2023考研英語二真題及答案解析

2023年全國碩士研究生招生考試SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkontheANSWERSHEET.(10Here’sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you’retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughynextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois__2__growthbyestablishingagmadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofocus3onfindingwaystogrow.Let’slookatareal-worldBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe5departmentsofengineering,marketinproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The6wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And 7makingimprovementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheugrowthteamandsparkedthekindof10perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatenginissuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe11ofupgradeswasn’tduqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis12,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedbyprominently13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversionupgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itwhocan15theinterdisciplinaryteamandke 17ofthesegoals.movingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.19distracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon’t20theneedtobeputonthebackburner.[B]identifySectionIIReadingComDirections:youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.AbouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningTheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear’spartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiEdHorne,oftheRHS,said:“Welaunchedoursustainabilitystratejustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlife,mitigatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS’sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegracauses.ATwitteraccountcalledShitLawns,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreenartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingttwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticg“ecologicaldamage”taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,260and11,272signatures.However,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalinaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.claimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaveragewhichprovideshabitatforinsectInresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathsignatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass”.Itadded:“Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoicerathertlegislatingonsuchmatters.However,theuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasursuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencoursustainablealternatives.”21.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass.[D]isruiningtheviewofwestLondon22.Thepetitionsmentionedinpara.3revealthecampaigner's.23.Inpara4,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthat.[A]thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakeg[B]thedisadvantagesof[C]thewaytotakecareofartificia[D]thechallengesofinsecthabitatprotecti24.Whatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialg[A]urgelegislation[B]takemeasurestoguar[D]replaceitwithsu25.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrassIt’seasytodismissasabsurdtheTrumpadministration’sidegapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit’sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriesyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNatioButtheadministrationisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincritheyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructureareButprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbethepanaceathatInteriorDepartment’sOutdoorAdvisoryCommitteewouldhaveusbelieve.Campgroundsaretinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andconcessionairesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylTherealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.WeconductedacomprehensivesurveyexamininghowU.S.residentsviewtheirnationalparks,andwefoundtAmericansplaceaveryhighvalueonthem—whetherornottheyactuallyvisitthem.Thepeer-reviewedeconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayers,conductedbymailandinternet,alsofoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayaddititaxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica’spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsites—includingEllisIslandandGettysburg—andtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congreparksystem—anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflationexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009aspartoftheObamastimuluspackage.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethmillionvisitorspery26.WhatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedw[A]declineofbusinessprofits[C]lackoftransportationservic[D]poorlymaintained27.Increasedprivatizationofthecampgroundmay?28.Accordingtopara.5,mostrespondentsinthesurveywould[A]gotothenationalparkson[B]advocateabiggerbudgetfort[D]supportthenationalpar29.Thenationalparksarevaluableinthatthey________30.Itcanbeconcludedfr[C]isinneedofanewpricingpoliTheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In201,Sparrowledaparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factsinacomputer("aforexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycoulthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtoremTheydidn'tremembertheirinformation.Buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inowords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut"adaptingtonewcommunicationstechnologyInaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalhardprocessknownas"cognitiveoffloading.""Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbylibraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyodoes,forinstance.Someworrythaanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwilindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconcnotavailableontheInternet."Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmumemorizingthings,"Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven'Still,otherexpertssayit'stoosoontounderstanoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabipsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDanielSimons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-saveolderadultsina2008stuattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternetbutI'dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,observespsycholBenjaminStorm:'Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butiAtthispoint,wedon'tkno31.Sparrow'sstudysho[B]collectinforma32.Theprocessof"cogniti[A]helpsusidentify[C]enablesustocla33.WhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheIn[A]Itmayreformourwa[C]Itmayenhanceouradaptabili[D]Itmayinterferewithourconce34.ItisindicatedinPara3thathowtheInt[D]dependsonourwe[A]ourrelianceontheIntern[B]theInternetiswexpresswithconsiderablystradolescence,helplessanddependentchildrenwhohavereliedongrown-upsforjustabouteverythingbecomeindependentpeoplewhocantasametime,oncecheerfulandcompliantpointofself-destruction.Accidentaldeathsgoupdramaticallyinadolescence.AnewstudypublishedinthejournalChildDevelopment,byEvelineCroneoftheUniversityofLeidenandcolleagues,suggeststhatthepositiveandnegativesidesofteenagersgohandinhand.Thestudyispartofanewwaveofthinkingaboupolicymakersconcentratedontheideathatteenagerswereaproblemthatneededtobesnewworkemphasizesthatadolescenceisatimeofopportunityaswellasrisk.adults,rangingfrom11to28yearsold.Theparticipantsftheydidthingsthatwerealtruisticandpositive,likesacrificingrebelliousbehaviorincreathenewstudyshowsthat,interestingly,thesweremorelikelythanyoungerchildrenoradultstoreportthattheydidthingslikeunselfishlyhelpMostsignificantly,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenprosocialityandrebelliousness.Theteenagerswhoweremorerebelliouswerealsomorelikelytohelpothers.Thegoodandbadsidesofadolescenceseemtodeveloptogether.Istheresomecommonfacideaisthatteenagebehaviorisrelatedtowhatresearcmakingalwaysinvolvesbalancingrewardsandrisks,benefitsandcosts.“RewardsensitivmeasureshowmuchrewardittakestooutweighrisTeenagersareparticularlysefriend,gettingthatboytonoticeyou.Rewardsensitivity,likeprosocialbehaviorandrisk-taking,chancethatsomethingexcitingandnewwillhappenatthatpartyjustdoesn’tseemtooueffortofgettingupoffthecouch.[A]developopposite[C]havefondmemoriesofthepast37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagrap[A]exploresteenagers'soc[B]examinesteenagers'[D]highlightnegativeadole38.WhatdoesCrone'sstudyfindaboutprosocialb[A]Itresultsfromthew[D]Ittendstopeak[C]becomeanxious[D]endeavortoliveajoyfullife40.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?[A]whyteenagersarese[C]Howteenagersdeve[D]HowteenagersbeDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Net-zerorulessettosendcostofnewhomesandextensionssoaringNewbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceofnewhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingTherules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK’scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforvenergyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpoThemovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,asaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsisalreadydrivingupBrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,atradegroupforsmallandmedium-sizedbuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled.“Allthalreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,”GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectlyaffected.“Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation,”hesay“Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.”Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whilethereamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,asitewhichsourcesquotes,saysthiswillbrrestrictionsforextensions.“Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernom25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,”hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofilepjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadasloBuilderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator,whichpricesprojects.Asthechangesareaimedtomakehomesmoreenergyefficient,theywilleventdownheatingbills.Butintheshort-termhomeownersarelikelytofacehiMaterialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears,accordConstructionProductsAssociation.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear.“Whileadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,”saysRolande.“Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound￡3,000additionalcostthregs.”JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespricdown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture.“Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition