新高考英語｜語法專項之非謂語動詞-2025屆高三英語一輪復習專題

高考英語語法高考英語語法核心語法詞類動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)非謂語動詞定語從句名詞性從句狀語從句邊緣語法虛擬語氣情態(tài)動詞倒裝句省略句強調(diào)句CONTENTS十大詞類與構(gòu)詞法02動詞及動詞時態(tài)04非謂語動詞08名詞性從句09情態(tài)動詞、虛擬語氣11倒裝句和強調(diào)句12高考語法體系01句子成分和五種基本句型03被動語態(tài)06定語從句07狀語從句10主謂一致05Lesson8非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞是高考英語的必考點和難點，高考重點考察非謂語動詞做狀語、表語、定語以及賓語補足語的用法區(qū)別，以及固定搭配中的非謂語動詞形式。不僅如此，掌握非謂語動詞的的基本用法，對增強書面表達的文采和提高閱讀理解能力都有明顯的作用?？键c解密非謂語動詞，又叫非限定動詞，是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)，即動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞除了不能獨立作謂語外，可以承擔句子的其他成分。非謂語動詞不受主語的限定，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語等。故又稱非限定動詞。非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指由動詞變化而來，具有動詞的性質(zhì)和意義，但不能充當謂語來使用的詞。除了不能獨立作謂語外，可以承擔句子的其他成分。非謂語動詞的三種形式：1.過去分詞（done）【被動、完成】2.動詞不定式（todo）【將來、目的】3.動詞-ing形式（doing）【主動、進行】過去分詞V-ed動詞-ing形式不定式to+v非謂語動詞Lesson81.過去分詞V-ed構(gòu)成規(guī)則動詞：①V+eddestroy–destroyed②V+d(不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾)love–loved③變y為i+ed（以輔音字母y結(jié)尾）study–studied④雙寫尾字母+edstop–stopped（重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母）shopplanadmitdroppreferbeg…1.過去分詞功能①表被動+完成

eg.Builtyearsago,thebridgeneedstoberepaired.②只表被動

eg.Takentwiceaday,themedicinewillworkfineforyourcough.③只表完成相當于形容詞，表狀態(tài)Iamsatisfied.fallenleavesrisensundevelopedcountriesaretiredworker1.IlikereadingthenovelswrittenbyLiuCixin.

定語（theattribute）

2.Hespokeloudlyinordertomakehimselfheard.

賓語補足語（theobjectcomplement）

3.Youlookedfrightened.

表語（thepredicative）

4.Deeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.

狀語（theadverbial）1.過去分詞所作成分定語:用來修飾,限定,說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征。主要有形容詞,名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,介詞短語,動詞不定式短語、分詞、定語從句…定語分為前置定語和后置定語。

alovelygirlmycomputerTom’sparentsasleepingbabyabrokenheartthousandsofpatientsthemaponthewalladoglyingonthegroundafilmdirectedbyJamesCameron1.1過去分詞作定語eg：一枚用過的郵票一個受傷的手指一枚破損的硬幣一支點燃的蠟燭2.過去分詞作定語時，有時只有被動意義。英語口語

書面練習以上的都是_______的過去分詞。

ausedstamp

aninjuredfinger

abrokencoin

alightedcandle

及物動詞1.過去分詞作定語時一般兼有被動和完成的意義。3.不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語只表完成的意義。升起來的太陽一名逃跑的囚犯一名退休教師spokenEnglishwrittenexercisestherisensunanescapedprisoneraretiredteacher單個的過去分詞一般作前置定語，即放在所修飾的名詞前，過去分詞短語一般做后置定語，即放在所修飾的名詞后。如：terrifiedpeople

theaffectedperson

ordinarypeopleexposedtocholera

theriverpollutedbythedirtywater★[注意]：★有些單個的過去分詞，像left（剩余的）given（所給予的）concerned（有關(guān)的）等，習慣上用作后置定語。如：themoneyleft剩余的錢thepeopleconcerned有關(guān)人士thetimegiven給出的時間過去分詞前加名詞、副詞或形容詞可以構(gòu)成合成形容詞。廣泛運用的技術(shù)訓練有素的工人手寫的信件準備充分的講稿widely-used

techniqueswell–trainedworkershand-writtenlettersfully-preparedlectures1.1過去分詞作定語1.HowIregrettedthehourswastedonplayinggames!2.Ilikewearingclothesmadeofthiskindofcloth．3.ThebookswrittenbyLuXunarepopular．4.We’llgotovisitthebridgebuilthundredsofyearsago.

=which/thathadbeenwastedonplayinggames=which/thataremadeofthiskindofcloth.=which/thatwasbuilthundredsofyearsago.=which/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun過去分詞作短語一般作后置定語，相當于定語從句，改成定語從句后一般為被動句.1.1過去分詞作定語與定語從句1.TheprojectwhichwasdesignedbytheChineseengineerswasconstructedinonly2years.=Theproject_____________________________________wasconstructedinonly2years.

designedbytheChineseengineers2.Themostimportantthingthatisneedednowisanewmedicinetotreatthedisease.=Themostimportantthing____________isanewmedicinetotreatthedisease.needednow3.Thecastle,whichwasburntdowninthesixteenthcentury,wasneverrebuilt.=Thecastle,_______________________________________,wasneverrebuilt.

burntdowninthesixteenthcentury過去分詞短語有時亦可用作非限制性定語，用來補充說明被修飾詞的情況，前后常有逗號。5.ThegirlwhoisdressedinredisKelly’slong-lostfriend.=Thegirl_____________isKelly’slong-lostfriend.4.Athiefstolethegoatthatwastiedtothetree.=Athiefstolethegoat______tothetree.tieddressedinred6.Father

beatthesonwhowaslostintheonlinegames.

=Fatherbeattheson________intheonlinegames.有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中不表被動而表主動。belost/absorbedin（沉溺于）；bebornin（出身于）；bedressedin（穿著）；betiredof（厭煩）；bedevotedto；befacedwith;besatisfiedwith；besurprisedat;beconcernedwith,beworriedabout,bedeterminedtoPractice:Tosolvetheproblemofwaterpollution,I’dlikeyoutolookatastudy_______inAustraliain2012.havingconductedB.tobeconductedconducting D.conducted正確答案：D

解析：為了解決水污染的問題，我想要你看一下2012年澳大利亞已經(jīng)進行的研究。使用非謂語動詞作定語，study和conduct是動賓關(guān)系，用過去分詞作定語=whichwasconducted。B項也表示被動，但是不定式的被動，表示將要發(fā)生的事情。故選D。Heisaworkerbuilding

roads.=Heisaworkerwho/thatbuiltroads.Thisisapicturepainted

bymyfather.=Thisisapicturewhichwaspaintedbymyfather.Iknowtheyoungmansleepingonthebench.=Iknowtheyoungmanwhoissleepingonthebench.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.=Theletterwhichwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.(主動)(被動)(主動、進行)(被動、完成)過去分詞作定語改成定語從名后一般為被動句,現(xiàn)在分詞作定語改成定語從句一般為主動句?，F(xiàn)在分詞:表示主動、進行；過去分詞:表示被動、完成

done;beingdone與tobedone作定語的區(qū)別過去分詞含有“被動”“完成”兩種含義;若表示“某事正在被做”，通常使用動詞的beingdone形式;若表示“即將被做”，通常使用動詞的tobedone形式。

（1）Themeeting

(hold)nowisofgreatimportance.（2）Themeeting

(hold)yesterdaywasofgreatimportance.（3）Themeeting

(hold)tomorrowisofgreatimportance.1.1過去分詞和V-ing作定語的區(qū)別

1.過去分詞作感官動詞的賓語補足語，如watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,smell,listento等。

Whenhewokeupinthehospital,he________________bydoctorsandnurses.

當他在醫(yī)院醒來時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被醫(yī)生和護士包圍著。Tomnoticed______________bysomebody.Tom注意到他的房間被人搜查過。foundhimselfsurrounded

hisroomsearched1.2過去分詞作賓語補足語

2.過去分詞用于作使役動詞的賓語補足語，如have,get,make,let,leave,set,send等。

Henarrowly___________whilehewasridingahorsetheotherday.

幾天前當他騎馬時，他差點摔斷了腿。

had/gothislegbroken

3.過去分詞用于with復合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語補足語。Themurdererwasbroughtin,________________behindhisback.

兇手被帶進來了,他的雙手被綁在背后。__________________shehadtowalkhome.

自行車被偷，她只好步行回家。

Theboy,_______________________seemedtobethinkingaboutsomething.那個男孩,眼睛盯著天花板,好像在想什么事。Withtheirwork_______(finish),theywenthomehappily.

Withherbikestolen,withhiseyesfixedontheceiling,finishedwithhishandstied1.Thegirlwasdressedinherbestclothes.Shewantedtomakeherself_______attheparty.A.noticingB.noticedC.noticeD.tobenoticed

【答案】B。此處是“make+賓語+賓補”形式，賓語herself和動詞notice之間是動賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞表示被動，答案選B。2.Backfromhistwo-yearmedicalserviceinAfrica,Dr.Leewasveryhappytoseehismother____goodcareofathome.A.takingB.takenC.takeD.betaken正確答案：B3.Wefoundourselves(shock)bythelargenumberofvisitors.shocked作感官動詞的賓語補足語，如watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,smell,listento…2.作使役動詞的賓語補足語，如have,get,make,let,leave,set,send…3.在with復合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語補足語

非謂語動詞作賓語補足語

1.sbdosth

havesbdoingsthsthdone=getsthdonewon’thavesbdoing(無法容忍某人做某事）3.sbdosthbedone2.sbdosth(全過程）

see/hear/watchsbdoingsthsthdonesthbeingdonesb/sthtodo(讓…做某事,一次性的）sb/sthdoing(使處于某種狀態(tài)，變的…)sthdone{{{letsbdosthdone{make{getCanyougetthecarmoving?Youshouldgetyourfriendtohelpyou.1.withsb/sth+adj/adv/介詞短語Heusedtosleepwith

allthewindows

open.Shelayinbedwith

herface

pale.Hermothersatonthechairwith

herhead

down.

Theteachercameinwithabookinhishand.With

everything

done,shewenthome.Ican’tgooutwith

theseclothes

towash.2.sb/sthdoingsthdonesthtodo

{withsb/sthsb/sthdoingsthdonesthtodo

{withadj/adv/介詞短語Withtheboyleadingtheway,wequicklyfoundtheplace.系動詞：be

(is/am/are)become

get

grow

turnremain

stay

keep

seemappearsmell

look

sound

taste

feel等表語是指說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的詞或從句，表語常由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、動名詞、不定式、來充當，它常位于系動詞之后。Helooks

good.Adventurebecomes

apartofmylife.Thewindowwas

broken.1.3過去分詞作表語過去分詞放在系動詞之后作表語,表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征或

______。這類過去分詞通常為形容詞化的過去分詞（直接看作形容詞）:delighted,astonished,frightened,excited,inspired,encouraged,interested,contented,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,tired,worried,ect.其中很多可以被very修飾.Everyonepresentisveryinspiredathisspeech．

Youlookedfrightened.Hebecameinterestedintwotheories.

Onhearingthegoodnewseveryonewasexcited．狀態(tài)1.3過去分詞作表語

1.Thebookis

interestingandI’minterestedinit.2.Hiswordswerediscouraging,whichmademanypeoplediscouraged．a(chǎn)musing,amused;puzzling,puzzledtiring,tired;encouraging,encouraged;satisfying,satisfied;disappointing,disappointed;pleasing,pleased;astonishing,astonished3.His_____(confuse)expressionmadetheprofessor_____(confuse).confusedconfused有些感覺類及物動詞（如interest,worry,surprise,frighten……等）過去分詞作形容詞主語通常是人，表示人的感覺、情緒，常譯作“感到……”V-ing作形容詞主語通常是物，說明事物的性質(zhì)、特征，常譯作“令人……”

②Thenoveliswellwritten．（狀態(tài)）

ThenoveliswrittenbyLuXun．（動作）

過去分詞作表語，強調(diào)主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)；而被動語態(tài)中，主語是動詞所表示動作的承受者。(2)過去分詞作表語,多用來表示主語所處的心理狀態(tài)或情感變化,這類過去分詞通常為形容詞化的過去分詞:,astonished,frightened,excited,inspired,encouraged,interested,contented,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,tired,worried,ect．其中很多可以被very修飾.

A.Onhearingthegoodnewseveryonewasexcited．

①Thestoreisnowclosed．（狀態(tài)）

Thelibraryisusuallyclosedat8:00p.m．（動作）狀語是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的一種句子成份，用于說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。能充當狀語的有副詞、介詞詞組、非謂語動詞、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等等。1.Theyweresittingonthefloor.2.ShespokeEnglishverywell.3.Theteacherscomeheretolistento

mylesson.4.WhilehewaswatchingTV,heheardaknockatthedoor.5.Theboywillbeblindinbotheyesunlessheistreatedontime.6.Thoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,hecouldn’tunderstandit.時間條件1.4過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語時，表示被動完成的動作，其邏輯主語就是主句的主語，且與主句主語之間是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,表時間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句。例：Deeplymoved,theboybegantocry.=Becausehewasdeeplymoved,theboybegantocry.Askedforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaiditwasveryinterestingandrewarding.=Whenhewasaskedforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaiditwasveryinterestingandrewarding.=Whenaskedforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaiditwasveryinterestingandrewarding.當被問到對教師這份工作的看法時，菲利普說它既有趣又有值得。1.過去分詞作時間狀語時，相當于時間狀語從句?？稍谶^去分詞前加上連詞“when,while…”等，使其時間意義更明確。2.過去分詞作原因狀語時，可轉(zhuǎn)換為由since,because或as引導的原因狀語從句，這類狀語多放在句子的前半部分。

Frightenedbythenoise,thegirlcried.=Becauseshewasfrightenedbythenoise,thegirlcried.=Becausefrightenedbythenoise,thegirlcried.3.過去分詞作條件狀語時，可轉(zhuǎn)換為if,once或unless等引導的條件狀語從句。

Givenmoretime,wewilldobetter.=Ifwearegivenmoretime,wewilldobetter.=Ifgivenmoretime,wewilldobetter.4.過去分詞作讓步狀語時，相當于一個以though/although引導的讓步狀語從句Treatedbadly,shestilllovedhim.=Thoughshewastreatedbadly,shestilllovedhim.=Thoughtreatedbadly,shestilllovedhim.5.過去分詞作方式或伴隨狀語時，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句，但可用并列分句代替.The

old

man

walkedinthepark,supportedbyhis

wife.=The

old

man

walkedintheparkandwassupported

by

his

wife.2.過去分詞作狀語表示_____/或______的動作,相當一個狀語從句。Summary被動完成1.過去分詞在句子中可以作_____、______、_______、_______、________狀語等。時間原因方式讓步條件3.過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與主句的主語要保持一致。Facedwithfinancialdifficulties,_______.A.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn

B.anextrajobhasbeentaken

C.Johnhastotakeanextrajob1.Askedwhathadhappened,theboycried.2.Encouragedbyherteacher,thegirlwasveryhappy.3.Heated,waterchangesintosteam.4.Defeatedagain,hedidn’tloseheart.5.Theprofessorwentintothecourtyard,followedbyhiswife.WhenhewasBecauseshewasIfitisAlthoughhewasandhewas時間狀語原因條件讓步伴隨狀語1.4過去分詞作狀語和狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換過去分詞短語作狀語時，可在其前面加上連詞________________________等，以便明確作何種狀語。

1.Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.=Ifwearecomparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.=Ifcomparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.2.Greatlytouchedbyhisidol,theboyworkedhardtomakeprogress.=Becausehewasgreatlytouchedbyhisidol,theboyworkedhardtomakeprogress.=Becausegreatlytouchedbyhisidol,theboyworkedhardtomakeprogress.3.Laughedatbytheotherstudents,shedidn’tgiveup.=Thoughshewaslaughedatbytheotherstudents,shedidn’tgiveup.=Thoughlaughedatbytheotherstudents,shedidn’tgiveup.when,if,once,though,unless=Highlyinterestedinmusic,Henrybegantowriteoriginalcompositionswhen

hewasinhighschool.1.Henrywashighlyinterestedinmusicandbegantowriteoriginalcompositionswhenhewasinhighschool.找主語找出（主語發(fā)出/承受的）動作、狀態(tài)判斷主句部分和狀語部分2.TheywerepleasedwithhismusicandsongsandfinallyinvitedhimtoperformintheSilverHal.=Pleasedwithhismusicandsongs,theyfinallyinvitedhimtoperformintheSilverHall.3.Thoughhewasaffectedbygradualblindnesssoonaftertheperformance,Henrywasstillcapableofwritingcompositionsandhefoundthatcreatingmusicwasareliefandcureforhisillness.=Thoughaffectedbygradualblindnesssoonaftertheperformance,Henrywasstillcapableofwritingcompositionsandhefoundthatcreatingmusicwasareliefandcureforhisillness.4.Whenhegotabsorbedinhisworldofmusic,hefeltasifhecould"see"thebeautyoftheworldaroundhim,likehehadinhispreviouslife.=Absorbedinhisworldofmusic,hefeltasifhecould"see"thebeautyoftheworldaroundhim,likehehadinhispreviouslife.1.“Sheisright,”hesaid,pleased.2.Heturnedaway,disappointed.3.Shelley,astonished,

urgedhertoexplain.1.4過去分詞作狀語有時一個單獨的過去分詞，也可以作狀語。1.Ilikereadingthenovels______(write)byZhangAiling.2.Thegirl______(write)aletterinthestudyismycousin.3.ThereissomethingwrongwithmycarandIhavetogetit_______(repair).4.Hespokeloudlyinordertomakehimself______(hear).5.Ifoundthelittlegirl______(cry)atthecorner.writtenwritingrepairedheardcrying6.Iwantthedoorsofmynewhouse_______(paint)white.7.Therewasa_________(surprise)lookonhisface.8.Hewas______(excite)atthegoodnews.9.Thestorywasso________(move)thathewas_______(move)totears.paintedsurprisedexcitedmovingmovedAbsorbedindeepthought,hedidn'thearthesound.Borninthisbeautifultown,hehatestoleaveit.有些過去分詞常用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語時不表被動而表主動或狀態(tài)。這時的過去分詞只起到一個形容詞的作用，是形容詞化的過去分詞。belost/absorbedin（沉溺于）；bebornin（出身于）；bedressedin（穿著）；betiredof（厭煩）；bedevotedto；befacedwith;besatisfiedwith；besurprisedat;beconcernedwith,beworriedabout,bedeterminedtoAbsorbedindeepthought,hedidn'thearthesound.Borninthisbeautifultown,hehatestoleaveit.Facedwithsomanydifficulties,theynevergaveup.WefoundJohnseatedinachair,writingaletter.Thewomandressedinredclotheswashisaunt.有些過去分詞常用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中不表被動而表主動或狀態(tài)、特征。這時的過去分詞只起到一個形容詞的作用，是形容詞化的過去分詞。belost/absorbedin（沉溺于）；bebornin（出身于）；bedressedin（穿著）；betiredof（厭煩）；bedevotedto；befacedwith;besatisfiedwith；besurprisedat;beconcernedwith,beworriedabout,bedeterminedto1.5形容詞化的過去分詞1._____(see)fromthevideo,thegirlisthinbutstrong.2._____(see)themonster,thegirlisstillcalm.SeenSeeing3.Everyonewassilent,___________(wait)toseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisorherparagraph

aloud．waiting分詞作狀語記憶口訣：分詞作狀語，主語是關(guān)鍵。前后兩動作，共用一主語。主語找出后，再來判關(guān)系。主動用-ing，被動用-ed。4.Hewentout,_________thedoorbehindhim.5.________moreencouragement,theboycouldhavebehavedbetter.shuttingGiven規(guī)則動詞原形現(xiàn)在分詞一般情況直接加-ingclean,look,readcleaning,looking,reading以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞去掉e再加ingmake,come,dancemaking,coming,dancing以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞，雙寫輔音字母再加ingget,swim,begingetting,swimming,beginning少數(shù)以ie結(jié)尾的動詞，先變ie為y,再加inglie,tie,dielying,tying,dying以y結(jié)尾的加ingplay,buy,studyplaying,buying,studying

V-ing形式在句子中可做什么成分？1.主語(thesubject)2.賓語(theobject)3.定語（theattribute）4.賓語補足語（theobjectcomplement）5.表語（thepredicative）6.狀語（theadverbial）2.非謂語動詞之V-ing形式1.StudyingEnglishisofgreatimportance.*v-ing作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)2.It'snousecryingoverthespiltmilk.*it作形式主語，后緊接否定含義的詞時，用doing來作真正的主語。同類句型：It'snogood/useless/awasteoftimedoingIt’sworthdoingsth2.1V-ing形式作主語（2）動詞-ing形式/不定式作主語的句型：(1)Itis/was＋形容詞(for/ofsb)＋todosth(2)(3)Ittakessbsometimetodosth(4)It’sworthwhiletodo/doingsthtodo和V-ing作主語、表語的區(qū)別Thequeen'sworkislayingeggs.HisambitionistogotoHarvardUniversity.Theoldman’sjobispaintingthewalls.（日常工作）Theoldman’sjobtodayistopaintthewalls.（一次性的，具體的）（1）不定式表示一次性的、具體的或?qū)淼膭幼鳎鴦用~則表示一般的，抽象的，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。It'snogood/useless/awasteoftimedoing（5）It’sworthdoingsth（6）It’sfundoingsthPleasepractisespeakingEnglisheveryday.只可接doing而不可接todo作賓語的動詞:enjoy/finish/avoid/deny/admit/appreciate/keep/mind/risk/suggest/consider/miss/quit/imagine/dislike/delay/tolerate等practice：Iquicklylowermyself,duckingmyheadtoavoid______(look)directlyintohiseyessohedoesn'tfeelchallenged.(2018全國三卷)

完成實踐值得忙繼續(xù)習慣別放棄考慮建議不禁想喜歡思念要介意期待冒險去獻身堅持欣賞避免錯（過）承認推遲否認想（象）逃亡2.2V-ing形式作賓語1.MyjobisteachingEnglish.動名詞作表語多表示抽象性或習慣性的動作，一般說明主語的內(nèi)容。表語和主語?？苫Q位置。2.Thisquestionisverypuzzling.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，一般說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征等。practice：Climbingmountainswas____,soweallfelt____.(tire)tiredtiring2.3V-ing形式作表語1.Ihaveasleepingbag.（表示功能或用途）2.Hereisasleepingbaby.（表示主動、正在進行）3.TheboycallinghimselfTomismyfriend.如果v-ing是單獨的一個詞，則作前置定語；如果v-ing是一個短語，則作后置定語。practice：Theflowers________(smell)sweetinthebotanicalgardenattractalotofvisitors.smelling2.4V-ing形式作定語Heisaworkerbuilding

roads.=Heisaworkerwho/thatbuiltroads.Thisisapicturepainted

bymyfather.=Thisisapicturewhichwaspaintedbymyfather.Iknowtheyoungmansleepingonthebench.=Iknowtheyoungmanwhoissleepingonthebench.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.=Theletterwhichwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.(主動)(被動)(主動、進行)(被動、完成)過去分詞作定語改成定語從名后一般為被動句,現(xiàn)在分詞作定語改成定語從句一般為主動句?，F(xiàn)在分詞:表示主動、進行；過去分詞:表示被動、完成現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的動作，也可表示特征；過去分詞表示完成或狀態(tài)。boilingwater正沸騰的水boiledwater白開水a(chǎn)good-lookingflower一朵好看的花兒developingcountries發(fā)展中國家dvelopedcountries發(fā)達國家fallingleaves正在下落的葉子fallenleaves已經(jīng)落下的葉子（表正在進行）（表完成）（表特征）（表完成）（表完成）（表正在進行）（表正在進行）過去分詞和V-ing作定語的區(qū)別1.Isawhimrunningalongtheroad.(v-ing作感官動詞的賓語補足語，如watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,smell,listento等)2.Youshouldn'tkeephimwaitingthere.(v-ing作使役動詞的賓語補足語，如have,get,make,let,leave,set,send等)3.Withsomanypeoplelookingather,shefeltnervous.(v-ing在with復合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語補足語)2.5V-ing形式作賓語補足語practice：1.Ilookedupandnoticedasnake___(wind)itswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.2.Don'tleavethewater_______(run)whileyoubrushyourteeth.3.Withspring_______(approach),treesturngreen.windingrunningapproaching1.Hearingthebadnews,hecried.2.Theycamein,talkingandlaughing.3.Fillintheblanksusingwhatwehavelearnt.4.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.v-ing的否定是直接在前面加not/never等否定詞。V-ing在句中作狀語來修飾謂語動詞或整個句子，表示動作發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件、方式、結(jié)果或伴隨等情況,相當于一個狀語從句。分詞作狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語,分詞和句子中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。(原因/時間狀語)(伴隨狀語)(方式狀語)(結(jié)果狀語)Notknowingtheway,hestoppedtoaskdirections.

Walkinginthestreet,

Icameacrossanoldfriend.=When/As/WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.

When/As/Whilehewaswaitingforthebus,

hereadacopyofChinaDaily.=Waitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.As/Becausehewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.Walkingahead,

youwillseeawhitehouse.=Ifyouwalkahead,youwillseeawhitehouse.Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.=HesatonthesofaandwatchedTV.分詞作方式或伴隨狀語時，表示的動作(或狀態(tài))與謂語同時發(fā)生,或是對謂語動詞(或狀態(tài))進一步補充說明，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句，可以改成and連接的并列分句ReadTom'sdiaryandrewritetheunderlinedsentencesusingthev-ingformastheadverbial.

Afterwehadpreparedforthejourneyforseveraldays,wesetout.Onthewaytotherailwaystation,wechattedandlaughedandweenjoyedourselvesverymuch.However,ourbuswasheldbythetrafficjam,andthusitcausedthedelay.Toourrelief,wecaughtthetrain.

Havingpreparedforthejourneyforseveraldays,wesetout.Onthewaytotherailwaystation,weenjoyedourselvesverymuch，chattingandlaughing.However,ourbuswasheldbythetrafficjam,causingthedelay.

Toourrelief,wecaughtthetrain.當v-ing的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時，用一般（doing）；當v-ing的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前時，用完成式（havingdone）。Walking

inthestreet,Imetanoldfriendofmine.Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywenttoplayhappily.Thequestionbeingdiscussed

nowisimportant.Havingbeencriticized

bytheteacher,hedecidedtostudyhard.（同時發(fā)生）（先后發(fā)生）（正在被……）（表先后）主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendoneHavingdone和havingbeendone一般只用來作狀語，不用來作定語。動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：帶有邏輯主語的動名詞被稱為動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)Jane’scomingmademeveryhappy.Maryinsistedonmyreadingtheletter.Wouldyoumindmeopeningthewindow?邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格、人稱代詞賓格等。Hisbeinglatemadethemanagerangry.

Himbeinglatemadethemanagerangry.邏輯主語是代詞且在句首時，只能用形容詞性物主代詞，不能用人稱代詞賓格。也就是說人稱代詞賓格只能位于句中，形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格句首、句中都可以。2.8動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)TF

todo形式在句子中可做什么成分？1.主語(thesubject)2.賓語(theobject)3.定語（theattribute）4.賓語補足語（theobjectcomplement）5.表語（thepredicative）6.狀語（theadverbial）3.非謂語動詞之todo形式

1.不定式作主語，相當于名詞或代詞，往往表示一次性的、具體的動作，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。常用it作形式主語，將不定式置于句尾。

TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.

=ItisnoteasytostudyEnglishwell.3.1todo形式作主語It’sdifficultforhimtofinishtheworkalone.It’swiseofyoutodothat.不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：帶有邏輯主語的不定式被稱為不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)①It+be+adj.+ofsb.todosth.

某人做某事是……的。形容詞為clever,kind,nice等描述邏輯主語性格特征的詞。

It’sverykindofyoutohelptheoldman.②It+be+adj+forsb.todosth.對某人來說做某事是……的。形容詞為easy,important,necessary等描述事件的詞。It’simportantforustostudyhard.（1）常跟不定常作賓語的動詞有：afford,

agree，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage，promise，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish

Ipromisednottobelate.Ihavenochoicebuttogiveup.Theydidnothingbutcomplain.（3）某些動詞如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后接不定式作賓語時，常用it作形式賓語。賓語后有補足語。Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.Ifinditimpossibletochangeheridea.3.2todo形式作賓語（（2）介詞but/except后接不定式作賓語時，如前面有實義動詞do，不定式就要省略to。不定式作賓語補足語①大多數(shù)及物動詞tell，want，wish，advise，order，require，expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg，allow，forbid等后可接不定式作賓語補足語。

Mydoctoradvisedmetotakearest.②某些感官動詞如feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等或使役動詞如have，let，make等后面可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。但如果句子變成被動語態(tài)時，就必須還原to。

Didyounoticeanyonegointothehouse?Wasanyonenoticedtogointothehouse?Isawhimentertheroom.Hewasseentoentertheroom.3.3todo形式作賓語補足語1.Peoplearesurethatscientistswillfigureoutways__________(存儲)sufficientfoodforthelongjourneyand______________(再利用)thedirtywaterforlateruse.2.In2003,YangLiweibecamethefirstChineseastronaut____________(進入)space.3.Whenhewasachild,hehadnothing________________(擔心，憂慮）andwasmostcuriousabouttheglobe.4.Themachine_________________(將要被監(jiān)測)canbeappliedtospaceexploration.

動詞不定式做定語(Attribute)1.當修飾的名詞是ability,ways,ambition,attempt,chance,courage,desire,decision,effort,failuremomentpromiserighttimewish…（一些表示企圖、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意義的名詞。2.當修飾的名詞前有theonly,thenext,thebest,thefirst,thelast,

以及由序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞。3.當修飾的詞為something,nothing,anything

等不定代詞時。4.當定語表示未來的還沒做的動作時。tostoretorecycletogointotoworryabouttobemonitored3.4todo形式作定語onlytodosth.為不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。1.___________________(為了)findoutmoreinformationaboutthelifeinspace,pleasevisitthewebsite.2.Ifyouwanttobeanastronaut,youmustbeintelligentenough________(獲得)arelatedcollegedegree.3.Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.4.Asaresult,hewasdisappointed__________(發(fā)現(xiàn))thathislimitedresourceswererunningoutandhehadtosignalforhelp.

動詞不定式做狀語(Adverbial)1.目的狀語：常用結(jié)構(gòu)：todo;inordertodo,soastodo,so/such…astodo,etc.2.結(jié)果狀語：常與only,enough或too連用,用于“too...to”；“enoughto...”；“onlytodo”句型中。3.原因狀語：跟在一些帶有感情色彩的形容詞后happy,lucky,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,，說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。To/Inordertotoget3.5todo形式作狀語onlytodosth為不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。tofind3.6todo形式作表語動詞不定式作表語，常用于系動詞be,seem,appear,remain后面，表示主語的具體內(nèi)容，也可以表示目的，愿望等等。常用動詞不定式作表語的主語有aim,wish,choice,idea,purpose等等。He