基于高考卷命題角度解答閱讀理解題 課件-2025屆高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題

基于高考卷命題

角度

解答閱讀理解題內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)03040102選材選什么文本分析（語篇結(jié)構(gòu)）考點(diǎn)怎么定題干編寫05答案與干擾項(xiàng)編寫1.命題選材：選什么？

英語試題的設(shè)計(jì)要充分考慮英語語言在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的使用情況。在選擇語言素材的時(shí)候，要盡量使用真實(shí)、地道、典型的當(dāng)代英語素材。可以根據(jù)考試的目的和學(xué)生的實(shí)際語言水平，對真實(shí)的語言材料就行適當(dāng)?shù)膭h減和改寫。語言材料的題材和體裁要豐富多樣（教育部，2017）。

試題所選擇的語言素材和所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語言運(yùn)用情景要充分考慮到高中學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和所處的社會(huì)環(huán)境。試題內(nèi)容和載體的選擇以及題型的設(shè)計(jì)要與學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平相適應(yīng)。要避免因?qū)W生的生活經(jīng)歷的明顯差異而影響試題的公正性和合理性。另外，試題的設(shè)計(jì)盡量使學(xué)生能夠結(jié)合親身經(jīng)歷或體驗(yàn)來答題（教育部，2017）。1.選材：選什么？

1.

真實(shí)性：語料真實(shí)、地道、當(dāng)代（時(shí)效性）2.多樣性：題材、體裁多樣3.長度要合適：中等以上測試300字左右最理想4.難度要合適：生詞率3%；復(fù)雜句子控制5.內(nèi)容有新意：忌諱老生常談6.信息點(diǎn)充分：信息密度不高，可能湊題目7.內(nèi)容要健康：避免引起政治、民族、宗教、

地區(qū)、性別等爭議糾紛（價(jià)值導(dǎo)向）。（劉潤清，韓寶成，2000）1.文段體裁：多樣2.文段題材：適應(yīng)考生年齡特點(diǎn)和生活經(jīng)歷

3.文段長度：高中200~300，高考略長4.文段考點(diǎn)：不低于3個(gè)5.文段數(shù)量：多個(gè)文段，考點(diǎn)分布不集中6.文段難度：與考生語言能力相當(dāng)7.文段中數(shù)字信息：特定文段數(shù)字題不宜多8.文段簡化：確保語言內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)完整和信息連貫和邏輯性；可不改編加低于3%漢語注釋。（武尊民，2008）(Heaton,1988)“5.0社會(huì)”篇目體裁題材主題語境育人價(jià)值A(chǔ)應(yīng)用文名人介紹：古今歷史上女性名醫(yī)人與社會(huì)

勇敢堅(jiān)毅，舍己為人B記敘文攝影經(jīng)歷：尋找最佳拍攝點(diǎn)獲取獨(dú)特景色人與自我了解不同職業(yè)的艱辛；樹立積極樂觀人生態(tài)度

C說明文飲食節(jié)目：對英國人飲食習(xí)慣的影響人與社會(huì)拓展視野，了解異域文化D議論文人類文明：文獻(xiàn)和文物相結(jié)合才有可能還原更加真實(shí)的歷史人與社會(huì)批判性思維全面客觀地看待事物7選5說明文自然生態(tài)：種植室內(nèi)植物有益于提高人們的生活質(zhì)量人與自然關(guān)注自然及周圍環(huán)境養(yǎng)成健康的生活方式

2023年

全國

乙卷材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？篇目體裁題材主題語境育人價(jià)值A(chǔ)應(yīng)用文綠色出行：自行車租賃服務(wù)人與社會(huì)

綠色出行；環(huán)保/健康意識B記敘文環(huán)境保護(hù)：利用微生物治理污水人與自然與自然和諧共處；觀察自然，實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新

C說明文健康生活：數(shù)字極簡主義人與自我健康的生活方式D說明文群體智慧：小組討論，集體決策可以消

除個(gè)體偏見，提高估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性人與社會(huì)科學(xué)精神前沿新知7選5說明文自我原諒：學(xué)會(huì)適度自我原諒，羅列優(yōu)點(diǎn)和做過的好事增強(qiáng)自信人與自我自尊自愛自信的心理素質(zhì)積極樂觀看待自己

2023年

全國I卷材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？篇目體裁題材主題語境育人價(jià)值A(chǔ)應(yīng)用文旅游休閑：羅馬四個(gè)旅社介紹人與社會(huì)滲透中外文化B記敘文音樂經(jīng)歷：鋼琴家的翻樂譜助手人與自我終身學(xué)習(xí)，刻苦練習(xí)

C說明文動(dòng)物保護(hù)：聯(lián)邦鴨票-北美水禽保護(hù)歷史人與自然倡導(dǎo)人與自然和諧共處D說明文社會(huì)現(xiàn)象：大眾對情商的誤解，情商的

本質(zhì)，對情商未來研究的期望

人與社會(huì)

鼓勵(lì)關(guān)注未來，關(guān)注前沿新知

7選5記敘文

夾敘夾議旅游休閑：巴黎一周游的經(jīng)歷人與社會(huì)

體驗(yàn)文化差異，培養(yǎng)思辨意識2022年

全國I卷材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？中華優(yōu)秀文明（優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，中華文化）語法填空

人類命運(yùn)共同體/人與自然和諧共處時(shí)代發(fā)展(科學(xué)知識/科技發(fā)展)和諧人際關(guān)系

體美勞教育材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人(人類命運(yùn)共同體/人與自然和諧共處)2023新課標(biāo)1卷：約翰建造污水凈化的機(jī)器)材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人(時(shí)代發(fā)展)2022.08.24

2017I科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

如何在野外自制便攜式太陽能蒸餾器獲取飲用水2017II科學(xué)技術(shù)

國外飛行汽車的最新進(jìn)展2017III科學(xué)技術(shù)

幫助老人獨(dú)立自主生活的輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)材料特點(diǎn)：立德樹人(和諧人際關(guān)系)2不同體裁文本的信息核心（語篇結(jié)構(gòu)）應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文議論文信息核心（篇章結(jié)構(gòu)）·所需信息（緊扣說明對象

根據(jù)閱讀目的

抓住所需信息）·記事文

（5W1H）·人物傳記（身世、事跡、對他的情感態(tài)度或評價(jià)）·說明的事物

·說明的道理

·論點(diǎn)

（現(xiàn)象描述）·論證（正反分析；

邏輯推理；

列舉事實(shí)）·結(jié)論（現(xiàn)象描述）（劉松，2003）2021.12.19記敘文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)1/2（李秀萍，2022）（楊文彬，2022）記敘文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)2/2（楊文彬，2022）說明文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)1/21.問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993;MichealHoey,2001）

LanguageasDiscourse;DiscourceInteraction2019，全國I說明文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)2/2問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

2.

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）2019，天津生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行機(jī)制？物種數(shù)量分布差異的原因？科學(xué)家建立食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)模型說明文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)2/2問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA3.一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）2020，全國IMainlyabout:Theclassificationofthepopular.說明文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)2/2Throughouthistory,manyspeciesofanimalshavebeenthreatenedwithextinction.WhenEuropeansfirstarrivedinNorthAmerica,morethan60millionbuffalo（水牛）livedonthecontinent.Yethuntingthebuffalowassopopularduringthe19thcenturythatby1900theanimal’spopulationhadfallentoabout400beforethegovernmentsteppedintoprotectthespecies.Insomecountriestoday,theelephantfacesasimilarchallenge,asillegalhunterskilltheanimalsfortheivoryintheirtusks.Yetnotallanimalswithcommercialvaluefacethisthreat（威脅）.Thecow,forexample,isavaluablesourceoffood,butnooneworriesthatthecowwillsoonbeextinct.Whydoesthecommercialvalueofivorythreatentheelephant,whilethecommercialvalueofbeefprotectsthecow?Thereasonisthatelephantsareacommonresource,whilecowsareprivategoods.Elephantswanderfreelywithoutanyowners.Thehunterhasastrongmotivationtokillasmanyelephantsashecanfind.Becauseillegalhuntersarenumerous,eachhasonlyaslightmotivationtopreservetheelephantpopulation.Bycontrast,cattleliveonfarmsthatareprivatelyowned.Eachfarmermakesgreatefforttomaintainthecattlepopulationonhisfarmbecauseheharveststhebenefitoftheseefforts.Governmentshavetriedtosolvetheelephant'sproblemintwoways.Somecountries,suchasKenyaandUganda,havemadeitillegaltokillelephantsandselltheirivory.Yettheselawshavebeenhardtoputintoeffect,andelephantpopulationshavecontinuedtodwindle.Bycontrast,othercountries,suchasMalawiandNamibia,havemadeelephantsprivategoodsandallowedpeopletokillelephants,butonlythoseontheirownproperty.Withprivateownershipandtheprofitmotivenowonitsside,theAfricanelephantmightsomedaybeassafefromextinctionasthecow.TheancientGreekphilosopherAristotlepointedouttheproblemwithcommonresources:"Whatiscommontomanyistakenleastcareof,forallmenhavegreaterregardforwhatistheirownthanforwhattheypossessincommonwithothers.Expository–argumentationArgumentativeOFTHISSCHEME,WETHANKYOUFORYOURREADING,THEPROPOSALExpositoryP1:PhenomenonP2&3:Opinion（Cause&effect）P4：Evidence:（contrast）P5:Opinion（suggestedsolution）研高考方向，做細(xì)處文章細(xì)節(jié)理解：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，詞匯猜測，細(xì)節(jié)推理，觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度主旨大意：基本結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨大意3.考點(diǎn)怎么定？“一篇文章必然有一個(gè)主信息。閱讀測試，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考點(diǎn)”（李筱菊,2001)。3.考點(diǎn)怎么定？(2023QGI-A)一般按文段順序出題BikeRental&GuidedToursWelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Yousee...WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.....wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,

...Prices...GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcovers....ThetourdepartsfromDamSquare...,....buyyourticket...21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewith...?23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?3.考點(diǎn)怎么定？(2023QGI-B)按語篇結(jié)構(gòu)出題

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoods...Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedto...Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Why...?Whichkindsoffish...?...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructed...tanks...Thenhebroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested...背景過程24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?3.考點(diǎn)怎么定？(2023QGI-B)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”應(yīng)用原理26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?3.考點(diǎn)怎么定？(2023QGI-C)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,including...andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’sright...Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwith...Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyouto...Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,...Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle...Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestyle目的PartIPartII28.Whatisthebookaimedat?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”in...mean?30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepractices

offeredinparagraphtwo?3.考點(diǎn)怎么定？(2023QGI-D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustrated...the“wisdomofcrowds”effect...Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeople...Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout...Butanewstudy...offeredaninterestingtwistonthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroups...haveadiscussion,theaverages...weremoreaccurate...Thediscussiongroups...moreaccuratethan...from20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudy...,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion...Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,...resultedinaglobalreductioninerror....limitations...potentialimplications...發(fā)現(xiàn)原理新發(fā)現(xiàn)原理32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif___.34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?4.題干怎么編？高考英語閱讀理解題干表述的“指向性”如何？2022-05-0123:55標(biāo)題和出處單個(gè)的名詞短語同義轉(zhuǎn)述的名詞短語多個(gè)名詞短語關(guān)鍵詞的重心位于動(dòng)詞短語狀語從句4.題干怎么編？(2023QGI-A)4.題干怎么編？(2023QGI)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytour

start?24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

4.題干怎么編？(2023QGI)28.Whatisthebookaimedat?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudy

focuson?35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-A)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBikeA.Itgiveschildrenadiscount.B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.C.Itorganizesfreecycletours.D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.

正確答案出處：Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake,bikeswithhandbrakeandgears,bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes....including...andchildren’sbikes.Guided

CityToursWithover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshops

，信息雜糅選項(xiàng)與文段的同義詞的同義轉(zhuǎn)述同義轉(zhuǎn)述錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想

5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself. B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse. D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.

出處：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”名詞與動(dòng)詞的同義轉(zhuǎn)述同義轉(zhuǎn)述錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想

28.Whatisthebookaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills. B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems. D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.出處：Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.”錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigital

minimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,

andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophy

ifyoudecideit’srightforyou.5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-C)題干與文段的同義詞轉(zhuǎn)述同義轉(zhuǎn)述34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominant

members.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.出處：Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabout

theirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthe

dominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想；信息雜糅

名詞短語與文段的句子同義轉(zhuǎn)述同義轉(zhuǎn)述（考查長難句分析）5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-D)33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent出處：ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwistonthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想；信息雜糅；無中生有/未提及

正話反說的同義轉(zhuǎn)述5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-C)同義轉(zhuǎn)述24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling. B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.

出處：WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems....Whenhegotolder,John

startedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?...推理提煉錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想

5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-B)25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals. B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine.出處：...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults...推理提煉錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想

5.答案怎么編？干擾項(xiàng)怎么編？(2023QGI-B)30.Whatis