中考英語外研版總復(fù)習(xí)課件：題型(一)　閱讀理解

題型(一)

閱讀理解閱讀理解語篇類型既包括連續(xù)性文本,如記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文、議論文等,也包括非連續(xù)性文本,如圖表、網(wǎng)頁、廣告等。閱讀理解選用主題圍繞“人與自我、人與社會、人與自然”三個方面。閱讀理解主要考查學(xué)生綜合運用語言知識的能力,包括閱讀能力、理解能力、歸納概括能力、邏輯推理能力及對語篇材料的評估能力等?！读x務(wù)教育英語課程標準(2022年版)》對初中生閱讀能力要求如下:1.分析和梳理常見書面語篇的基本結(jié)構(gòu)特征和內(nèi)容的主次關(guān)系;2.從書面語篇中判斷和歸納作者的觀點及語篇的主旨要義;能力要求3.辨別語篇中的銜接手段,判斷語篇中句子、段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系;4.根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷書面語篇中生詞的含義;5.在讀和看的過程中,針對語篇的內(nèi)容有選擇地記錄信息和要點;6.根據(jù)不同目的,運用各種閱讀策略有效獲取語篇信息;7.閱讀名人傳記和報刊文章時,整體理解和簡要概括所讀內(nèi)容;8.建立語篇與個人、語篇與語篇、語篇與世界的關(guān)聯(lián),探究和發(fā)現(xiàn)語篇的現(xiàn)實意義;9.課外閱讀量累計達到15萬詞以上。閱讀能力是學(xué)生應(yīng)具備的基本能力。要想提高閱讀能力,學(xué)生平時需要進行大量的閱讀,以培養(yǎng)語感,提高閱讀速度及邏輯推理等能力,還需要在閱讀中掌握必要的方法和技巧。1.題目領(lǐng)先,問題驅(qū)動。先看題目,再讀短文,這樣可以做到有的放矢,節(jié)省時間。2.抓綱帶目,閱讀全文。抓主題句是快速獲取文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。要善于抓住各自然段的主題句來探究作者想要表達的主題意義。方法指導(dǎo)3.微宏結(jié)合,縝密推斷。從“微觀角度”進行判斷,如從詞法判斷詞義,從句法、慣用法及動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換去判斷句意及段意。從“宏觀角度”加以判斷、推理,得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。4.厘清文脈,精析文本。從行文條理入手,弄清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次和段落之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系?？梢試@“what,how,why”三方面閱讀語篇,弄清文章基本內(nèi)容、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)及主題意義。5.通觀全篇,前后呼應(yīng)。解答完所有題目后再讀一遍短文,逐一校對答案,檢查各題答案是否相互照應(yīng),意義完整,合乎邏輯,確保理解無誤。一、獲取具體信息學(xué)生需要通過閱讀全文,了解文章中所敘述的重要事實或細節(jié),如:時間、地點、人物、事件等。這類題目比較簡單,屬于淺層理解,學(xué)生可以通過跳讀、略讀、掃讀等快速閱讀技巧來尋找和收集所需信息,直接(或稍加推理)就能得出答案。例題解析A

(2023·杭州)

Ilikegoingtostores,buthowdoyouknowifastorehaswhatyouwant?Thegreatthingaboutshoppingonlineissavingtime!Therearesomanychoices,anditdoesn’ttakemuchtimetofindwhatyouwant!(Jake,Sydney,Australia)(續(xù)表)

ThefirsttimeIboughtsomethingonline,Iwasalittlenervous.Ididn’tknowhowtheyweregoingtoshipit.ButitarrivedOK.NowtheonlyproblemisthatIdotoomuchshoppingonline.AndbecauseIdon’thavetogooutmuchanymore,I’mnotveryfit!(Mari,Lima,Peru)(續(xù)表)

Iwantedtobuyanewpairofsunglasses,butIwastoobusytogotothestoresinthecitycenter.SoIdecidedtoorderthemonline.Theyarrivedquickly,buttheywerebrokenandthecaselookedused!SoIhadtogotothestoretochangethem.Whatawasteoftime!(Troy,Jersey

City,USA)(續(xù)表)

Iboughtalotofelectronicsonlinelastyear,andeverythingwasagooddeal.Theproblemisthatsomeonestolemycreditcard(信用卡)informationandwentshopping.Myadviceis:Beverycarefulwhenyoushoponline!(Eric,Ottawa,Canada)(續(xù)表)

Ibuyallmythingsonline—it’ssocool!Ineverhavetogotothemallorwaitinlinetopay.AndIdon’thavetogoaroundtodifferentstorestocompareprices.TheonlyproblemisthatIusuallyspendtoomuchmoney!I’mbroke!(Nancy,Seattle,USA)1.HowdidMarifeelwhenshefirstshoppedonline? (

)A.Disappointed. B.Excited.C.Worried. D.Interested.2.WhatwasTroy’sopiniononhisonlineshoppingexperience?(

)A.Itwastedtime. B.Itsavedmoney.C.Itharmedhealth. D.Itprovidedchoices.3.Whodoesalltheshoppingonline? (

)A.Jake. B.Mari. C.Eric. D.Nancy.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇應(yīng)用文,屬于“人與社會”主題范疇,涉及“網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物”,是生活中常見的社會現(xiàn)象之一。語篇主要介紹了5個不同地區(qū)的人對網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物的看法。[解析]1.C根據(jù)第二欄中的“ThefirsttimeIboughtsomethingonline,Iwasalittlenervous.”可知,Mari第一次在網(wǎng)上購物時有點擔心。nervous意為“擔憂的”,與C項同義。故選C。2.A根據(jù)第三欄中的“Whatawasteoftime!”可知,Troy認為網(wǎng)上購物浪費時間。故選A。3.D根據(jù)最后一欄中的“Ibuyallmythingsonline—it’ssocool!”可知,Nancy所有的東西都是在網(wǎng)上買的。故選D。二、推測詞義學(xué)生需要根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義。大部分新詞意思或熟詞生義可以通過上下文邏輯關(guān)系和構(gòu)詞法知識推測出,這就需要學(xué)生利用上下文猜測詞義,從已知中推求未知。B

(2023·寧波節(jié)選)

⑤So,let’srethinkwhat’sreallyimportant.Isitfashionorisitourwell-being?Clothesorhairstylesdon’ttellusanythingaboutaperson’scharacter.Insteadofspendingalotoftimechoosingclothes,wecouldusethattimetodofunthingswithfriends.Andinsteadoffollowingextremediets,let’seatproperlyandexerciseregularly.Remember,yourworthisnotdecidedbyyourappearance,butbywhoyouareasaperson.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“well-being”inParagraph5mean? (

)A.Growth. B.Health.C.Warmth. D.Wealth.[解析]B根據(jù)本段開頭兩句“So,let’srethinkwhat’sreallyimportant.Isitfashionorisitourwell-being?”可知,作者是在比較fashion與well-being哪一個更重要。又根據(jù)下文“Clothesorhairstyles”講的是“時尚”,對應(yīng)fashion;而“Andinsteadoffollowingextremediets,let’seatproperlyandexerciseregularly.”講的則是“保持健康”,對應(yīng)well-being。故well-being意為“健康”。故選B。三、理解主旨和要義考查學(xué)生對文章中心思想的概括和歸納能力。學(xué)生需要在通讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上,理解文章大意,并注意區(qū)分主旨和用于支撐主旨的事實、細節(jié)之間的區(qū)別。C

(2024·東營改編)We’veallseenpicturesofcamelscarryingheavyloads(負載物)acrossthesandydesert.Theywalkwithoutstoppingforfoodorwaterforseveraldays.Haveyoueverwonderedhowtheydoit?Foryouranswer,takealookatthebigroundhumpwhichisonacamel’sback.Camelsaretheonlyanimalswithhumps.Andit’sthehumpthatgivescamelstheamazingabilitytogoforlongperiodsoftimewithoutfoodorwater.Thehumpislikeasparecupboard(食物柜)wherethecamelstoresfoodandwaterfordayswhenthere’snothingtoeatordrink.Whenlifeisgood,andthereisplentytoeatanddrink.acamel’shumpcangrowtoasbigas40kilograms.Thefoodischangedintofat(脂肪)andstoredinthecamel’shump.Whenthereisnothingtoeatordrink,camelsbegintousethestoredfatintheirhumps.That’swhytheycancontinuetoliveforweekswithoutfoodandupto10dayswithoutwater.Camelsarelikesponges.Theycantakeinmorethan130litresofwaterinoneshortdrink.Inonlyafewminutes,allofthiswatergoesdirectlytothecamel’sbloodcells(細胞).Camelssavewatertoo.Theyneverknowwhenthey’llfindthenextwateringhole.Astheybreatheout,theirnosesclosequickly.Thewaterinthebreathstaysintheirbodies.Afteralongtrekacrossthedesertcarrying100kilogramsormore,acamelcanloseupto150kilogramsofweight.Thecamel’shumpwillbecomeverysmall.Assoonasthiscamelgetstoanoasis(綠洲),itwilltakeinhundredsoflitresofwater.Inaday,itwillgetbackmostofitsweight.Naturereallyhasgivencamelstheperfectsystemforlivingtheharddesertlife.1.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout? (

)A.Theshapeofthehump.B.Thehabitofthecamel.C.Theadvantageofthehump.D.Theabilityofthecamel.2.Whatdoesthewritermainlywanttotellus? (

)A.Camelshavesomeamazingabilities.B.Camelsaregoodhelpersfordesertpeople.C.Camelshaveagreatqualityofneverwastingwater.D.Camelshaveaperfectsystemforlivinginthedesert.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文,屬于“人與自然”主題范疇,涉及“常見的動物,動物的特征與生活環(huán)境”。語篇主要介紹了沙漠之舟——駱駝的相關(guān)情況。[解析]1.C段落大意題。第三段主要講述了駱駝駝峰的功能和優(yōu)點。故選C。2.D主旨大意題。通讀全篇可知,語篇描述了一些關(guān)于駱駝異于其他動物的功能,再結(jié)合語篇最后一段“Naturereallyhasgivencamelstheperfectsystemforlivingtheharddesertlife.”可知,作者想要告訴我們:駱駝有一套在沙漠中生存的完美系統(tǒng)。故選D。四、推理判斷所謂推理,就是根據(jù)思考加以分析判斷來掌握問題的核心,從而進行合理正確的選擇,從已知的信息推斷出未知的信息。推理判斷題要求學(xué)生在閱讀過程中連接外在的和內(nèi)含的、已述的和未述的含義,以文章提供的事實為依據(jù),經(jīng)過分析、思考形成相關(guān)的觀點。D

(2024·紹興模擬)Pakistani(巴基斯坦人)HidayatUllah,29,isstudyingforhisPhDdegreeinbiochemistryatDalianMedicalUniversityinDalian,LiaoningProvince,andhasfoundstudyingandlivinginChinatobepleasant.“Chinaislikeoursecondhomeland.Peopleherearequitefriendlyandsupportive,”hesaid.InthefirstyearworkinginalabinDalian,UllahpublishedaresearchpaperinthefamousinternationalbiochemistrymagazineMolecules.Hisarticlehasbeencited(引用)manytimes,whichmakeshimwell-knowninhisfield.Hissecondresearchpaperwillcomeoutsoon.Ullahattributes(把……歸因于)hisachievementstothehighly-developedskillshegetsatthelabandgreatsupportfromtheteachers,hisChinesepartners,andinternationalclassmateshehasevermet.“DalianMedicalUniversityisfamousinmycountryformedicalstudies.IamverythankfulthattheChinagovernmentscholarshiphelpedmetorealizemydreamofstudyinghere,”hesaid.TheuniversitybeganreceivinginternationalstudentsinEnglishmedicaleducationin2004.Nowover1,200internationalstudentsfrom81countriesarestudyinghere,including97fromPakistan.Withagrowingnumberofgraduatesfrom119countries,theuniversitycontinuestoreceivestudentswhoaretryingtoachieveahigh-qualitymedicaleducationinEnglish.UllaharrivedinDalianin2019.DuringaconnectingflightthroughUrumqi,XinjiangProvince,hefeltthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.“Icouldn’timaginethatastrangerattheairportwouldbuywaterforme,eveninvitemeforlunch,whenheknewIcouldn’tpaybymobilephone,”herecalled.“MyfirstfeelingofChinawasreallygreat.”Ullahplanstocontinuehisacademicjourneyasapostdoctoral(博士后的)studentinChinatogetmoreresearchexperience.HealsoencouragesinternationalstudentstoconsidercomingtoChinafortheirstudies,citingthesupporthehasreceivedthroughouthistimethere.1.Whatcanweinferfromthefirsttwoparagraphs? (

)A.UllahstudiedbiologyinPakistan.B.UllahhasbeeninChinasince2004.C.UllahenjoyshisstayinChina.D.Ullahisgoodatwritingstories.2.WhatisUllahprobablygoingtodoaccordingtothepassage?(

)A.GoondoingmedicalresearchinChina.B.WorkasateacherinDalianMedicalUniversity.C.Travelaroundtheworldtogetmoreexperience.D.EncouragehiswholefamilytomovetoChina.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇記敘文,屬于“人與社會”主題范疇,涉及“身份認同與文化自信”。語篇主要介紹了巴基斯坦人HidayatUllah在中國的求學(xué)與生活情況。[解析]1.C推理判斷題。第一段講述了HidayatUllah覺得在中國學(xué)習(xí)和工作非?？鞓?。第二段講述了他在醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)方面取得了優(yōu)異成績。由此可見,HidayatUllah很享受在中國的居住時光。故選C。2.A推理判斷題。從最后一段第一句“UllahplanstocontinuehisacademicjourneyasapostdoctoralstudentinChinatogetmoreresearchexperience.”可以推斷,HidayatUllah將繼續(xù)在中國學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)。故選A。五、理解篇章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)理解和掌握語篇內(nèi)部句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系和文章的框架是一種高階閱讀行為。這就要求學(xué)生具有識別語篇銜接手段和語篇標記的能力,從而有助于學(xué)生順利完成閱讀。E

(2024·溫州模擬)①HaveyoueverheardofPiDay?Youmaythinkitisallabouthavingpies.That’sonlypartlyright.PiDayisactuallyaboutmaths!EveryyearonMarch14th,mathsloversandscientistscelebratePiDaytohonourthespecialnumberπ(3.14159…).②▲.Itwasfoundedin1988byLarryShaw.HeworkedattheExploratorium,amuseumofscienceandtechnology.Helinked(聯(lián)系)March14thwithπandcelebratedhisveryfirstPiDaywithapieparty.Later,thecelebrationbecameayearlytraditionatthemuseumandmorevisitorsjoinedin.InNovember2019,PiDaywasdesignated(指定)astheInternationalDayofMathematicsbyUNESCO,aninternationalorganisation.

③TherearemanykindsofcelebrationsofPiDay.Somepeoplechoosetomemorizeasmanydigits(數(shù)字)astheycan,whilesometakepartinaPiparade,enjoyingdeliciouspiesanddancingtomusic.Besides,peopleuseawritingstylecalledPilishtocelebratePiDay.InaPilishsentence,thenumberoflettersineachwordmatchesthedigitofπ.Thefirstwordhasthreeletters,thesecondhasoneletter,thethirdhasfourletters,andsoon.Anengineer,MichaelKeith,evenwroteabookcalledNot

a

WakebyusingPilish.④PiDayisadayofdiscoveryandjoy,remindingusoftheimportanceandbeautyofmathematicsinourlives.Let’scelebratethemathematicalwonderofπ!Q:What’sthestructureofthepassage? (

)[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文,屬于“人與社會”主題范疇,涉及“世界主要國家的文化習(xí)俗與文化景觀”。語篇主要介紹了“國際圓周率日”的由來及各種慶?；顒印解析]D語篇第一段通過提問導(dǎo)入主題——“國際圓周率日”;第二段闡述了“國際圓周率日”的起源;第三段介紹了人們慶祝“國際圓周率日”的活動;第四段呼吁人們一起慶?！皣H圓周率日”。語篇采用“總—分—總”的結(jié)構(gòu)。故選D。六、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度,是一種深層理解技能,屬于推理判斷題范疇,考查學(xué)生是否擁有準確評估閱讀材料的能力。F

(2023·杭州節(jié)選)

Teamworkcanbehard,butworkingalonehasitschallenges,too.Whenmycomputerdoesn’twork,Idon’thaveanITpersontoturnto.WhenIhaveagreatidea,Idon’thaveanyonetoshareitwithtoseeifitisreallyagreatidea.Don’tgetmewrong—Istilllikemyteamofoneandenjoymakingalloftheimportantdecisionsmyself.ButnowIrealizewhatwaswrongwiththeteamworkIdidinthepastandhowgoodteamworkcouldbeifdonecorrectly.Andthat’susefulinformation—becauseonedayImightwanttoturnmyMETEAMintoaWETEAM.Q:Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?(

)A.AWETEAMhashardlyanyadvantages.B.AMETEAMneedsalotofITengineers.C.AMETEAMhasnochallengesforthewriter.D.AWETEAMmaybethewriter’schoiceoneday.[解析]D根據(jù)段落最后一句“Andthat’susefulinformation—becauseonedayImightwanttoturnmyMETEAMintoaWETEAM.”可知,作者將來可能會選擇團隊合作。故選D。Peoplewhohavetroublewalkingormovingaroundoftenhaveahardtimeenjoyingthebeach.ButhundredsofbeachesinGreecenowofferanewwayforpeopleinwheelchairstogetintothewaterbythemselves.It’scalledSeatrac.Seatracisachaironamovingramp(坡道).Itcancarryadisabledpersonintothesea.Onceinthesea,thepersoncaneitherstayinthechair,enjoyingthewater,orgoforaswim.Whenthepersonwantstogetoutofthewater,hecanusetheremotecontrol(遙控器)tobringthechairbacktothetopoftheramp.實戰(zhàn)演練It’sevenpossibleforhimorhertotakeashowerinthechairafteraswim.SeatracwasinventedanddevelopedinGreece.Theideaforitcamewhenoneoftheinventors,IgnatiosFotiou,wastalkingwithafriendwhousedawheelchair.Thefriendsaidheenjoyedthesea,butdidn’tlikehavingtobecarriedintotheocean.MrFotiouwantedtofindane