《生態(tài)茶園建設(shè)與管理》-課件：任務(wù)5 生態(tài)茶園建設(shè)規(guī)劃

Ecologicalteagardenconstructionplanning生態(tài)茶園建設(shè)規(guī)劃目錄我國(guó)是茶樹(shù)的原產(chǎn)地，也是世界上第一的產(chǎn)茶大國(guó)，茶葉在中國(guó)已有近

5000

年的歷史。一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求二、茶園規(guī)劃TeagardenplanningCatalogueChinaistheoriginofteatreeandthefirstteaproducingcountryintheworld.Teahasahistoryofnearly5,000yearsinChina.Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens茶的產(chǎn)地環(huán)境要求三種類型茶園對(duì)產(chǎn)地空氣質(zhì)量要求存在一定差異。Thethreetypesofteagardenshavedifferentrequirementsfortheairquality.Environmentalrequirementsoftheoriginoftea空氣質(zhì)量要求Airqualityrequirement無(wú)公害Pollution-free綠色Green有機(jī)Organic

總懸浮顆粒物，mg/m3Totalsuspendedparticulates日平均Dailyaverage≤0.30≤0.30≤0.12二氧化硫，mg/m3SulphurDioxide日平均Dailyaverage≤0.15≤0.15≤0.051小時(shí)hour―≤0.50≤0.15氮氧化物，mg/m3NitrogenOxide日平均Dailyaverage≤0.10――二氧化氮，mg/m3NitrogenDioxide日平均Dailyaverage―≤0.08≤0.081小時(shí)hour―≤0.20≤0.12氟化物，μg/m3Fluoride日平均Dailyaverage≤7≤7≤71小時(shí)hour―≤20≤20產(chǎn)地要求

TheOriginrequirements

三種類型茶園對(duì)灌溉水質(zhì)質(zhì)量要求存在一定差異。灌溉水質(zhì)要求Irrigationwaterqualityrequirements無(wú)公害Pollution-free綠色Green

有機(jī)Organic

總汞，mg/LTotalHg≤0.001≤0.001≤0.001總鎘，mg/LTotalCd≤0.005≤0.005≤0.005總砷，mg/LTotalAs≤0.10≤0.05≤0.05總鉛，mg/LTotalPb≤0.10≤0.10≤0.10六價(jià)鉻，mg/LHexavalentchromium≤0.10≤0.10≤0.10氰化物，mg/LCyanide――≤0.50氯化物，mg/LChloride――≤250氟化物，mg/LFluoride≤2.0≤2.0≤2.0化學(xué)需氧量，mg/LChemicaloxygendemand―≤60―石油類，mg/LOil―≤1.0≤5.0

Thethreetypesofteagardenshavedifferentrequirementsforthequalityofirrigationwater.

產(chǎn)地要求

TheOrigin

requirements

三種類型茶園對(duì)土壤質(zhì)量要求存在一定差異。土壤質(zhì)量要求Soilqualityrequirements無(wú)公害Pollution-free綠色Green有機(jī)Organic

總鎘，mg/kgTotalCd≤0.30≤0.30≤0.20總汞，mg/kgTotalHg≤0.30≤0.25≤0.15總砷，mg/kgTotalAs≤40≤25≤40總鉛，mg/kgTotalPb≤250≤50≤50總鉻，mg/kgTotalChromium≤150≤120≤90氟，mg/kg

Fluorine≤1200――總銅，mg/kg

TotalCopper≤50≤50≤50Thethreetypesofteagardenshavedifferentrequirementsforsoilquality.新茶園建設(shè)要求

Newteagardenconstructionrequirements一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求newteagardenconstructionstandardsandrequirements茶區(qū)園林化

Gardenteaarea；茶樹(shù)良種化

Improvedvarietiesofteatrees；茶園水利化

Waterutilizationofteagarden；生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化

Productionmechanization；栽培科學(xué)化

Scientificcultivation。三江縣布央鄉(xiāng)仙人山茶區(qū)SanjiangCountyBuyangtownshipXianrencamelliaarea一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-Horticultureofteaareas福建省漳平市南洋鎮(zhèn)茶區(qū)一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens--GardenizationofteaareasTeaarea,NanyangTown,ZhangpingCity,FujianProvince四川省雅安市名山區(qū)茶區(qū)一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens--HorticulturizationofteaareasTeaarea,MingshanDistrict,Ya'anCity,SichuanProvince一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-greeningofteaareas一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-greeningofteaareas一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-greeningofteaareas一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶區(qū)園林化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-greeningofteaareas一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶樹(shù)良種化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-improvedvarietiesofteatrees一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶樹(shù)良種化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-improvedvarietiesofteatrees一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶樹(shù)良種化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-improvedvarietiesofteatrees一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶園水利化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-waterutilizationofteagardens一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶園水利化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-waterutilizationofteagardens一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶園水利化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-waterutilizationofteagardens一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—茶園水利化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-waterutilizationofteagardens一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—栽培科學(xué)化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—栽培科學(xué)化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—栽培科學(xué)化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction一、新茶園建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求—栽培科學(xué)化Standardsandrequirementsfortheconstructionofnewteagardens-mechanizationofproduction二、茶園規(guī)化主要內(nèi)容茶園區(qū)塊劃分Teagardenblockdivision道路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Roadsystemdesign水利網(wǎng)設(shè)置Waternetworksetup防護(hù)林網(wǎng)與遮蔭樹(shù)設(shè)置Protectiveforestnetand

Shadetreesetupthemaincontentofteagardenplanning1.功能區(qū)塊用地規(guī)劃

Functionalblocklandplanning：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning10hm2

規(guī)模的茶場(chǎng)，在茶場(chǎng)整體規(guī)劃時(shí)

10hm2scaleteafarm,intheoverallplanningoftheteafarm：茶園用地Teagardenland：70%-80%場(chǎng)（廠）生活用房及畜牧點(diǎn)用地Farm(factory)livingroomandanimalhusbandrysiteland：3%-6%蔬菜、飼料、果樹(shù)等經(jīng)濟(jì)作物用基地Vegetable,feed,fruittreesandothercashcropusebase：5%-10%道路、水利設(shè)施有地Landforroadsandwaterconservancyfacilities：4%-5%綠化及其他用地Afforestationandotherland：6%-10%1.功能區(qū)塊用地規(guī)劃

Functionalblocklandplanning：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning1.功能區(qū)塊用地規(guī)劃：Functionalblocklandplanning二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置Settingofroadsystem：a.道路網(wǎng)是關(guān)系到茶行安排、溝渠設(shè)置和整個(gè)園相的一個(gè)重要部分。在開(kāi)墾之前，就應(yīng)規(guī)劃好道路，力求合理與適宜。規(guī)模較大的茶場(chǎng)，必須建立道路網(wǎng)，分別設(shè)干道、支道、步道(或稱園道)，以及便于機(jī)械操作的地頭道。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanninga.Roadnetworkisanimportantpartrelatedtothearrangementoftearows,thesettingofditchesandthewholelandscapeofthegarden.Beforereclamation,theroadshouldbeplanned,andstrivetobereasonableandappropriate.Forlarge-scaleteafarms,roadnetworksmustbeestablished,includingmainroads,sideroads,footpaths(orgardenroads),andgroundroadsthatareconvenientformechanicaloperation.2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：b.主干道：60hm2以上的茶園要設(shè)主干道，作為全場(chǎng)的交通要道，貫穿場(chǎng)內(nèi)各作業(yè)單位，并與附近的公路、鐵路或貨運(yùn)碼頭相銜接。路面寬8－10m，能供兩部汽車來(lái)往行駛，縱坡小于6°(即坡比不超過(guò)10%)，轉(zhuǎn)彎處曲率半徑不小于15m。小丘陵地的干道應(yīng)設(shè)在山脊。16°以上的坡地茶園，干道應(yīng)開(kāi)“S”形。梯級(jí)茶園的道路，可采取隔若干梯級(jí)空一行茶樹(shù)為道路。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanningb.Mainroad:theteagardenabove60hm2shouldbesetupamainroad,asthetrafficarteryofthewholefield,throughthevariousoperatingunitsinthefield,andconnectedwiththenearbyhighway,railwayorfreightterminal.Theroadwidthis8-10m,whichcanbeusedfortwocarstotravelbetween,thelongitudinalslopeislessthan6°(thatis,thesloperatioisnotmorethan10%),andthecurvatureradiusoftheturningisnotlessthan15m.Themainroadinasmallhillyareashouldbelocatedonaridge.Teagardensonslopesabove16°,Themainroadshouldbeopenedinan"S"shape.Theroadofacascadeteagardenmaytakeanemptylineofteatreesseparatedbyseveralrungsastheroad.b.主干道

Mainroad：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：c.次干道（支道）：是機(jī)具下地作業(yè)和園內(nèi)小型機(jī)具行駛的主要道路，每隔300－400m設(shè)一條，路面寬4－5m，縱坡小于8°(即坡比不超過(guò)14%)，轉(zhuǎn)彎處曲率半徑不小于10m。有主干道的，應(yīng)盡量與之垂直相接，與茶行平行。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：c.Secondaryroad(branchroad):Itisthemainroadfortheoperationofmachineryandsmallmachineryinthegarden,witharoadwidthof4-5mevery300-400m,thelongitudinalslopeislessthan8°(thatis,thesloperatioisnotmorethan14%),andthecurvatureradiusoftheturningisnotlessthan10m.Themainroadshouldbeconnectedtoitverticallyandparalleltothetealineasfaraspossible.c.次干道（支道）:SecondaryRoad(branchRoad)：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：d.步道：作為下地作業(yè)與運(yùn)送肥料、鮮葉等物之用，與干、支道相接，與茶行或梯田長(zhǎng)度緊密配合，通常支道每隔50－80m設(shè)一條，路面寬1.5－2.0m，縱坡小于15°(即坡比不超過(guò)27%)，能通行手扶拖拉機(jī)及板車即可。設(shè)在茶園四周的步道稱包邊路，它還可與園外隔離，起防止水土流失與園外樹(shù)根等侵害的作用。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：d.Footpath:asafieldoperationandthetransportoffertilizer,freshleavesandotherthings,anddry,branchroadconnected,andteaorterracelengthcloselymatch,usuallythebranchroadevery50-80m,theroadwidth1.5-2.0m,thelongitudinalslopeislessthan15°(thatis,thesloperatioisnotmorethan27%),canpassthewalkingtractorandpalletcar.Thefootpathlocatedaroundtheteagardeniscalledthepackagesideroad,whichcanalsobeisolatedfromthegardentopreventsoilerosionandtreerootsoutsidethegarden.d.步道

Walkingpath：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：d.步道

Walkingpath：e.地頭道：供大型作業(yè)機(jī)調(diào)頭用，設(shè)在茶行兩端，路面寬度視機(jī)具而定，一般寬8－10m，若干、支道可供利用的，則適當(dāng)加寬即可。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：e.Groundroad:forlargemachineturning,locatedatbothendsofthetealine,thewidthoftheroaddependsonthemachine,thegeneralwidthof8-10m,anumberof,theroadcanbeused,thentheappropriatewideningcanbe.設(shè)置道路網(wǎng)要有利于茶園的布置，便于運(yùn)輸、耕作，盡量減少占用耕地。在坡度較小、崗頂起伏不大的地帶，干道、支道應(yīng)設(shè)在水分嶺上，否則，宜設(shè)于坡腳處，為降低與減緩坡度，可設(shè)成“S”形。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：Theroadnetworkshouldbeconducivetothelayoutoftheteagarden,easytotransportandcultivate,andminimizetheoccupationofcultivatedland.Inthesmallslope,thetopoftheundulatingzone,themainroad,branchroadshouldbelocatedonthewaterridge,otherwise,itshouldbelocatedatthefootoftheslope,inordertoreduceandslowdowntheslope,canbesetintoan"S"shape.e.地頭道

DitouRoad：二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning2.道路系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置

Settingofroadsystem：3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：功能：具有保水、供水和排水三個(gè)方面的功能。結(jié)合規(guī)劃道路網(wǎng)，把溝、渠、塘、池、庫(kù)及機(jī)埠等水利設(shè)施統(tǒng)一安排，要溝渠相通，渠塘相連。雨多時(shí)水有去向，雨少時(shí)能及時(shí)供水。二、茶園規(guī)劃

TeagardenplanningFunction:Ithasthreefunctionsofwaterretention,watersupplyanddrainage.Combinedwiththeplanningoftheroadnetwork,theditches,canals,ponds,ponds,warehousesandportsandotherwaterconservancyfacilitiesunifiedarrangement,totheditchesareconnected,theditchesandpondsareconnected.Whenitrains,thewatergoestothedestination,andthewatercanbesuppliedintimewhentherainislow.3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：各項(xiàng)設(shè)施完成后，達(dá)到小雨、中雨水不出園，大雨、暴雨泥不出溝，需水時(shí)又能引提灌溉。各項(xiàng)設(shè)施與園地耕鋤結(jié)合。各項(xiàng)設(shè)施需有利于茶園機(jī)械管理，須適合茶些工序自動(dòng)化的要求。二、茶園規(guī)劃

TeagardenplanningAfterthecompletionofvariousfacilities,lightrainandmoderaterainwillnotleavethegarden,heavyrainandstormmudwillnotleavetheditch,andwatercanbedivertedforirrigationwhenitisneeded.Allthefacilitiesarecombinedwiththegardenploughinghoe.Thefacilitiesmustbeconducivetothemechanicalmanagementoftheteagarden,andmustbesuitablefortheautomationrequirementsofsometeaprocesses.a.渠道：主要作用是引水進(jìn)園，蓄水防沖及排除漬水等。分干渠與支渠。為擴(kuò)大茶園受益面積，坡地茶園應(yīng)盡可能地把干渠抬高或設(shè)在山脊。按地形地勢(shì)可設(shè)明渠、暗渠或拱渠，兩山之間用渡槽或倒虹吸管連通。渠道應(yīng)沿茶園干道或支道設(shè)置，若按等高線開(kāi)設(shè)的渠道，應(yīng)有0.2%－0.5%的比例的落差。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：a.Channel:Themainfunctionistodivertwaterintothegarden,waterstorageandflushingpreventionandexclusionofwaterlogging.Dividedintotrunkchannelandbranchchannel.Inordertoexpandthebeneficialareaoftheteagarden,theslopeteagardenshouldraisethemaincanalorsetitontheridgeasfaraspossible.Accordingtotheterrain,openchannels,culvertsorarchchannelscanbesetup,andaqueductsorinvertedsiphonscanbeconnectedbetweenthetwomountains.Thechannelsshouldbesetalongthemainroadorbranchroadoftheteagarden.Ifthechannelsareopenedaccordingtothecontourlines,thereshouldbeaproportionof0.2%to0.5%ofthedrop.b.主溝：是茶園內(nèi)連接渠道和支溝的縱溝，其主要作用，在雨量大時(shí)，能匯集支溝余水注入塘、池、庫(kù)內(nèi)，需水時(shí)能引水分送支溝。平地茶園，還要起降低地下水位的作用。坡地茶園的主溝，溝內(nèi)應(yīng)有些緩沖與攔水工程。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：b.Mainditch:Itisthelongitudinalditchconnectedwiththechannelandthebranchditchintheteagarden.Itsmainfunctionisthatwhentherainfallislarge,itcancollecttheresidualwaterofthebranchditchintothepond,poolandreservoir,anditcandivertwatertothebranchditchwhenwaterisneeded.Flatteagarden,butalsoplayaroleinreducingthewatertable.Inthemainditchoftheslopeteagarden,thereshouldbesomebufferandwaterholdingworksintheditch.c.支溝：與茶行平行設(shè)置，緩坡地茶園視具體情況開(kāi)設(shè)，梯級(jí)茶園則在梯內(nèi)坎腳下設(shè)置。支溝宜開(kāi)成“竹節(jié)”溝。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：c.Branchditch:setparallelwiththetearow,teagardenongentleslopeissetupaccordingtothespecificsituation,andsteppedteagardenissetatthefootoftheladder.Branchditchesshouldbeopenedinto"bamboojoints"ditches.d.隔離溝：在茶園與林地、荒地及其他耕地交界處設(shè)隔離溝，以免樹(shù)根、雜料等侵入園內(nèi)，并防大雨時(shí)園外洪水直接沖入茶園。隨時(shí)注意把隔離溝中的水流引入塘、池或水庫(kù)。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：d.Isolationditch:Isolationditchissetatthejunctionofteagardenandforestland,wastelandandothercultivatedland,soastoavoidtreeroots,miscellaneousmaterialsandotherintrusionintothegarden,andpreventthefloodoutsidethegardendirectlyintotheteagardenduringheavyrain.Atanytime,payattentiontothewaterintheisolationditchintothepond,poolorreservoir.e.沉沙凼：園內(nèi)溝道交接處須設(shè)置沉沙凼。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：e.Sinkingcotai:Attheintersectionofditchesinthegarden,sinkingcotaishallbesetup.f.水庫(kù)、塘、池：根據(jù)茶園面積大小，要有一定的水量貯藏。在茶園范圍內(nèi)開(kāi)設(shè)塘、池(包括糞池)貯水待用，原有水塘應(yīng)盡量保留，每2－3hm2茶園，應(yīng)設(shè)一個(gè)漚糞池或積肥坑，作為常年積肥用。貯水、輸水及提水設(shè)備要緊密銜接。水利網(wǎng)設(shè)置，不能妨礙茶園耕作管理機(jī)具行駛。要考慮現(xiàn)代化灌溉工程設(shè)施的要求，具體進(jìn)行時(shí)，可請(qǐng)水利方面的專業(yè)技術(shù)人員設(shè)計(jì)。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning3.生態(tài)茶園排灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

Designofdrainageandirrigationsystemofecologicalteagarden：f.Reservoirs,ponds,pools:accordingtothesizeoftheteagarden,theremustbeacertainamountofwaterstorage.Setuppondsandpools(includingmanuretanks)intheteagardentostorewaterforuse.Theoriginalpoolsshouldberetainedasfaraspossible.Every2-3hm2teagarden,onecompostpondorcompostpitshouldbesetupforperennialcompost.Waterstorage,waterdeliveryandwaterliftingequipmentshouldbecloselyconnected.Thesettingofwaterconservancynetworkshallnothindertherunningofteagardenfarmingandmanagementmachinery.Itisnecessarytoconsidertherequirementsofmodernirrigationengineeringfacilities,andprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnelinwaterconservancycanbeinvitedtodesignitwhenitiscarriedout.4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：凡凍害、風(fēng)害等不嚴(yán)重的茶區(qū)，以造經(jīng)濟(jì)林、水土保持林、風(fēng)景林為主。一些不宜種植作物的陡坡地、山頂及地形復(fù)雜或割裂的地方，則植樹(shù)為主。植樹(shù)與種植多年生綠肥相結(jié)合，樹(shù)種須選擇速生、防護(hù)效果大、適合當(dāng)?shù)刈匀粭l件的品種。二、茶園規(guī)劃

TeagardenplanningWherethefrostdamage,winddamageandothernotseriousteaareas,tomakeeconomicforest,soilandwaterconservationforest,landscapeforest.Somesteepslopes,hilltopsandplaceswithcomplexordividedterrainthatarenotsuitableforplantingcropsaremainlyplantedwithtrees.Plantingtreesandplantingperennialgreenfertilizercombination,treespeciesmustbeselectedfast-growing,protectiveeffect,suitableforlocalnaturalconditionsofthevariety.4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：?jiǎn)棠九c灌木相結(jié)合，針葉與闊葉相結(jié)合，常綠與落葉相結(jié)合。灌木以宜作綠肥的樹(shù)種為主。園內(nèi)植樹(shù)須選擇與茶樹(shù)無(wú)共同病蟲(chóng)害、根系分布深的樹(shù)種。林帶必須與道路、水利系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合，且不妨礙實(shí)施茶園管理使用機(jī)械的布局。二、茶園規(guī)劃

TeagardenplanningCombinetreeswithshrubs,coniferouswithbroadleaves,evergreenwithdeciduous.Shrubsaredominatedbytreessuitableforgreenmanure.Treespecieswithnocommondiseasesandpestsanddeeprootdistributionshouldbeselectedforplantingtreesinthegarden.Theforestbeltmustbeintegratedwiththeroadandwaterconservancysystem,anddoesnothindertheimplementationofteagardenmanagementandmechanicallayout.林帶布置：以抗御自然災(zāi)害為主的防護(hù)帶，則須設(shè)主、副林帶；在擋風(fēng)面與風(fēng)向垂直，或成一定角度(不大于45°)處設(shè)主林帶，為節(jié)省用地，可安排在山脊、山凹；在茶園內(nèi)溝渠、道路兩旁植樹(shù)作副林帶，二者構(gòu)成一個(gè)護(hù)園網(wǎng)。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Forestbeltlayout:toresistnaturaldisastersofthemainprotectionbelt,mustsetupthemain,secondaryforestbelt;Inthewindandwindvertical,orintoacertainAngle(notmorethan45°)setthemainforestbelt,inordertosaveland,canbearrangedintheridge,mountaindepression;Intheteagardenditches,onbothsidesoftheroadtoplanttreesasforestbelts,thetwoconstituteagardenprotectionnetwork.如無(wú)災(zāi)害性風(fēng)、寒影響的地方，則在園內(nèi)主、支溝道兩旁，按照一距離栽樹(shù)，在園外迎風(fēng)口上造林，以造成一個(gè)“園林化”的環(huán)流。就廣大低丘紅壤地區(qū)的茶園來(lái)看，山丘起伏，縱橫數(shù)里，樹(shù)木少見(jiàn)，茶苗稀疏，這種環(huán)境，是不符合茶樹(shù)所要求的生態(tài)條件的，“園林化”更有必要。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Ifthereisnodisastrouswindandcoldinfluence,treesshouldbeplantedonbothsidesofthemainandbranchditchesinthegardenaccordingtoadistance,andtreesshouldbeplantedonthewindwardentranceoutsidethegardentocreatea"garden-like"circulation.Onthevastlow-hillredsoilareaoftheteagarden,thehillsundulating,verticalandhorizontalseveralmiles,raretrees,teaseedlingssparse,thisenvironment,isnotinlinewiththeecologicalconditionsrequiredbytheteatree,"garden"ismorenecessary.防護(hù)林的防護(hù)效果，一般為林帶高度的15－20倍，有的可到25倍，如樹(shù)高可維持20m。就可按400－500m距離安排一條主要林帶，栽喬木型樹(shù)種2－3行，行距2－3m，株距1.0－1.5m，前后交錯(cuò)，栽成三角形，兩旁栽灌木型樹(shù)種。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Theprotectiveeffectofshelterbeltsisgenerally15-20timestheheightoftheforestbelt,andsomecanreach25times,suchastheheightofthetreecanmaintain20m.Youcanarrangeamainforestbeltaccordingto400-500mdistance,planting2-3rowsoftreespecies,rowspacing2-3m,plantspacing1.0-1.5m,staggeredbeforeandafter,plantedintoatriangle,plantedonbothsidesofshrubbytreespecies.林帶結(jié)構(gòu)有緊密結(jié)構(gòu)、透風(fēng)結(jié)構(gòu)和稀疏結(jié)構(gòu)三種。風(fēng)寒凍害嚴(yán)重地帶，以設(shè)緊密結(jié)構(gòu)林帶為主，林帶寬度為15-20m。有臺(tái)風(fēng)襲擊的地帶，宜用透風(fēng)結(jié)構(gòu)或稀疏結(jié)構(gòu)，其寬度可到30m。以防御自然災(zāi)害為主的林帶樹(shù)種，根據(jù)各地的自然條件去選擇。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Thestructureoftheforestbelthasthreekindsoftightstructure,ventilationstructureandsparsestructure.Intheseverewindandfreezingdamagezone,thetight-structureforestbeltismainlysetup,andthewidthoftheforestbeltis15-20m.Intheareahitbytyphoon,itisappropriatetouseaventilatedstructureorsparsestructure,anditswidthcanreach30m.Toprotectagainstnaturaldisastersofforestbelttreespecies,accordingtothenaturalconditionsofvariousplacestochoose.目前茶區(qū)常用防護(hù)林樹(shù)種：杉樹(shù)、馬尾松、黑松、白楊、烏桕、麻櫟、皂角、刺槐、梓樹(shù)、榿樹(shù)、油桐、油茶、樟樹(shù)、楝樹(shù)、合歡、黃檀、桑、梨、柿、杏、楊梅、柏、女貞、竹類等。作為綠肥用的樹(shù)種有紫穗槐、山毛豆、胡枝子、牡荊等。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Atpresent,thecommonlyusedshelterbelttreespeciesinteaarea:Chinesefir,massonpine,blackpine,aspen,Chinesetallow,oak,saponin,Robiniaacacia,catalpa,alder,Alder,Alnia,oiltree,oiltea,camphor,nimbus,alacacia,rosewood,mulberry,pear,persimmon,apricot,bayberry,Cypress,privetia,bamboo,etc.AsgreenfertilizerforthetreespeciesareAmorphafruticosa,mountainedamame,lesbians,vitexandsoon.行道樹(shù)布置：茶場(chǎng)范圍內(nèi)的道路、溝渠兩旁及住宅四周，用喬木、灌木樹(shù)種相間栽植，既美化了環(huán)境，又保護(hù)了茶樹(shù)，更提供了肥源。一般用速生樹(shù)種，按一定距離栽于干道、支道兩旁，兩喬木樹(shù)之間，栽幾叢能作綠肥的灌木樹(shù)種。如道路與茶園之間有溝渠相隔的，可以栽苦楝等根系發(fā)達(dá)的樹(shù)種。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Streettreelayout:theroads,ditchesandhouseswithintherangeofteafarmsareplantedwithtreesandshrubspecies,whichbeautifytheenvironment,protecttheteatrees,andprovideasourceoffertilizer.Generallyusefast-growingtreespecies,plantedatacertaindistanceonbothsidesofthemainroadandthebranchroad,betweenthetwotrees,plantedafewbushesthatcanmakegreenmanure.Ifthereareditchesbetweentheroadandtheteagarden,treeswithdevelopedrootssuchasneemcanbeplanted.遮蔭樹(shù)布置：中國(guó)除南方的部分茶區(qū)種植遮蔭樹(shù)外，一般茶區(qū)茶園內(nèi)都不布置遮蔭樹(shù)，只種行道樹(shù)以改變小區(qū)環(huán)境。一般認(rèn)為，在夏季葉溫達(dá)30度以上的地區(qū)，栽遮蔭樹(shù)是必要的.二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Shadetreelayout:InadditiontosometeaareasinthesouthofChina,shadetreesarenotarrangedintheteagardeninthegeneralteaarea,onlystreettreesareplantedtochangetheenvironmentofthecommunity.Itisgenerallybelievedthatintheareawherethesummerleaftemperaturereachesmorethan30degrees,plantingshadetreesisnecessary中國(guó)已取得成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)的遮蔭樹(shù)：托葉楹、臺(tái)灣相思、合歡等?，F(xiàn)在多用巴西橡膠、云南樟、榿木等。一般林、果行矩應(yīng)放寬到10—12m。株矩4—5m，茶樹(shù)的行矩為1.5—1.8m，則在林、果行間植茶6行。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning4.防護(hù)林與遮蔭樹(shù)

Shelterbeltsandshadetrees：Chinahasachievedsuccessfulexperienceofshadetrees:jacaranda,TaiwanAcacia,albizia,etc.NowtheuseofBrazilrubber,Yunnancamphor,alderandsoon.Generalforest,fruitmomentshouldberelaxedto10-12m.Plantmoment4-5m,thelinemomentofteatreeis1.5-1.8m,thenplanttea6rowsbetweenforestandfruitrows.5.園地開(kāi)墾

Gardenreclamation：如果雜草數(shù)量不多，可以在開(kāi)墾時(shí)將其翻人土層深處，腐爛以后可以提高茶園土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)，增加肥力。盡量保留園中道路、溝、渠旁的原有樹(shù)木；規(guī)劃中作為防護(hù)林帶的地段，要保留全部植被。亂石可以填于低處，但應(yīng)深埋于土層1m之下；墳堆應(yīng)遷移，并拆除砌墳堆的磚、石及清除已混有石灰的墳地土壤，以保證植茶后茶樹(shù)能正常生長(zhǎng)。二、茶園規(guī)劃

TeagardenplanningIfthenumberofweedsisnotlarge,itcanbeturneddeepinthesoillayerduringreclamation,whichcanimprovethesoilorganicmatterandincreasefertilityafterdecay.Trytokeeptheoriginaltreesbesidetheroads,ditchesandcanalsinthegarden;Intheplanningasashelterbeltofthelot,toretainallvegetation.Looserockscanbefilledinlowplaces,butshouldbeburied1mbelowthesoillayer;Gravemoundsshouldberemoved,bricksandstonesshouldberemovedfromgravemoundsandlimemixedsoilshouldberemovedtoensurethenormalgrowthofteatreesafterteaplanting.平地及緩坡地的開(kāi)墾Reclamationofflatlandandgentleslopeland：平地及緩坡地開(kāi)墾平地及15°以下的緩坡地茶園，根據(jù)道路、水溝等可分段行進(jìn)，并要沿等高線橫向開(kāi)墾，以使坡面相對(duì)一致。若坡面不規(guī)則，應(yīng)按“大彎隨勢(shì)，小彎取直”的原則開(kāi)墾。如果有局部地面因水土流失而成“剝皮山”的現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)增加客土，使表面土層厚度達(dá)到種植茶樹(shù)的要求。復(fù)墾可在初墾的土壤自然下沉后、種植茶樹(shù)前進(jìn)行，深度80cm。二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning5.園地開(kāi)墾

Gardenreclamation：FlatlandandgentleslopereclamationFlatlandandgentleslopeteagardensbelow15°canbesegmentedaccordingtoroads,ditches,etc.,andshouldbehorizontallyreclaimedalongthecontourlinetomakethesloperelativelyconsistent.Iftheslopeisirregular,itshouldbereclaimedaccordingtotheprincipleof"bigbendwiththetrend,smallbendstraight".Ifthereisaphenomenonof"peelingmountain"causedbysoilerosiononthelocalground,theguestsoilshouldbeincreasedtomakethethicknessofthesurfacesoillayermeettherequirementsofplantingteatrees.Reclamationcanbecarriedoutafterthesoiloftheinitialreclamationnaturallysinksandbeforeplantingteatrees,withadepthof80cm.二、茶園規(guī)劃

Teagardenplanning5.園地開(kāi)墾

Gardenreclamation：陡坡梯級(jí)墾辟

Steepslopestepreclamation坡度在15°－25°之間，地形起伏