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專題10反比例函數(shù)1.反比例函數(shù)的定義如果兩個(gè)變量x,y之間的關(guān)系可以表示成SKIPIF1<0(k為常數(shù),且k≠0)的形式,那么稱y是x的反比例函數(shù).2.反比例函數(shù)的圖象和性質(zhì)(1)圖象的特征:反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象是一條雙曲線,它關(guān)于坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)成中心對(duì)稱,兩個(gè)分支在第一、三象限或第二、四象限.(2)反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(k≠0,k為常數(shù))的圖象和性質(zhì):函數(shù)圖象所在象限性質(zhì)SKIPIF1<0(k≠0,k為常數(shù))k>0三象限(x,y同號(hào))在每個(gè)象限內(nèi),y隨x增大而減小k<0四象限(x,y異號(hào))在每個(gè)象限內(nèi),y隨x增大而增大3.反比例函數(shù)的解析式的確定求反比例函數(shù)的解析式跟求一次函數(shù)一樣,也是待定系數(shù)法.【考點(diǎn)1】反比例函數(shù)圖象與性質(zhì)【例1】(反比例函數(shù)的圖象)如圖,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與y=﹣kx+2(k≠0)在同一平面直角坐標(biāo)系中的大致圖象是()A. B. C. D.【答案】B【分析】根據(jù)題目中函數(shù)的解析式,利用一次函數(shù)和反比例函數(shù)圖象的特點(diǎn)解答本題.【詳解】解:在函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和y=﹣kx+2(k≠0)中,當(dāng)k>0時(shí),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在第一、三象限,函數(shù)y=﹣kx+2的圖象在第一、二、四象限,故選項(xiàng)A、D錯(cuò)誤,選項(xiàng)B正確,當(dāng)k<0時(shí),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在第二、四象限,函數(shù)y=﹣kx+2的圖象在第一、二、三象限,故選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤,故選:B.【例2】(反比例函數(shù)的圖象性質(zhì))(2021·山西)已知反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則下列描述不正確的是()A.圖象位于第一,第三象限 B.圖象必經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0C.圖象不可能與坐標(biāo)軸相交 D.SKIPIF1<0隨SKIPIF1<0的增大而減小【分析】根據(jù)反比例函數(shù)圖像的性質(zhì)判斷即可.【詳解】解:A、反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,經(jīng)過一、三象限,此選項(xiàng)正確,不符合題意;B、將點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0代入SKIPIF1<0中,等式成立,故此選項(xiàng)正確,不符合題意;C、反比例函數(shù)不可能坐標(biāo)軸相交,此選項(xiàng)正確,不符合題意;D、反比例函數(shù)圖像分為兩部分,不能一起研究增減性,故此選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤,符合題意;故選:D.(1)當(dāng)k>0時(shí),函數(shù)圖象的兩個(gè)分支分別在第一、三象限,在每個(gè)象限內(nèi),y隨x的增大而減小;(2)當(dāng)k<0時(shí),函數(shù)圖象的兩個(gè)分支分別在第二、四象限,在每個(gè)象限內(nèi),y隨x的增大而增大.1.(2022·湖南)在同一平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的圖像大致是(

)A.B.C.D.【答案】D【分析】分SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,根據(jù)一次函數(shù)與反比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì)即可得出答案.【詳解】解:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),一次函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0經(jīng)過第一、二、三象限,反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0位于第一、三象限;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),一次函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0經(jīng)過第一、二、四象限,反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0位于第二、四象限;故選:D.2.(2021·黑龍江大慶市)已知反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0隨SKIPIF1<0的增大而減小,那么一次的數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖像經(jīng)過第()A.一,二,三象限 B.一,二,四象限C.一,三,四象限 D.二,三,四象限【答案】B【分析】根據(jù)反比例函數(shù)的增減性得到SKIPIF1<0,再利用一次函數(shù)的圖象與性質(zhì)即可求解.【詳解】解:∵反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0隨SKIPIF1<0的增大而減小,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0的圖像經(jīng)過第一,二,四象限,故選:B.3.(2022·湖北荊州)如圖是同一直角坐標(biāo)系中函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的圖象.觀察圖象可得不等式SKIPIF1<0的解集為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【分析】根據(jù)圖象進(jìn)行分析即可得結(jié)果;【詳解】解:∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0由圖象可知,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0分別在一、三象限有一個(gè)交點(diǎn),交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)分別為SKIPIF1<0,由圖象可以看出當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0時(shí),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上方,即SKIPIF1<0,故選:D.4.(2022·廣東)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象上,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0中最小的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【分析】根據(jù)反比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì)可直接進(jìn)行求解.【詳解】解:由反比例函數(shù)解析式SKIPIF1<0可知:SKIPIF1<0,∴在每個(gè)象限內(nèi),y隨x的增大而減小,∵點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象上,∴SKIPIF1<0,故選D.5.(2021·陜西)若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象上的兩點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0的大小關(guān)系是SKIPIF1<0______SKIPIF1<0(填“>”、“=”或“<”)【分析】先根據(jù)不等式的性質(zhì)判斷SKIPIF1<0,再根據(jù)反比例函數(shù)的增減性判斷即可.【詳解】解:∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0即SKIPIF1<0∴反比例函數(shù)圖像每一個(gè)象限內(nèi),y隨x的增大而增大∵1<3∴SKIPIF1<0<SKIPIF1<0故答案為:<.【考點(diǎn)2】確定反比例關(guān)系式【例3】(求解析式)(2022·江蘇常州)某城市市區(qū)人口SKIPIF1<0萬人,市區(qū)綠地面積50萬平方米,平均每人擁有綠地SKIPIF1<0平方米,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0之間的函數(shù)表達(dá)式為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【分析】根據(jù):平均每人擁有綠地SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,列式求解.【詳解】解:依題意,得:平均每人擁有綠地SKIPIF1<0.故選:C【例4】(系數(shù)k)(2022·黑龍江)如圖,在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,點(diǎn)O為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),平行四邊形OBAD的頂點(diǎn)B在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,頂點(diǎn)A在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,頂點(diǎn)D在x軸的負(fù)半軸上.若平行四邊形OBAD的面積是5,則k的值是(

)A.2 B.1 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【分析】連接OA,設(shè)AB交y軸于點(diǎn)C,根據(jù)平行四邊形的性質(zhì)可得SKIPIF1<0,AB∥OD,再根據(jù)反比例函數(shù)比例系數(shù)的幾何意義,即可求解.【詳解】解:如圖,連接OA,設(shè)AB交y軸于點(diǎn)C,∵四邊形OBAD是平行四邊形,平行四邊形OBAD的面積是5,∴SKIPIF1<0,AB∥OD,∴AB⊥y軸,∵點(diǎn)B在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,頂點(diǎn)A在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.求函數(shù)解析式關(guān)鍵在于掌握利用待定系數(shù)法求函數(shù)的解析式。即解設(shè)求該函數(shù)解析式為SKIPIF1<0(k≠0,k為常數(shù)),再將函數(shù)上一個(gè)點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)代入即可解得。反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(k≠0)系數(shù)k的幾何意義:從反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(k≠0)圖象上任意一點(diǎn)向x軸和y軸作垂線,垂線與坐標(biāo)軸所圍成的矩形面積為|k|。常見模型如圖:1.(2022·湖北十堰)如圖,正方形SKIPIF1<0的頂點(diǎn)分別在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的圖象上.若SKIPIF1<0軸,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的橫坐標(biāo)為3,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.36 B.18 C.12 D.9【答案】B【分析】設(shè)PA=PB=PC=PD=t(t≠0),先確定出D(3,SKIPIF1<0),C(3-t,SKIPIF1<0+t),由點(diǎn)C在反比例函數(shù)y=SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,推出t=3-SKIPIF1<0,進(jìn)而求出點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo)(3,6-SKIPIF1<0),再點(diǎn)C在反比例函數(shù)y=SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,整理后,即可得出結(jié)論.【詳解】解:連接AC,與BD相交于點(diǎn)P,設(shè)PA=PB=PC=PD=t(t≠0).∴點(diǎn)D的坐標(biāo)為(3,SKIPIF1<0),∴點(diǎn)C的坐標(biāo)為(3-t,SKIPIF1<0+t).∵點(diǎn)C在反比例函數(shù)y=SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,∴(3-t)(SKIPIF1<0+t)=k2,化簡(jiǎn)得:t=3-SKIPIF1<0,∴點(diǎn)B的縱坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0+2t=SKIPIF1<0+2(3-SKIPIF1<0)=6-SKIPIF1<0,∴點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo)為(3,6-SKIPIF1<0),∴3×(6-SKIPIF1<0)=SKIPIF1<0,整理,得:SKIPIF1<0+SKIPIF1<0=18.故選:B.2.(2022·遼寧)如圖,在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,△AOB的邊OB在y軸上,邊AB與x軸交于點(diǎn)D,且BD=AD,反比例函數(shù)y=SKIPIF1<0(x>0)的圖像經(jīng)過點(diǎn)A,若S△OAB=1,則k的值為___________.【答案】2【分析】作A過x軸的垂線與x軸交于C,證明△ADC≌△BDO,推出S△OAC=S△OAB=1,由此即可求得答案.【詳解】解:設(shè)A(a,b),如圖,作A過x軸的垂線與x軸交于C,則:AC=b,OC=a,AC∥OB,∴∠ACD=∠BOD=90°,∠ADC=∠BDO,∴△ADC≌△BDO,∴S△ADC=S△BDO,∴S△OAC=S△AOD+S△ADC=S△AOD+S△BDO=S△OAB=1,∴SKIPIF1<0×OC×AC=SKIPIF1<0ab=1,∴ab=2,∵A(a,b)在y=SKIPIF1<0上,∴k=ab=2.故答案為:2.3.(2021·內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特市)正比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象交于A,B兩點(diǎn),若A點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0__________.【分析】將A點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0分別代入正比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的解析式中即可求解.【詳解】SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)ASKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0故答案為SKIPIF1<0.4.(2022·貴州銅仁)如圖,點(diǎn)A、B在反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象上,SKIPIF1<0軸,垂足為D,SKIPIF1<0.若四邊形SKIPIF1<0間面積為6,SKIPIF1<0,則k的值為_______.【答案】3【分析】設(shè)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,從而得到CD=3a,再由SKIPIF1<0.可得點(diǎn)BSKIPIF1<0,從而得到SKIPIF1<0,然后根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0,即可求解.【詳解】解∶設(shè)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,∵SKIPIF1<0軸,∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴CD=3a,∵SKIPIF1<0.SKIPIF1<0軸,∴BC∥y軸,∴點(diǎn)BSKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∵SKIPIF1<0,四邊形SKIPIF1<0間面積為6,∴SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0.5.(2022·貴州遵義)反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與一次函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值為__________.【答案】6【分析】將點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,代入SKIPIF1<0,求得SKIPIF1<0,進(jìn)而即可求解.【詳解】解:將點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,代入SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:6.6.(2022·湖北武漢)在反比例SKIPIF1<0的圖象的每一支上,y都隨x的增大而減小,且整式SKIPIF1<0是一個(gè)完全平方式,則該反比例函數(shù)的解析式為___________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【分析】利用完全平方公式的結(jié)構(gòu)特征判斷可求出k的值,再根據(jù)反比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì)即可確定k的值.【詳解】解:∵x2-kx+4是一個(gè)完全平方式,∴-k=±4,即k=±4,∵在在反比例函數(shù)y=SKIPIF1<0的圖象的每一支上,y都隨x的增大而減小,∴k-1>0,∴k>1.解得:k=4,∴反比例函數(shù)解析式為SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.7.已知y=y(tǒng)1﹣y2,y1與x成反比例,y2與x﹣2成正比例,并且當(dāng)x=3時(shí),y=5;當(dāng)x=1時(shí),y=﹣1.(1)y與x的函數(shù)表達(dá)式;(2)當(dāng)x=﹣1時(shí),求y的值.【分析】(1)設(shè)出解析式,利用待定系數(shù)法求得比例系數(shù)即可求得其解析式;(2)代入x的值即可求得函數(shù)值.【答案】解:(1)設(shè)y1=ax,y2=b(x﹣2),則y=ax根據(jù)題意得a3?b(3?2)=5a所以y關(guān)于x的函數(shù)關(guān)系式為y=3x+(2)把x=﹣1代入y=3x+得y=﹣3+4×(﹣1﹣2)=﹣15.【考點(diǎn)3】反比例函數(shù)的綜合運(yùn)用【例5】(2021·江蘇揚(yáng)州市)如圖,點(diǎn)P是函數(shù)的圖像上一點(diǎn),過點(diǎn)P分別作x軸和y軸的垂線,垂足分別為點(diǎn)A、B,交函數(shù)的圖像于點(diǎn)C、D,連接、、、,其中,下列結(jié)論:①;②;③,其中正確的是()A.①② B.①③ C.②③ D.①【分析】設(shè)P(m,),分別求出A,B,C,D的坐標(biāo),得到PD,PC,PB,PA的長(zhǎng),判斷和的關(guān)系,可判斷①;利用三角形面積公式計(jì)算,可得△PDC的面積,可判斷③;再利用計(jì)算△OCD的面積,可判斷②.【詳解】解:∵PB⊥y軸,PA⊥x軸,點(diǎn)P在上,點(diǎn)C,D在上,設(shè)P(m,),則C(m,),A(m,0),B(0,),令,則,即D(,),∴PC==,PD==,∵,,即,又∠DPC=∠BPA,∴△PDC∽△PBA,∴∠PDC=∠PBC,∴CD∥AB,故①正確;△PDC的面積===,故③正確;=====,故②錯(cuò)誤;故選B.【例6】(2022·山東濰坊)地球周圍的大氣層阻擋了紫外線和宇宙射線對(duì)地球生命的傷害,同時(shí)產(chǎn)生一定的大氣壓,海拔不同,大氣壓不同,觀察圖中數(shù)據(jù),你發(fā)現(xiàn),正確的是(

)A.海拔越高,大氣壓越大B.圖中曲線是反比例函數(shù)的圖象C.海拔為4千米時(shí),大氣壓約為70千帕D.圖中曲線表達(dá)了大氣壓和海拔兩個(gè)量之間的變化關(guān)系【答案】D【分析】根據(jù)圖象中的數(shù)據(jù)回答即可.【詳解】解:A.海拔越高,大氣壓越小,該選項(xiàng)不符合題意;B.∵圖象經(jīng)過點(diǎn)(2,80),(4,60),∴2×80=160,4×60=240,而160≠240,∴圖中曲線不是反比例函數(shù)的圖象,該選項(xiàng)不符合題意;C.∵圖象經(jīng)過點(diǎn)(4,60),∴海拔為4千米時(shí),大氣壓約為60千帕,該選項(xiàng)不符合題意;D.圖中曲線表達(dá)了大氣壓和海拔兩個(gè)量之間的變化關(guān)系,該選項(xiàng)符合題意;故選:D.利用反比例函數(shù)解決實(shí)際問題,要做到①能把實(shí)際的問題轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)學(xué)問題,建立反比例函數(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)模型;②注意在自變量和函數(shù)值的取值上的實(shí)際意義;③問題中出現(xiàn)的不等關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)化成相等的關(guān)系來解,然后在作答中說明.【失分警示】1.利用反比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì)時(shí),誤認(rèn)為所給出的點(diǎn)在同一曲線上;2.利用出數(shù)圖象解決實(shí)際問題時(shí),容易忽視自變量在實(shí)際問題的意義。1.(2022·湖南郴州)如圖,在函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖像上任取一點(diǎn)A,過點(diǎn)A作y軸的垂線交函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖像于點(diǎn)B,連接OA,OB,則SKIPIF1<0的面積是(

)A.3 B.5 C.6 D.10【答案】B【分析】作AD⊥x軸,BC⊥x軸,由SKIPIF1<0即可求解;【詳解】解:如圖,作AD⊥x軸,BC⊥x軸,∵SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0故選:B.2.(2022·河南)呼氣式酒精測(cè)試儀中裝有酒精氣體傳感器,可用于檢測(cè)駕駛員是否酒后駕車.酒精氣體傳感器是一種氣敏電阻(圖1中的SKIPIF1<0),SKIPIF1<0的阻值隨呼氣酒精濃度K的變化而變化(如圖2),血液酒精濃度M與呼氣酒精濃度K的關(guān)系見圖3.下列說法不正確的是(

)A.呼氣酒精濃度K越大,SKIPIF1<0的阻值越小 B.當(dāng)K=0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0的阻值為100C.當(dāng)K=10時(shí),該駕駛員為非酒駕狀態(tài) D.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),該駕駛員為醉駕狀態(tài)【答案】C【分析】根據(jù)函數(shù)圖象分析即可判斷A,B,根據(jù)圖3公式計(jì)算即可判定C,D.【詳解】解:根據(jù)函數(shù)圖象可得,A.SKIPIF1<0隨SKIPIF1<0的增大而減小,則呼氣酒精濃度K越大,SKIPIF1<0的阻值越小,故正確,不符合題意;B.當(dāng)K=0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0的阻值為100,故正確,不符合題意;C.當(dāng)K=10時(shí),則SKIPIF1<0,該駕駛員為酒駕狀態(tài),故該選項(xiàng)不正確,符合題意;D.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,該駕駛員為醉駕狀態(tài),故該選項(xiàng)正確,不符合題意;故選:C.3.(2021·浙江寧波市)在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,對(duì)于不在坐標(biāo)軸上的任意一點(diǎn),我們把點(diǎn)稱為點(diǎn)A的“倒數(shù)點(diǎn)”.如圖,矩形的頂點(diǎn)C為,頂點(diǎn)E在y軸上,函數(shù)的圖象與交于點(diǎn)A.若點(diǎn)B是點(diǎn)A的“倒數(shù)點(diǎn)”,且點(diǎn)B在矩形的一邊上,則的面積為_________.【分析】根據(jù)題意,點(diǎn)B不可能在坐標(biāo)軸上,可對(duì)點(diǎn)B進(jìn)行討論分析:①當(dāng)點(diǎn)B在邊DE上時(shí);②當(dāng)點(diǎn)B在邊CD上時(shí);分別求出點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo),然后求出的面積即可.【詳解】解:根據(jù)題意,∵點(diǎn)稱為點(diǎn)的“倒數(shù)點(diǎn)”,∴,,∴點(diǎn)B不可能在坐標(biāo)軸上;∵點(diǎn)A在函數(shù)的圖像上,設(shè)點(diǎn)A為,則點(diǎn)B為,∵點(diǎn)C為,∴,①當(dāng)點(diǎn)B在邊DE上時(shí);點(diǎn)A與點(diǎn)B都在邊DE上,∴點(diǎn)A與點(diǎn)B的縱坐標(biāo)相同,即,解得:,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn),是原分式方程的解;∴點(diǎn)B為,∴的面積為:;②當(dāng)點(diǎn)B在邊CD上時(shí);點(diǎn)B與點(diǎn)C的橫坐標(biāo)相同,∴,解得:,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn),是原分式方程的解;∴點(diǎn)B為,∴的面積為:;故答案為:或.4.(2022·山東臨沂)杠桿原理在生活中被廣泛應(yīng)用(杠桿原理:阻力×阻力臂=動(dòng)力×動(dòng)力臂),小明利用這一原理制作了一個(gè)稱量物體質(zhì)量的簡(jiǎn)易“秤”(如圖1).制作方法如下:第一步:在一根勻質(zhì)細(xì)木桿上標(biāo)上均勻的刻度(單位長(zhǎng)度1cm),確定支點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,并用細(xì)麻繩固定,在支點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0左側(cè)2cm的A處固定一個(gè)金屬吊鉤,作為秤鉤;第二步:取一個(gè)質(zhì)量為0.5kg的金屬物體作為秤砣.(1)圖1中,把重物掛在秤鉤上,秤砣掛在支點(diǎn)О右側(cè)的B處,秤桿平衡,就能稱得重物的質(zhì)量.當(dāng)重物的質(zhì)量變化時(shí),SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)度隨之變化.設(shè)重物的質(zhì)量為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0.寫出y關(guān)于x的函數(shù)解析式;若SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.(2)調(diào)換秤砣與重物的位置,把秤砣掛在秤鉤上,重物掛在支點(diǎn)О右側(cè)的B處,使秤桿平衡,如圖2.設(shè)重物的質(zhì)量為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,寫出y關(guān)于x的函數(shù)解析式,完成下表,畫出該函數(shù)的圖象.SKIPIF1<0……0.250.5124……SKIPIF1<0…………【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0;SKIPIF1<0(2)SKIPIF1<0,表、圖見解析【分析】(1)根據(jù)阻力×阻力臂=動(dòng)力×動(dòng)力臂解答即可;(2)根據(jù)阻力×阻力臂=動(dòng)力×動(dòng)力臂求出解析式,然后根據(jù)列表、描點(diǎn)、連線的步驟解答.【解析】(1)解:∵阻力×阻力臂=動(dòng)力×動(dòng)力臂,∴重物×OA=秤砣×OB.∵OA=2cm,重物的質(zhì)量為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,秤砣為0.5kg,∴2x=0.5y,∴SKIPIF1<0;∵4>0,∴y隨x的增大而增大,∵當(dāng)y=0時(shí),x=0;當(dāng)y=48時(shí),x=12,∴SKIPIF1<0.(2)解:∵阻力×阻力臂=動(dòng)力×動(dòng)力臂,∴秤砣×OA=重物×OB.∵OA=2cm,重物的質(zhì)量為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,秤砣為0.5kg,∴2×0.5=xy,∴SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)x=0.25時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)x=0.5時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)x=1時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)x=2時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)x=4時(shí),SKIPIF1<0;填表如下:SKIPIF1<0……0.250.5124……SKIPIF1<0……421SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0……畫圖如下:【考點(diǎn)4】一次函數(shù)與反比例函數(shù)的綜合運(yùn)用【例7】(2021·山東威海市)已知點(diǎn)A為直線SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn),過點(diǎn)A作SKIPIF1<0軸,交雙曲線SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)B.若點(diǎn)A與點(diǎn)B關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱,則點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)為_____________.【分析】設(shè)點(diǎn)A坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,將點(diǎn)B坐標(biāo)代入SKIPIF1<0,解出x的值即可求得A點(diǎn)坐標(biāo).【詳解】解:∵點(diǎn)A為直線SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn),∴設(shè)點(diǎn)A坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,∵點(diǎn)B在雙曲線SKIPIF1<0上,將SKIPIF1<0代入SKIPIF1<0中得:SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,∴點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0.【例8】(2022·黑龍江大慶)已知反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和一次函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,其中一次函數(shù)圖象過SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn).(1)求反比例函數(shù)的關(guān)系式;(2)如圖,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象分別與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象交于A,B兩點(diǎn),在y軸上是否存在點(diǎn)P,使得SKIPIF1<0周長(zhǎng)最???若存在,求出周長(zhǎng)的最小值;若不存在,請(qǐng)說明理由.【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0(2)SKIPIF1<0【分析】(1)用待定系數(shù)法求出函數(shù)解析式;(2)作點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0軸的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,交SKIPIF1<0軸于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,進(jìn)行計(jì)算即可;【解析】(1)解:把SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0代入SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,解得,SKIPIF1<0,所以反比例函數(shù)解析式是SKIPIF1<0;(2)存在點(diǎn)P使△ABP周長(zhǎng)最小,理由:解SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0得,SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,作點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0軸的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,交SKIPIF1<0軸于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0在一條直線上時(shí),線段SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)度最短,所以存在點(diǎn)P使△ABP周長(zhǎng)最小,△ABP的周長(zhǎng)=SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.1.解答本考點(diǎn)的有關(guān)題目需要注意以下要點(diǎn):反比例函數(shù)與一次函數(shù)的交點(diǎn)問題,可以利用待定系數(shù)法.2.反比函數(shù)圖像常見的輔助線作法:過反比例函數(shù)圖象上任意一點(diǎn)作x軸、y軸的垂線段構(gòu)成三角形或四邊形,求面積。1.(2021·貴州安順市)已知反比例函數(shù)的圖象與正比例函數(shù)的圖象相交于兩點(diǎn),若點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)是,則點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)是()A. B. C. D.【分析】根據(jù)正比例函數(shù)與反比例函數(shù)圖像的中心對(duì)稱性,可得關(guān)于原點(diǎn)中心對(duì)稱,進(jìn)而即可求解.【詳解】解:∵反比例函數(shù)的圖象與正比例函數(shù)的圖象相交于兩點(diǎn),∴關(guān)于原點(diǎn)中心對(duì)稱,∵點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)是,∴點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)是.故選C.2.(2021·山東菏澤市)如圖,在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,矩形的兩邊、分別在坐標(biāo)軸上,且,,連接.反比例函數(shù)()的圖象經(jīng)過線段的中點(diǎn),并與、分別交于點(diǎn)、.一次函數(shù)的圖象經(jīng)過、兩點(diǎn).(1)分別求出一次函數(shù)和反比例函數(shù)的表達(dá)式;(2)點(diǎn)是軸上一動(dòng)點(diǎn),當(dāng)?shù)闹底钚r(shí),點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為______.【分析】(1)先求出B點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo),再由反比例函數(shù)過點(diǎn),求出點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo),代入即可,由矩形的性質(zhì)可得、坐標(biāo),代入即可求出解析式;(2)“將軍飲馬問題”,作關(guān)于軸的對(duì)稱點(diǎn),連接,直線與軸交點(diǎn)即為所求.【詳解】(1)四邊形是矩形,,為線段的中點(diǎn)將代入,得將,代入,得:,解得(2)如圖:作關(guān)于軸的對(duì)稱點(diǎn),連接交軸于點(diǎn)P當(dāng)三點(diǎn)共線時(shí),有最小值,設(shè)直線的解析式為將,代入,得,解得令,得3.(2021·山東東營(yíng)市)如圖所示,直線與雙曲線交于A、B兩點(diǎn),已知點(diǎn)B的縱坐標(biāo)為,直線AB與x軸交于點(diǎn)C,與y軸交于點(diǎn),,.(1)求直線AB的解析式;(2)若點(diǎn)P是第二象限內(nèi)反比例函數(shù)圖象上的一點(diǎn),的面積是的面積的2倍,求點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo);(3)直接寫出不等式的解集.【分析】(1)過點(diǎn)A作軸于點(diǎn)E,根據(jù)三角函數(shù)的性質(zhì),得點(diǎn)A,將點(diǎn)A代入,得;通過列二元一次方程組并求解,即可得到答案;(2)連接OB、、,結(jié)合(1)的結(jié)論,得點(diǎn)B;結(jié)合題意得;把代入,得點(diǎn)C;設(shè)點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為,通過計(jì)算即可得到答案;(3)根據(jù)(1)和(2)的結(jié)論,結(jié)合反比例和一次函數(shù)的圖像,即可得到答案.【詳解】(1)如圖,過點(diǎn)A作軸于點(diǎn)E,∵,,∴,,∴點(diǎn)A,∴雙曲線的解析式為,把,分別代入,得:,解得:,∴直線AB的解析式為;(2)如圖,連接OB、、把代入,得,∴點(diǎn)B,∴,∴,把代入,得,∴點(diǎn)C設(shè)點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為,∵∴,∵,∴點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo)為;(3)根據(jù)(1)和(2)的結(jié)論,結(jié)合點(diǎn)A、點(diǎn)B∴或.4.(2022·黑龍江綏化)在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,已知一次函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與坐標(biāo)軸分別交于SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),且與反比例函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在第一象限內(nèi)交于P,K兩點(diǎn),連接SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的面積為SKIPIF1<0.(1)求一次函數(shù)與反比例函數(shù)的解析式;(2)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),求x的取值范圍;(3)若C為線段SKIPIF1<0上的一個(gè)動(dòng)點(diǎn),當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0最小時(shí),求SKIPIF1<0的面積.【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1

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