第13講詞性轉(zhuǎn)換講與練+-【暑假自學(xué)課】新高三英語暑假精 品課（新高考專用）

第13講詞性轉(zhuǎn)化講與練【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】1.掌握構(gòu)詞法。2.靈活運(yùn)用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?！净A(chǔ)知識】考點(diǎn)一合成法1．復(fù)合名詞的主要構(gòu)成方式名詞＋名詞silkworm蠶；classroom教室形容詞＋名詞double-dealer兩面派v.-ing＋名詞swimming-pool游泳池動詞＋名詞breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手名詞＋v.-inghandwriting筆跡動詞＋副詞get-together聯(lián)歡會；breakthrough突破副詞＋動詞downfall垮臺；outbreak爆發(fā)2．復(fù)合形容詞的主要構(gòu)成方式形容詞＋名詞＋-edcold-blooded冷酷的形容詞＋名詞high-class高級的形容詞＋v.-ingeasy-going隨和的形容詞＋過去分詞newborn新生的形容詞＋形容詞bitter-sweet甜中有苦的名詞＋v.-ingtime-consuming費(fèi)時間的名詞＋過去分詞handmade手工制作的名詞＋形容詞nationwide全國性的副詞＋v.-ingfar-reaching深遠(yuǎn)的副詞＋動詞過去分詞well-bred很有教養(yǎng)的數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞five-year-old五周歲的3．復(fù)合動詞的主要構(gòu)成方式名詞＋動詞sleep-walk夢游副詞＋動詞overcome克服；undergo經(jīng)歷形容詞＋動詞black-list將……列入黑名單考點(diǎn)二轉(zhuǎn)化法名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞face臉—face面對形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞dirty臟的—dirty弄臟動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞design設(shè)計—design圖案形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞daily每日的—daily日報形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞deep深的—deep深深地即時練2寫出下列句中黑體單詞的意思和詞性1．①Hebackedhiscarintothegarage.________②Youarenotalone,andweareallbackingyou.________③She'sthekindofpersonwhotalksaboutyoubehindyourback.________【答案】①倒退(v.)②支持(v.)③背后(n.)2．①Heheadedtherebellion.________②Heheadedhisboatfortheshore.________③Hewasshotinthehead,dead.________【答案】①領(lǐng)導(dǎo)(v.)②使……對著某處行進(jìn)(v.)③頭部(n.)3．①Ilackwordswithwhichtoexpressmythanks.________②Lackofproperfundingismakingourjobmoredifficult.________【答案】①缺乏(v.)②缺乏(n.)4．①Thedogsucceededinclearingthefence.________②Heclearedthetablebytakingplates,forksandknivesaway.________③Tomakeyourselfclearwithoutusingfacialexpressionscanbeverydifficult.________【答案】①越過(v.)②清理(v.)③清楚的(adj.)5．①Yourshoesneedcleaning.________②Trytokeepyourroomcleanandtidy.________【答案】①清潔(v.)②干凈的(adj.)6．①Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat？________②Hehasalwaysbeenmeanwithhismoney.________【答案】①意思(v.)②吝嗇的(adj.)考點(diǎn)三派生法1．前綴構(gòu)詞法前綴例詞dis-(不，否定)dissatisfy使不滿意；dishonest不誠實(shí)的un-(不)unable不能夠的；unlucky不幸的un-(做相反動作)undress脫衣服；unload卸貨in-(不，非)inactive不活躍的；incorrect不正確的im-(不，非)impolite沒有禮貌的ir-(不，非)irregular不規(guī)則的il-(不，非)illogical不合邏輯的；illegal非法的non-(不，非)non-existent不存在的mis-(錯誤的)misunderstand誤解；misfortune厄運(yùn)re-(重復(fù)，再)rewrite重寫；remarry再婚en-(使)enrich豐富；enable使能夠ex-(以前的)ex-wife前妻post-(以后的)post-war戰(zhàn)后的postgraduate研究生super-(在……上面；超級)supermarket超市；supermodel超級模特under-(在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的sub-(在……下；次于；低于)subway地鐵；submarine潛艇inter-(相互之間)international國際的；interact相互作用semi-(半)semi-final半決賽；semicircle半圓bi-(二)bicycle自行車tri-(三)tricycle三輪車；triangle三角形multi-(多)multinational跨國的kilo-(千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi-(百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli-(千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克tele-(遠(yuǎn))telephone電話；television電視a-(在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火車/飛機(jī)上；ahead在前面；aside在旁邊；abroad在國外auto-(自動；自己，獨(dú)自)automobile機(jī)動車，汽車；autobiography自傳over-(太)overfull太滿的，過多的extra-(額外)extraordinary非凡的pre-(預(yù)先)predict預(yù)言；preview預(yù)習(xí)micro-(微小的)microphone麥克風(fēng)；microwave微波；microscope顯微鏡；microsoft微軟vice-(副的)vice-president副總統(tǒng)eco-(生態(tài)的)ecology生態(tài)學(xué)；ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；eco-friendly環(huán)保的trans-(橫跨)transfer轉(zhuǎn)移；transform轉(zhuǎn)變；transmit傳播；transplant移植2．后綴構(gòu)詞法(1)名詞后綴后綴例詞-age(狀態(tài)；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻-an/-ian(人，……家)American美國人；musician音樂家-ence/-ency(構(gòu)成抽象名詞)dependence依靠；frequency頻率-ance(性質(zhì)，狀態(tài))importance重要性-ant/-ent(人)assistant助手；student學(xué)生-cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(動作，狀態(tài))suspicion懷疑；tension緊張；repetition重復(fù)-ee(動作承受者或受影響者)employee受雇者；refugee難民-er/-or(人或物)writer作家；actor演員-ess(女性)actress女演員；waitress女服務(wù)員；hostess女主人-ism(主義，……教)communism共產(chǎn)主義-ist(……主義者，……家)communist共產(chǎn)主義者-ment(行為；結(jié)果；狀態(tài)；性質(zhì))argument爭論；government政府；development發(fā)展-ship(關(guān)系，身份)friendship友誼-hood(身份；性質(zhì))childhood童年-th(結(jié)果，過程)growth成長-ty(狀態(tài)；性質(zhì))anxiety焦慮-ure(結(jié)果；行為；狀態(tài)；實(shí)物)pressure壓力；picture圖畫；pleasure高興-al(動作過程；結(jié)果)arrival到達(dá)；approval同意(2)形容詞后綴后綴例詞-ablevaluable有價值的；lovable討人喜歡的-alnational國家的；continental大陸的-edlearned有學(xué)識的；talented有才華的-engolden金色的；wooden木制的-entdifferent不同的；dependent依賴的-fulbeautiful美麗的；useful有用的-ic/-icaleconomic經(jīng)濟(jì)的；political政治的-ishchildish幼稚的；selfish自私的-ivecreative有創(chuàng)造力的-lessuseless無用的；careless粗心的-lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的-ousdangerous危險的；glorious光榮的-warddownward向下的-yrainy多雨的；noisy吵鬧的(3)動詞后綴后綴例詞-en(使變得)deepen加深-fy(使……化)simplify簡化-ize/-ise(使……變成……)modernize使現(xiàn)代化；industrialize使工業(yè)化(4)副詞后綴后綴例詞-lycarefully小心地；beautifully美麗地；quickly迅速地-ward(s)forward(s)向前；backward(s)向后【考點(diǎn)剖析】詞性的誤用(1)【誤】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunate,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.【正】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunately,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.[解析]修飾整個句子作狀語應(yīng)用副詞，根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)表示“不幸的是”，故應(yīng)用Unfortunately。(2)【誤】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourableaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.【正】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourabilityaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.[解析]根據(jù)your可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞ability，表示“能力”。句意：你最好在嘗試做這筆生意前準(zhǔn)確地考慮一下自己的能力。(3)【誤】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombrave.【正】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombravely.[解析]修飾動詞fought應(yīng)用副詞，故應(yīng)用bravely。(4)【誤】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportant.【正】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportance.[解析]介詞之后要接名詞。beofimportance＝beimportant。(5)【誤】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworseconsiderably.【正】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworsenedconsiderably.[解析]分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此句缺少謂語動詞，故用worsen表示“惡化”。句意：然而，在過去的幾個月，情況惡化得相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。[注意]若想避免以上錯誤的發(fā)生，要做到：(1)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的基本規(guī)則，要在平時閱讀和訓(xùn)練時不斷積累并反復(fù)強(qiáng)化，才能運(yùn)用地熟練而準(zhǔn)確。(2)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換后，要注意所填詞的形式是否正確，如名詞需不需要進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)數(shù)形式，以及副詞的拼寫是否正確等?！菊骖}演練】1．(2020·北京高考)Oliversaysifyou're________(luck)enoughtohavesomeoneclosetoyouwhoenjoyscooking,askthemif/whetheryoucanjoininwhenit'spossible.【答案】lucky【解析】考查名詞變形容詞。2．(2020·全國卷Ⅱ)________(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.【答案】Certainly【解析】考查形容詞變副詞。副詞放句首作狀語。3．(2020·全國卷Ⅱ)BranchesofPlumBlossoms(梅花):The________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink－coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.【答案】beautiful【解析】考查名詞變形容詞。修飾名詞所以要用形容詞。4．(2020·山東高考)Historical________(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.【答案】accuracy【解析】考查形容詞變名詞。historical是形容詞，后面接名詞。5．(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen________(poor)studied.【答案】poorly【解析】考查形容詞變副詞。poorly修飾動詞study.6．(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉)．【答案】strengthen[解析]考查名詞變動詞。strengthen“加強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)化”。1．如果要填的詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語，要考慮名詞形式。2．如果要填的詞被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞所修飾要考慮名詞形式。3．在平時學(xué)習(xí)中儲備構(gòu)詞法知識，并根據(jù)需要變換成相應(yīng)的詞性形式。4．利用句子成分定詞性：看到設(shè)空處作定語、表語、主語補(bǔ)足語或賓語補(bǔ)足語，要想到用形容詞；看到設(shè)空處作狀語，要想到用副詞。5．利用修飾語功能定詞性：看到設(shè)空處修飾名詞，要想到用形容詞；看到設(shè)空處修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子在句中作狀語，要想到用副詞。6．如果修飾名詞，要用形容詞。7．如果修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞和分詞應(yīng)為副詞。8．作定語、表語、主語補(bǔ)足語或賓語補(bǔ)足語，要想到應(yīng)為形容詞。9．作狀語要想到應(yīng)為副詞。【過關(guān)檢測】①Therefore,let'stakethe________(responsible)tobuildupalow-carboncitybyridingbicycles.Comeonandjoinus!【答案】responsibility【解析】前面是冠詞，后面應(yīng)接名詞。taketheresponsibilitytodo承擔(dān)做…..的責(zé)任。②AsfarasIamconcerned,my________(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese-Englishdictionarywithineasyreach.【答案】suggestion【解析】前面有形容詞性物主代詞，后應(yīng)接名詞。③Mypresenceissomethingtheycandrawreal________(strong)andhopefrom.【答案】strength【解析】前面有形容詞，后應(yīng)接名詞。④Lifeisa________(mix)ofgoodtimesandbadtimes,andhappymomentsandunhappymoments.【答案】mixture【解析】前面是冠詞，后面應(yīng)接名詞。⑤Aftersometime,whenbothofyouhaverenewedyour________(confident)ineachother,gobacktothetimewhenyounearlyfellapart.【答案】confidence【解析】前面有形容詞性物主代詞，后應(yīng)接名詞。⑥TheForbiddenCityattractsvisitorsbecauseofitslonghistoryand________(culture)significance,butperhapsitshouldaddonemorethingtoitslistofattractions:earthquakeshelter.【答案】cultural【解析】cultural做定語。⑦M(jìn)anyfadsare________(harm).Backinmyday,peoplecutthesleevesandcollarsofsweatshirtsoffandworetheminsideout.Nobigdeal.【答案】harmless【解析】harmless“無害的”作表語。⑧Whileyour