《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-一、馬鈴薯晚疫病綠色防控（雙語(yǔ)）

一

馬鈴薯晚疫病綠色防控

IGreenPreventionandControlofPotatoLate

Blight

馬鈴薯晚疫病又稱馬鈴薯疫病、馬鈴薯瘟，是一種導(dǎo)致馬鈴薯莖葉死亡和塊莖腐爛的毀滅性病害，全世界普遍發(fā)生。該病造成馬鈴薯減產(chǎn)一般在20％～40％，成為馬鈴薯第一大病害。

Potatolateblight,alsoknownaspotatoblightandpotatoplague,isadevastatingdiseasethatcausesthedeathofpotatostemsandleavesandtuberrot,whichoccurswidelythroughouttheworld.Thisdiseasecausesareductioninpotatoyieldbygenerally20%~40%,andisthelargestdiseaseofpotatoes.（一）癥狀

可侵染葉片、莖蔓和薯塊。一般以葉及薯塊發(fā)病最常見，以葉上癥狀最為明顯。

(I)SymptomsItcaninfectleaves,stems,vinesandpotatoes.Generally,thediseaseismostcommononleavesandpotatoes,withthemostobvioussymptomsonleaves.（一）癥狀

塊莖染?。汉稚蜃虾稚髩K病斑，稍凹陷，病部皮下薯肉亦呈褐色，慢慢向四周擴(kuò)大或爛掉。

(I)SymptomsInfectedtubers:brownorpurple-brownlargespots,slightlysunken,andbrownpotatomeatundertheskinofthediseasedpart,whichslowlyexpandsorrotsaround.（二）

病原致病疫霉，屬于鞭毛菌亞門疫霉屬該病菌的寄生轉(zhuǎn)化性較強(qiáng)，一般在植株或薯塊中才能生存，病菌的寄主范圍較窄，主要侵染馬鈴薯、番茄等茄科植物。

(II)PathogensPhytophthora,belongingtoPhytophthora,FlagellaThepathogenhasstrongparasitictransformationandcangenerallysurviveinplantsorpotatoes.Thehostrangeofthepathogenisnarrow,mainlyinfectingpotatoes,tomatoesandotherSolanaceaeplants.（三）

發(fā)病規(guī)律

Occurrenceregularity初侵染源：病菌主要以菌絲體在病薯中越冬，也可以卵孢子越冬，但病株莖、葉上的菌絲體和孢子囊都不能在田間越冬。在雙季作薯區(qū)，前一季遺留土中的病殘組織和發(fā)病的自生苗也可成為當(dāng)年下一季的初侵染源。Primaryinfectionsource:Thepathogensmainlyoverwinterasmyceliumindiseasedpotatoesoroospores,butthemyceliumandsporangiaonthestemsandleavesofdiseasedplantscannotoverwinterinthefield.Inthedouble-croppingpotatoarea,thediseasedresidualtissuesanddiseasedautogenousseedlingsleftinthesoilinthepreviousseasoncanalsobecometheprimaryinfectionsourceinthenextseasonofthecurrentyear.侵入途徑：病菌從氣孔侵入，也可直接從角質(zhì)層進(jìn)入葉片；侵入薯塊則通過(guò)傷口、皮孔及芽眼。傳播：病菌的孢子囊主要借助氣流進(jìn)行傳播，灌水、耕地、起壟等農(nóng)事操作也能傳播。Waysofintrusion:Pathogensintrudefromstomataordirectlyentertheleavesfromthestratumcorneum;intrudepotatoesthroughwounds,lenticelsandbudeyes.Transmission:Thesporangiaofpathogensaremainlytransmittedbyairflow,andagriculturaloperationssuchasirrigation,cultivationland,andridgingcanalsofacilitatetransmission.（三）

發(fā)病規(guī)律

Occurrenceregularity氣候條件：該病是典型的流行性病害，氣候條件對(duì)病害的發(fā)生和流行有著極為密切的關(guān)系。一般空氣潮濕、溫暖多霧或經(jīng)常陰雨的條件下最易發(fā)病。Climaticconditions:Thediseaseisatypicalepidemicdisease,andclimaticconditionsarecloselyrelatedtotheoccurrenceandprevalenceofthedisease.Generally,thediseaseismostlikelytooccurunderhumid,warm,foggyorfrequentrainyconditions.耕作及栽培措施：地勢(shì)低洼、排水不良的地塊發(fā)病重，平地較壟地重。密度大或株形大可使小氣候濕度增加，也利于發(fā)病。施肥與發(fā)病有關(guān)，偏施氮肥引起植株徒長(zhǎng)，土壤瘠薄、缺氮或黏土等使植株生長(zhǎng)衰弱，有利于病害發(fā)生。Tillageandcultivationmeasures:Thediseaseoccursseriouslyinlow-lyingandpoorlydrainedplots,andismoreseriousonflatlandthanonridges.High-densityorlargeplantscanincreasethehumidityofthemicroclimateandfacilitatetheonsetofthedisease.Fertilizationisrelatedtotheoccurrenceofthedisease.Excessiveapplicationofnitrogenfertilizercausesexcessivegrowthofplants,andbarrensoil,lackofnitrogen,orclayharmthegrowthofplants,whichisconducivetotheoccurrenceofthedisease.（四）防治措施1、

農(nóng)業(yè)防治（1）選育（用）抗病良種

鄂薯5號(hào)、鄂薯8號(hào)、川芋10號(hào)、川芋5號(hào)等脫毒新品種對(duì)馬鈴薯晚疫病有較高的抗性，適宜在本地栽種并推廣。

(Ⅳ)Preventionandcontrolmeasures1.Agriculturalcontrol

(1)Breeding(use)ofdisease-resistantimprovedvarieties

Newvirus-freevarietiessuchasEshuNo.5,EshuNo.8,ChuanyuNo.10andChuanyuNo.5havehighresistancetopotatolateblightandaresuitableforlocalplantingandpopulation.1、農(nóng)業(yè)防治

（2）選用無(wú)病種薯在未發(fā)病或發(fā)病較輕的地塊，選擇無(wú)病植株單收、單藏，留作種用。1.Agriculturalcontrol

(2)Selectingdisease-freeseedpotatoesIntheplotsthatarenotdiseasedorhaveamilddisease,disease-freeplantsshallbeselectedforseparateharvestingandstorageforseeds.1、

農(nóng)業(yè)防治（3）合理輪作

不宜與茄子、番茄、辣椒等茄科作物連作，宜與禾本科、豆科、十字花科等作物3年以上輪作，有條件的地方進(jìn)行水旱輪作。

馬鈴薯屬茄科作物，這樣可以減少土壤中病原菌數(shù)量。

PotatoesbelongtothefamilySolanaceae,whichcanreducethenumberofpathogensinthesoil.1.Agriculturalcontrol(3)ReasonablecroprotationItisnotsuitableforcontinuouscroppingwithsolanaceouscropssuchaseggplant,tomato,andpepper.ItissuitableforcroprotationwithcropssuchasGraminaceae,Leguminosae,andCruciferousformorethanthreeyears.Paddy-uplandrotationshallbecarriedoutwhereconditionsaremet.1、農(nóng)業(yè)防治（4）加強(qiáng)栽培管理適時(shí)早播且壟作栽培中耕除草，增施有機(jī)肥及磷鉀肥收獲前提早10-15d割蔓收獲后及時(shí)清園

1.Agriculturalcontrol(4)StrengthencultivationmanagementEarlysowingandridgecultivationinduetimeIntertillageandweeding,applicationofadditionalorganicfertilizerandphosphateandpotassiumfertilizerCutthevine10-15daysbeforeharvestTimelyclearingafterharvest2、化學(xué)防治種薯處理中心病株→及時(shí)拔除→消毒處理

2.ChemicalcontrolSeedpotatotreatmentCentraldiseasedplants→timelyremoval→disinfection2、化學(xué)防治開花期前后為防治晚疫病的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期；發(fā)病初期，用80%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑、72%甲霜靈·錳鋅可濕性粉劑或687.5克/升氟菌·霜霉威懸浮劑等進(jìn)行防治，間隔7～10d，連續(xù)用藥2～3次。2.ChemicalcontrolThecriticalperiodforthecontroloflateblightisaroundtheanth