00015-英語(yǔ)二自學(xué)教程-unit1

英語(yǔ)（二）全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試講解人：GraceShaoUnit

1ThePowerofLanguageCriticalReadingTextACriticalreading

appliesto

non-fictionwritinginwhichtheauthorputsforthapositionorseekstomakeastatement.Criticalreadingisactivereading.Itinvolvesmorethanjustunderstandingwhatanauthorissaying.Criticalreadinginvolvesquestioningandevaluatingwhattheauthorissaying,andformingyourownopinionsaboutwhattheauthorissaying.Herearethethingsyoushoulddotobeacriticalreader.

閱讀紀(jì)實(shí)文學(xué)適合用批評(píng)性的閱讀方法，因?yàn)樵诜俏膶W(xué)類作品里，作者常常會(huì)提出某種觀點(diǎn)或是尋找作者的態(tài)度。批評(píng)性的閱讀方法是一種主動(dòng)性很強(qiáng)的閱讀方法。它涉及到的不僅僅是理解作者所說(shuō)的話。批評(píng)性的閱讀方法還涉及到質(zhì)疑和評(píng)估作者所說(shuō)的話，涉及到作者所說(shuō)的話要形成你自己的觀點(diǎn)。如果你想要成為一名有批評(píng)性思維的讀者，在這里我列出一些你應(yīng)該做到的。Considerthecontextofwhatiswritten.Youmaybereadingsomethingthatwaswrittenbyanauthorfromadifferentculturalcontext

thanyours.Or,youmaybereadingsomethingwrittensometimeagoinadifferenttimecontextthanyours.Ineithercase,youmust

recognizeandtakeintoaccount

anydifferencesbetweenyourvaluesandattitudesandthoserepresentedbytheauthor.

仔細(xì)思考作者的寫作背景。你可能正在讀一篇與你的文化背景截然不同的作者所寫的文章。或者，你可能正在讀一篇寫于不同于你所處的時(shí)代的文章。不論哪種情況，你必須能搞清楚同時(shí)好好考慮你的價(jià)值觀和態(tài)度與作者的不同之處。TextACriticalReadingQuestionassertionmadebytheauthor.Don'tacceptwhatiswrittenatfacevalue.Beforeacceptingwhatiswritten,becertainthattheauthorprovidessufficientsupportforanyassertionsmade.Lookforfacts,examples,and

statistics

thatprovidessupport.Alsolooktoseeiftheauthorhasintegratedtheworkofauthorities.

合理質(zhì)疑作者所做出的論斷。對(duì)于作者寫出來(lái)的不要全盤接受。你在接受作者的觀點(diǎn)之前，要確保作者提供了足夠多的論據(jù)來(lái)支持其論點(diǎn)。你要仔細(xì)查看支持論斷的事實(shí)、舉例和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。同時(shí)，你要查看作者是否參考了權(quán)威專家的著作。TextACriticalReadingComparewhatiswrittenwithotherwrittenworkonthesubject.Looktoseethatwhatiswrittenisconsistentwithwhatothershavewrittenaboutthesubject.Ifthereareinconsistencies,carefullyevaluatethesupporttheauthorprovidesfortheinconsistencies.把作者所寫的內(nèi)容和該題材其他著作做對(duì)比。看看作者所寫的內(nèi)容與該題材領(lǐng)域其他人所寫的是否一致。如果有不一致之處，要仔細(xì)評(píng)估該處作者提供的論據(jù)。

TextACriticalReadingAnalyzeassumptionsmadebytheauthor.Assumptionsarewhatevertheauthormustbelieveistrueinordertomakeassertions.Inmanycases,theauthor'sassumptionsarenotdirectlystated.Thismeansyoumustreadcarefullyinorderto

identifyanyassumptions.Onceyouidentifyanassumption,youmustdecidewhetherornottheassumptionisvalid.認(rèn)真分析作者所做的假設(shè)。假設(shè)指的是作者為了提出其論斷所必須相信是正確的那些觀點(diǎn)。在許多情況下，作者的假設(shè)都不是直接陳述出來(lái)的。這就意味著你必須通過(guò)仔細(xì)地閱讀來(lái)找到作者的所做的那些假定。一旦你找到一個(gè)假設(shè)，你必須判斷一下這個(gè)假設(shè)是否是合理的。TextACriticalReadingEvaluatethesourcestheauthoruses.Indoingthis,becertainthatthesourcesarecredible.Forexample,Einsteinisacrediblesourceiftheauthoriswritingaboutlandmarkachievementsinphysics.Alsobecertainthatthesourcesarerelevant.Einsteinisnotarelevantsourcewhenthesubjectispoetry.Finally,iftheauthoriswritingaboutasubjectinitscurrentstate,besurethatthesourcesarecurrent.Forexample,studiesdonebyEinsteinintheearly20thcenturymaynotbeappropriateifthewriterisdiscussingthecurrentstateofknowledgeinphysics.

評(píng)估作者的引用來(lái)源。評(píng)估時(shí)，要確定這些來(lái)源是否合適的。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，如果作者寫的是關(guān)于物理學(xué)上里程碑式的成就，那么愛因斯坦就是一個(gè)可靠的引用。第二，要確定這些引用是相關(guān)的。如果文章主題是詩(shī)歌，那么愛因斯坦這個(gè)例子就是不相關(guān)的。最后，如果作者所寫的主題是當(dāng)今局勢(shì)，那就一定要確保引用來(lái)源也是當(dāng)前的。例如，如果作者討論的是物理學(xué)當(dāng)今的學(xué)科知識(shí)情況，那么20世紀(jì)早期愛因斯坦的研究可能就不太適合了。

TextACriticalReadingTextAIdentifyanypossibleauthorbias.AwrittendiscussionofAmericanpoliticswilllikelylookconsiderablydifferentdependingonwhetherthewriterisaDemocratoraRepublican.Whatiswrittenmayverywellreflectabiasedposition.Youneedtotakethispossiblebiasintoaccountwhenreadingwhattheauthorhaswritten.Thatis,takewhatiswrittenwith“agrainofsalt.”

識(shí)別作者可能帶有的偏見。有關(guān)美國(guó)政治的書面論述可能因作者是共和黨人或是民主黨人迥然而異。寫出來(lái)的文章可能會(huì)很好地反映出作者的偏見態(tài)度和立場(chǎng)。你需要在閱讀作者的文章的過(guò)程中考慮到其可能帶有的偏見。這也就是說(shuō)，要有持保留態(tài)度看待作者所寫的文章。CriticalReadingTheLanguageofConfidenceTextBThelanguageweuseprogramsourbrains.Masteringourlanguagegivesusagreatdegreeof

mastery

overourlivesandourdestinies.

Itisimportanttouse

thelanguageinthebestwaypossibleinordertodramaticallyimproveourqualityoflife.

語(yǔ)言能影響我們的大腦。掌握語(yǔ)言就能在很大程度上掌握我們的生活和命運(yùn)。將語(yǔ)言發(fā)揮到極致可以極大地改善我們的生活質(zhì)量，這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。TheLanguageofConfidenceTextBEventhesmallestofwordscan

havethedeepesteffecton

oursubconsciousmind,whichislikeachild,anditdoesn'treallyunderstandthedifferencebetweenwhatreallyhappensandwhatyouimagine.Itiseagertopleaseand

willing

tocarryoutanycommandsthatyougiveit—whetheryoudothisknowinglyornotisentirelyuptoyou.

再短的單詞也能對(duì)我們的潛意識(shí)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。我們的潛意識(shí)就像一個(gè)孩子，分不清真實(shí)發(fā)生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悅，樂意聽從你給它的任何命令，而你是有意還是無(wú)意地做這些完全取決于你。TheLanguageofConfidenceTextB"Try"

Itisasmallwordyetit

hasanamazingimpactupon

us.Ifsomeonesays,"I'lltrytodothat",youknowthattheyarenotgoingtobe

pullingtheirwholeheartinto(全身心投入于)

it,andmaynotevendoitatall.Howoftendoyouusethewordtrywhentalkingaboutthethingsthat

matterto

you?Doyousay"I'lltrytobemoreconfident"or"I'lltrytodothat"or"I'lltrytocall"?“盡力”這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的詞，卻能對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生不簡(jiǎn)單的影響。如果有人說(shuō)“我會(huì)盡力做這件事的”，你知道他其實(shí)并不打算全心全意做這件事，甚至可能根本不會(huì)去做。你有多少次在談?wù)搶?duì)于你非常重要的事時(shí)使用了“盡力”這個(gè)詞?你是否說(shuō)過(guò)“我會(huì)盡力做到更加自信”、“我會(huì)盡力去做這件事”或者“我會(huì)盡力去呼喊”?TheLanguageofConfidenceTextBThinkabout

somethingthatyouwouldliketoachieve,andsayittoyourself

intwodifferentways.

Firstlysay,"I'lltryto…"andnoticehowyoufeel.Nextsay,"Iwilldo…"andseehowyoufeel.想一件你想完成的事情，然后用兩種不同的方式對(duì)自己說(shuō)。首先說(shuō)“我會(huì)盡力去做……”，然后注意你會(huì)有什么感受。再對(duì)自己說(shuō)“我要做……”，然后看你又會(huì)有什么感受。TheLanguageofConfidenceTextBThelattermakesyoufeelbetterthanthefirstone,doesn'tit?Itgivesyou

asenseofdetermination,afeelingthatitwillbedone.Listentothepeoplearoundyouandwhentheysaytheywilltry,noticeifitgetsdoneornot.

Eliminate

thewordtryfromyourdictionaryandseehowyourlifeimproves.

后一種方式給你的感受要比前一種好，不是嗎?它給你一種堅(jiān)定感，一種事情一定會(huì)完成的感覺。聽聽你身邊的人怎么說(shuō)，如果他們說(shuō)他們會(huì)盡力，看看事情最后是不是完成了。從你的詞典里刪除“盡力”這個(gè)詞，看看你的生活會(huì)如何改善。TheLanguageofConfidenceTextB"Can't"

Thisisanothersmallwordwithabigimpact.Itdisempowersus,makesusfeelweakandhelpless,anddamagesourself-esteem.Itlimitsourinfiniteabilitiesandstiflescreativity.

Rubitout

fromyourinternaldictionaryand

replaceitwith

somethingthatmakesyoufeelgreat.“不能”這又是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單卻影響巨大的詞。它讓我們失去力量，讓我們感到脆弱與無(wú)助，讓我們的自尊心受到傷害。它限制了我們無(wú)限的才能，扼殺了我們的創(chuàng)造力。把這個(gè)詞從你內(nèi)心的詞典里擦去吧，換一個(gè)讓你感到偉大的詞。TheLanguageofConfidenceTextB

Insteadof

(=Ratherthan)sayingyoucan't,

whynotsaysomethinglike"Ichoose…"or"Ichoosenotto…".Usingwordslikethisallowsyoutotakebackyourpowerandtobe

incontrolof

yourlife.

不要說(shuō)你“不能”