsiswellwithinthecapacityoftheprivatesector–in2018,itinvestedapproximatelyUS$1.85trillion(10)in

justtheenergysector.Inadditiontoenormousfinancialresources,theprivatesectorhastheexpertiseandexperiencetodevelop

projects.Inthefaceofrisingexpectationsfromstakeholdersandshareholderstoinvestinassetsthataidclimatemitigation,the

privatesectorisalsoactivelyseekingopportunities.Allthat’sneededisabusinesscase.

Ifweassumethereisabusinesscaseforinvestment,andthatcapitalisnotabigconstraint,thelargestbarriertomeetingclimatetargetsistime.Rapidgrowthofsupportinginfrastructureisrequiredby2030

tobringmoreprojectsintothedevelopmentpipelineandgetthemoperatingby2050.Inmanycases,supportinginfrastructureisan

investmentprerequisite–notonlyforCCSbutotheressentialpartsofanynetzerostrategy.Forexample,investinginnewrenewable

powergenerationmeansmoreelectricitytransmissionlines,whilerampingupcleanhydrogenproductionanduserequiresnew

COMMERCIALCCSFACILITIES

INOPERATIONANDCONSTRUCTION

COMMERCIALCCSFACILITIESINDEVELOPMENT

OPERATIONSUSPENDED

storage,transportationanddistributioninfrast