英語(yǔ)詞匯合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)換

英語(yǔ)詞匯合成詞1.合成名詞1）合成名詞數(shù)量最多，其中大多數(shù)由名詞+名詞構(gòu)成：airconditioner空調(diào)機(jī)airraid空襲alarmclock鬧鐘armsrace軍備競(jìng)賽assemblyline裝配線baby-sitter看孩子的人bankaccount銀行賬戶birthcontrol節(jié)制生育blooddonor獻(xiàn)血者bloodpressure血壓bookcase書柜bookmark書簽braindrain人才流失burglaralarm防盜警報(bào)器busstop公共汽車站canopener開罐器carpark停車場(chǎng)contactlens隱形眼鏡corporalpunishment體罰cottonwool藥棉creditcard信用卡deathpenalty死刑estateagent地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人fancydress(ball)化裝舞會(huì)generationgap代溝greenhouseeffect溫室效應(yīng)healthcenter醫(yī)療中心heartattack心臟病發(fā)作heartfailure心力衰竭h(yuǎn)irepurchase分期付款incometax所得稅laborforce勞動(dòng)力labormarket勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)letter-box信箱mailorder郵購(gòu)定單mineralwater礦泉水mother-tongue母語(yǔ)nailvarnish指甲油newsbulletin新聞公報(bào)packageholiday一攬子度假計(jì)劃penfriend筆友pocketmoney零用錢policestation警察分局postoffice郵局signlanguage手語(yǔ)sodawater蘇打水，汽水soundbarrier音障tabletennis乒乓球teabag袋泡茶tea-table茶幾telephonenumber電話號(hào)碼toiletpaper衛(wèi)生紙unemploymentbenefit失業(yè)救濟(jì)金welfarestate福利國(guó)家X-rayX光youthhostel青年旅舍2）也有不少合成名詞由形容詞+名詞組成：centralbank中央銀行civilrights公民權(quán)力compactdisc激光唱盤currentaffairs時(shí)事drycleaning干洗fastfood快餐first-aid急救Frenchfries炸薯?xiàng)lgeneralknowledge人所共知的事generalpublic公眾highereducation高等教育highheels高跟（鞋）highjump跳高h(yuǎn)ighschool中學(xué)humanbeing人humanrights人權(quán)industrialrelations勞資關(guān)系modernlanguages現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言musicalinstrument樂(lè)器naturalhistory自然歷史naturalresources自然資源nervousbreakdown神經(jīng)失常oldage老年oldhand老手openair露天openletter公開信personalcomputer個(gè)人電腦polarbear白熊，北極熊publicsector公營(yíng)部門remotecontrol遙控socialsecurity社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)socialservices社會(huì)服務(wù)（事業(yè)）socialstudies社會(huì)研究socialwork(er)社會(huì)工作（者）solarsystem太陽(yáng)系stainlesssteel不銹鋼vocalcord聲帶yellowpages（電話簿）黃頁(yè)部分3）有些合成詞由動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和另一詞構(gòu)成，如：a.diningroom餐廳drawingpin圖釘drivinglicense駕駛執(zhí)照f(shuō)ryingpan煎鍋sleepingbag睡袋parkingmeter停車計(jì)時(shí)器swimmingpool游泳池washingmachine洗衣機(jī)washingpowder洗衣粉writingpaper信紙b.air-conditioning空調(diào)centralheating集中供暖dataprocessing數(shù)據(jù)處理familyplanning計(jì)劃生育foodpoisoning食物中毒sighting-seeing觀光weightlifting舉重window-shopping逛商店windsurfing風(fēng)帆沖浪zebracrossing斑馬線（人行橫道）4）還有些合成名詞以其他方式或三個(gè)詞構(gòu)成：by-product副產(chǎn)品comrade-in-arms戰(zhàn)友cover-up掩蓋事實(shí)fork-lifttruck叉車looker-on旁觀者open-parent-family單親家庭air-trafficcontrol空中交通管理do-it-yourself自己動(dòng)手（手冊(cè)）women’smovement婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)turnover營(yíng)業(yè)額hocus-pocus愚弄手法jibbery-pockery騙局show-off愛賣弄的人passer-by路旁經(jīng)過(guò)的人birdofprey猛禽bride-to-be準(zhǔn)新郎bring-and-buysale慈善性義賣merry-go-round旋轉(zhuǎn)木馬pickpocket扒手break-water防波堤take-off起飛go-between中間人breakthrough突破get-together聯(lián)歡會(huì)downfall垮臺(tái)outbreak爆發(fā)well-being福利back-seatdriver指手畫腳瞎指揮者good-for-nothing不中用的人touch-me-not鳳仙花commander-in-chief總司令editor-in-chief總編2.合成形容詞1）合成形容詞很多由過(guò)去分詞或帶-ed詞尾的詞構(gòu)成，如：absent-minded心不在焉的air-conditioned有空調(diào)的bow-legged弓形腿的breast-fed吃人奶長(zhǎng)大的broken-hearted心碎的clean-shaved胡子刮得很干凈clear-cut明確的cold-blooded冷血的deep-seated牢固的double-barreled雙筒的（獵槍）double-breasted雙排扣的duty-bound義不容辭的far-fetched牽強(qiáng)的full-blown盛開的full-grown已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)成的gilt-edged金邊的good-tempered脾氣好的grey-haired頭發(fā)灰白的hand-picked精選的high-heeled高跟的home-made家里制作的ill-advised不明智的kind-hearted心腸好的left-handed慣用左手的light-hearted心情輕松的long-lost長(zhǎng)期丟失的low-paid工資低的mass-produced成批生產(chǎn)的middle-aged中年的muddle-headed糊里糊涂的narrow-minded心胸狹窄的new-born新生的old-fashioned老式的old-sided片面的panic-stricken驚慌失措的ready-made現(xiàn)成的remote-controlled遙控的right-angled直角的short-handed人手短缺的short-lived短命的short-sighted近視的，眼光短淺的short-tempered急躁的silver-plated鍍銀的so-called所謂的2）也有不少合成形容詞由動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和另一詞構(gòu)成：close-fitting緊身的easy-going好說(shuō)話的epoch-making劃時(shí)代的face-saying護(hù)面子的far-reaching深遠(yuǎn)的（影響）good-looking漂亮的hard-wearing耐磨的hard-working勤勞的labor-saving節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力的long-lasting耐用的long-standing由來(lái)已久的long-suffering長(zhǎng)期受苦的man-eating吃人的mouth-watering令人垂涎的never-ending沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的off-putting令人不快的record-breaking創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的smooth-running運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)的smooth-talking花言巧語(yǔ)的well-meaning好心好意的3）還有一些合成形容詞由“形容詞+名詞”（a）或“名詞等+形容詞”（b）構(gòu)成：a.deep-sea深海的first-class頭等的front頭版的full-length全身大小的full-scale全力（進(jìn)攻）last-minute最后一分鐘的late-night深夜的long-distance長(zhǎng)途（電話）long-range遠(yuǎn)程的loose-leaf活頁(yè)的one-way單向（通行）的part-time部分時(shí)間的present-day當(dāng)今的second-hand二手的second-rate二流的top-secret絕密的b.all-mighty萬(wàn)能的brand-new全新的bullet-proof防彈的duty-free免稅的ice-cold冰冷的interest-free免利息的knee-deep水深及膝的lead-free無(wú)鉛的nuclear-free無(wú)核（區(qū)）top-heavy頭重腳輕的trouble-free沒(méi)有麻煩的world-famous世界著名的4）還有一些其他形式的合成形容詞，特別是一些包含副詞的合成詞：a.動(dòng)詞+副詞：broken-down破舊不堪的built-in嵌在墻內(nèi)的（櫥柜）built-up蓋滿房子的（地區(qū)）cast-off扔掉的drive-in開車進(jìn)去的（電影院）laid-back冷靜放松run-down年久失修的see-through透明的b.副詞+名詞：off-budget預(yù)算外的off-campus校園外的off-guard失去警惕的off-hand不經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備的off-hour休息時(shí)間off-peak非高峰時(shí)期out-door戶外的up-hill上山的c.其他形式的：all-out全力以赴的all-round全面的ever-victorious常勝的face-to-face面對(duì)面的out-and-out徹頭徹尾的ten-minute十分鐘的third-floor三層樓上的three-hour三小時(shí)的two-year-old兩歲大的well-off富裕的合成動(dòng)詞及合成副詞1）合成動(dòng)詞主要有下面幾類：a.名詞+動(dòng)詞：baby-sit看孩子eavesdrop偷聽ghost-write為別人代寫proof-read校隊(duì)sleep-walk夢(mèng)游spoon-feed用勺喂，灌輸tape-record用磁帶錄下來(lái)water-ski滑水b.副詞+動(dòng)詞：overcharge超額收費(fèi)overeat吃得太多overhear聽見（別人說(shuō)話）overthrow推翻undergo經(jīng)歷underwrite承擔(dān)，同意保證uphold維護(hù)uplift提起，振奮c.形容詞或副詞+動(dòng)詞：back-pedal往后退縮backtrack往回走black-list列入黑名單cross-examine盤問(wèn)ill-treat虐待short-change少找錢short-circuit發(fā)生短路white-wash粉刷d.其他形式的合成動(dòng)詞：blow-dry吹干court-martial軍法審判deep-fry炸dillydally浪費(fèi)時(shí)間pooh-pooh認(rèn)為愚蠢可笑spin-dry甩干stir-fry翻炒title-tattle閑聊2）合成副詞為數(shù)不多，大多用作狀語(yǔ)：Shealmostdidallthissingle-handed.這一切幾乎是她單槍匹馬干的。Hereturnedhomeempty-handed.他毫無(wú)所獲地回家了。Theyranhelter-skelterdowntheroad.他們沿著公路慌亂地逃走了。Fileswerescatteredhiggledy-piggledyabouttheoffice.文件檔案雜亂地散落在辦公室里。[注]在構(gòu)成合成詞時(shí)，是否加連字號(hào)，是一個(gè)麻煩問(wèn)題，有的需加連字號(hào)，如word-formation,letter-writing,boat-ride;有時(shí)不加連字號(hào)，如washingmachine,dancehall,bookreview；有時(shí)甚至連寫，如handwriting,haircut,input。有時(shí)不同字典會(huì)有不同處理法，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中連字號(hào)比英國(guó)英語(yǔ)用得少，比較現(xiàn)實(shí)的辦法是注意觀察和多查字典。由三個(gè)以上詞構(gòu)成的合成詞一般都加連字號(hào)，如astate-of-the-artaircraftdesign（最新式的飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)）。[注2]有一種詞，前后兩部分聲音很近似，稱為疊聲詞（Reduplicative）:zigzag彎彎曲曲（形）chit-chat閑聊（名）walkie-talkie步話器（名）dillydally磨蹭，耗費(fèi)時(shí)間（動(dòng)）wish-washy淡而無(wú)味（形）shilly-shally猶猶豫豫（動(dòng)）hotch-potch大雜燴（名）higgledy-piggledy亂七八糟（形，副）criss-cross縱橫交錯(cuò)（形）fiddle-faddle胡鬧（動(dòng)）helter-skelter慌亂地（副）tittle-tattle無(wú)聊閑談（動(dòng)）tip-top極好的（形）goody-goody假正人君子（名，形）派生詞（derivation）加前綴：happyunhappy加后綴：developdevelopment既加前綴又加后綴：employunemployment常見的否定前綴anti-相反，相互對(duì)立加在名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞前antiwar反戰(zhàn)的antipathy反感antithesis對(duì)立；反論antibacterial抗菌的antibody抗體antisocial反社會(huì)的de-表示"去掉，變壞，離開，變慢，向下"等加在名詞前deforest砍伐森林devalue降低價(jià)值decode破譯detrain下火車degrade降級(jí)

ill-不加在名詞、形容詞前虐待ill-treat信息不足的ill-informed不禮貌的ill-mannerednon-表示”不,非”加在名詞、形容詞、副詞或作形容詞的分詞上nonexistenta.不存在的nonsmokinga.不準(zhǔn)吸煙的nonstopa.直達(dá)的表示時(shí)間和其他關(guān)系的前綴over-超過(guò)加在動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞前overstudyn.用功過(guò)度

overworkn.過(guò)度勞累

overactv.表演過(guò)火overdosen.藥物過(guò)量

overproductionn.生產(chǎn)過(guò)度

overcrowdeda.擠滿的ex-表示"前面的，前任的"加在名詞前ex-wife前妻ex-president前任總統(tǒng)ex-表示"出，出去"exclude排外expel趕出，逐出expose暴露exalt使升高extract抽出，拔出excise切除exceed超過(guò)，超出exhale呼氣multi-表示”很多,很多”multimediaa.多媒體的multiculturala.多種文化的

multiforma.多種多樣的tele–表示遠(yuǎn)的telephone,televisionmicro-表示“微，小”microscope顯微鏡

microworld微觀世界

microwave微波

microbiology微生物學(xué)

microfilm微縮膠卷auto-自動(dòng)的automobile汽車autobiography自傳vice-表示“副”vice-president副總統(tǒng)

vice-manager副經(jīng)理macro-表示“大，宏大”Mamacroscopic(宏觀)eco-生態(tài)的生態(tài)學(xué)ecology生態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecosystem生態(tài)友好的eco-friendlySino-中國(guó)的中日的Sino-Japanese中石化Sinopecsub-“潛，在下面，次一等，副手”潛意識(shí)（的）subconscioussubtropics亞熱帶subtitle副標(biāo)題bi-表示兩個(gè),雙邊bi-bicolor(雙色的),bicycletri-三個(gè)三輪車tricycle三角形triangletrans-“變換，改變，轉(zhuǎn)移”

tranplant移植

transaction交易；辦理

transcribe抄寫，轉(zhuǎn)錄

transfigure改觀；變形transfuse輸血；充滿常見的后綴表示人和物的名詞后綴后綴-er構(gòu)詞能力抽象名詞和集合名詞的后綴后綴為-ion的名詞形容詞后綴副詞后綴動(dòng)詞后綴在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。1.

動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Letmehavea

try.

讓我試試。Theyareonlyallowedtosellsoft

drinks

atschool.在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。2.

名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞He

shouldered

hiswaythroughthecrowd.他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。Thesmellfromthekitchenmadehismouth

water.從廚房傳來(lái)的氣味使他流口水。3.

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞Wewilltryourbestto

better

ourlivingconditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。Theytriedto

perfect

theworkingconditions.他們努力改善工作條件。4.

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Hedidn'tknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.

他不辨是非。The

old

inourvillagearelivingahappylife.我們村的老年人過(guò)著幸福的生活。5.

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞How

long

haveyoulivedthere?你在那兒住多久了？6.

個(gè)別詞在一定場(chǎng)合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Warmclothesarea

must

inthemountains.穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。Lifeisfullof

ups

and

downs.人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。Hisargumentcontainstoomany

ifs

and

buts.他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。合成法由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。1.

合成名詞名詞/代詞+名詞

newspaper

blood-test

she-wolf動(dòng)詞+名詞

typewriter

pickpocket

daybreak形容詞+名詞

greenhouse

highway

副詞+名詞

overcoat

outside名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing+名詞

handwriting

reading-room

動(dòng)詞+副詞/

副詞+

動(dòng)詞

breakthrough

get-together

outbreak

outcome名詞+介詞+名詞

sister-in-law

editor-in-chief

2.

合成形容詞名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞

world-famous

duty-free

large-scale

long-term副詞+形容詞

over-anxious

evergreen名詞+過(guò)去分詞

man-made

sun-burnt名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

peace-loving

English-speaking形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

good-looking

easy-going

副詞+過(guò)去分詞

well-informed

widespread副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

hardworking

far-reaching形容詞+名詞+ed

warm-hearted

absent-minded數(shù)詞+名詞+ed

three-legged

ten-storied數(shù)詞+名詞

one-way

five–star數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞

ten-year-old

800-meter-long名詞+to+名詞

face–to-face

door-to-door

3.

合成動(dòng)詞名詞+動(dòng)詞

baby-sit

sleepwalk

副詞+動(dòng)詞

outnumber

underestimate

overwork形容詞+動(dòng)詞

whitewash4.

合成副詞形容詞＋名詞

meanwhile

anyway形容詞＋副詞

everywhere

anyhow副詞＋副詞

however介詞＋名詞

beforehand

overhead介詞＋副詞

forever5.

合成代詞代詞賓格＋self/selves

herself

themselves物主代詞＋self/selves

myself

yourselves

形容詞＋名詞

anything

nothing

6.

合成介詞副詞＋名詞

inside

outside介詞＋副詞

without

within副詞＋介詞

into派生法由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。1.

前綴除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。（1）表示否定意義的前綴un-

unhappy

unfinished

undressdis-

disagree

disbelievein-

[il-,im-,ir-]

inaccurate

illegal

impolite

imbalance

irregularmis-

misbehave

mislead

mistakenon-

nonstop

nonsmoker（2）表示其他意義的前綴en-

“使……”enrich

enlarge

encourageinter-

“相互”international

intercontinentalre-

“再，又，重”rethink

retell

recycletele-

“遠(yuǎn)程的”telescope

telephone

telegraphauto-

“自動(dòng)的”automatic

automobileco-

“共同”coworker

cooperatecoexistanti-

“反對(duì)，抵抗”antiwar

antifreeze

antinuclearmulti-

“多”multistorymulticultural

multicolorbi-

“雙，二”bicyclebilingual

bilateralmicro-

“極小的，微小的”microwave

microcomputerover-

“太多，過(guò)分”overwork

overdo

overestimateself-

“自己，本身”self-centeredself-confident

self-controlunder-

“在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline,underground,

underestimate,underrate2.

后綴（1）形容詞后綴-able

“可……的，具有……的”acceptable

drinkable

knowledgeable

reasonable

-al

“與……有關(guān)的”physical,magical,political-an

“屬于某地