畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語講稿

畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語

SpecializedEnglishforVeterinaryMedicine

講稿

院系：

任課教師：

授課對象：

總學(xué)時：40

2009

刖B

Preface

按照大多數(shù)高等院校獸醫(yī)本科專業(yè)的教學(xué)計劃及培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，在畜牧獸醫(yī)本

科專業(yè)學(xué)生完成2年基礎(chǔ)英語學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上，一般于三年級第一學(xué)期開設(shè)《畜

牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語》(EnglishforStudentsofAnimalScienceandVeterinary

Medicine)選修課程。有的高等農(nóng)業(yè)院校也給碩士研究生開設(shè)《畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英

語》。該課程的教學(xué)目的與要求是：學(xué)生通過本門課程的學(xué)習(xí)，達(dá)到借助專業(yè)

詞典等工具書能熟練閱讀畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語書刊并掌握畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)英譯

漢、漢譯英的基本技能。

本課程重點闡述了動物科技和動物醫(yī)學(xué)的科技英語閱讀和翻譯的基礎(chǔ)知

識、科技英語的特殊性、科技詞匯的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞法、動物科技和動物醫(yī)學(xué)

科技英語論文及摘要的撰寫、參考文獻(xiàn)引錄；以及動物科技和動物醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)的英

語文章，包括動物科技、動物醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識和專業(yè)知識。

Chapter1GeneralofEnglishforScienceandTechnology

Section1TheimportantofStudyEnglish

forScienceandTechnology

1.1ForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnologyisaindividualsubject

ForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology

LanguagesforspecialPurposes(LSP)

EnglishfbrScienceandTechnology

EnglishforSpecialPurposes(ESP)

1.2TheimportantofForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology

1.3RequestofstudyinForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology

1.3.1StudyEnglishbookandmagazineusingdictionary

1.3.3TranslationEnglishbookandmagazineusingdictionary

1.3.4KnowhowtowriteabstractfbrEnglishpaper

1.4StudymethodsofEnglishforScienceandTechnology

1.4.1Understandstudyaimandplane

1.4.2Studymethods

1.4.3Masterythepronunciation,vocabularyandgrammar

PseudotuberculosisPseudo-tuberculo-sis

ImmunoassayImmuno-assay

ImmunochemicalImmuno-chemical

1.4.4Readingmethods

Section2Theformationanddevelopmentofseveralforeign

languageinnormalusingintheworld

2.1Themajorlanguageintheworld

Thereare2700nationalityand5651languages,buttherearenotwordsin

threefourth.Thereare500languagesstudiedbyphilologist.

Thereare70differentkindwordspublishedinforeigncountries.

English60%

German11%

Russian11%

France7%

Japanese3%

Spanish2%Others8%

2.2Theoriginanddevelopmentofseveralmajorlanguages

inIndiaandEurope

希臘東希臘文-斯拉夫文一俄文

腓尼基文—>古希臘文《/法語

西希臘文f拉丁文'意大利語

西班芽語英語

Y、日爾曼語?

、德語

2.3Thesignificanceofstudyforeignlanguagesforscienceand

technologyfromstudylanguagesinIndiaandEurope

Section3Thegeneralcharacterandindividualcharacterin

EnglishforscienceandtechnologyandpublicEnglish

3.1ThegeneralcharacterinEnglishforscienceandtechnology

andpublicEnglish

TheEnglishforscienceandtechnologyisthebranchofgeneralEnglish.

ThebasicwordsarecomefromgeneralEnglish.Thegrammarisassame

asgeneralEnglish.

3.2ThedifferenceofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

andpublicEnglish

3.2.1ThecharacterofcommalanguageinEnglishforscienceand

technology

?Themeaningofvocabularyisproprietaryandstability

do,make,take

ThereisnofeelinginEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Therearenofigureofspeech,overstateandparallelism

Itisawrittenlanguage

3.2.2ThecharacteristicofvocabularyinEnglishforscienceand

technology

.InternationalThereare70%vocabularycomefromLatinand

Greeceinmedicineandveterinary.

?Usingnormativewrittenverb

discover(findout)observe(lookat)

.Usingderivativeadjective

verbadd-able,-ed,-ing,-ive

breathbreathing,breathed,breather,breathless

nounadd-al,-ic,-ious

electronelectronic,electropolar,electropositive

3.2.3ThecharacterofgrammarstructureinEnglishforscience

andtechnology

1)Usingnounandwordgroup

Thetitleofpaper

(1)Methodsofdetectingdrug-resistanceinchickencoccidian

(2)ThepathwayofcelldeathinducedbyleadinWishcells

(3)EstablishmentofaRadiorecepterAssay(RRA)capableof

measuringserumbioactiveLH/CGinawidevarietyofspecies

2)Usingpassivevoice

TheToxplasmagondiiinfectionwerefoundinanimalsasearlyasin

1950sinFujianprovinceofChina.Duringthenexttwenty-oddyears

muchprogresswasmadeandmorethan100paperswerepublished.

3)Usingparticipleandnon-predicateasadjective

(1)Thesoundsheardintheheartareduetotheclosingofthevalves.

(2)Azoonoticdiseaseisdefinedasadiseasesharedbyanimalsand

humans.

4)Usingmorethantwoclause

(1)Suchuseasweareabletomakeofhelpfulbacteriaandsuchcontrol

aswehaveofharmfulonesdependuponourknowledgeoftheir

habits.

(2)Waterprovidedtothehogswassampledandsoilfromthesiteofmost

recentslurryspreadwascollected.

5)Usingitasantecedencesubject

(1)Itmakesnodifferencetotakethismedicinebeforeoraftermeals.

(2)Itcanbeconcludedthatbovineembryorecloningissimilartothe

embryoscloningexceptfortheembryo'slowinvitrodevelopment

ability.

6)Usingprepositionwordgroup

Thesecasesaregroupedbytheseverityofthedisease.

7)Usingasguidanceactiveandpositivesentences

Astheillustrationshows

Ashasbeenstated

Asfollows

Chapter2ThreebasicofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Pronunciationvocabularygrammar

Section1Pronunciation

Section2Word-formationinwordsofscienceandtechnology

2.1ThederivationalexpansionofgeneralEnglishwords

2.1.1Thebasicgeneralwords

Basicwords:3500-4500

Morpheme(wordelement),basicwords:prefix,stem,suffix

ThebasicChinesewords:3500

Thereareonly2900differentChinesewordsinChairmanMao

florilegium.

2.1.2Formationofwords

Newwords:skylabmoonquakeE-mail

Therearethreemethodsofformationwords:

1)Compounding

Usingtwoormorewordsformonenewwords.

(l)Compoundnoun

A.Noun+nounnewspapertest-tubebookworm

B.Adjective+noun

green-houseWhite-housedarkroom

C.Gerund+noun

Sleeping-bagfreezing-pointworking-table

D.Verb+noun

Grindstoneworkshopsawdust

E.Adverb+noun

Outbreakovercoatoverbridge

F.Pronoun+nounHe-goatshe-wolf

G.Verb+adverb

Make-upbreak-downget-together

Noun+preposition

Editor-in-chieffather-inlawson-in-law

(2)Compoundadjective

A.Adjective+noun

First-handsecond-handlow-temperaturehigh-temperature

B.Adjective+Adjectivelight-bluered-hot

C.Noun+Adjectivecolor-blindworld-wide

D.Adjective+noun+ed(d)small-sizedopen-minded

E.Noun+participleman-madesnow-covered

F.Noun+presentparticiple

Man-eatingearth-shaking

G.Adverb+participlefar-reachingwell-informed

H.Adverb+preposition+noun

Up-to-dateout-of-date

I.Numeral+noun(+ed)five-year(plan)four-cornered

J.Adverb+adjectiveever-greenover-sensitive

K.Adjective+participleready-madegood-looking

L.Noun+noun+ediron-willedstrong-willedweak-willed

(3)Compoundpronoun

Pronounobjectivecaseorpossessivepronoun+self(selves)

Himselfourselves

Indefinitepronoun(some,any,no,every)+body(one,thing)

Everybody,anybodysomething,nothing

(4)Compoundverb

A.Adverb+verb:overcomeuphold

B.Noun+verbsunbathe

(5)compoundadverb

A.Noun+nounsideways

B.Noun+adverbheadfirst

C.Adjective+nounmeanwhile

D.Preposition+nounbefore-head

2)Affixation

Itiscalledderivativemethodtochangethemeaningwithprefixorsuffix.

A.Prefixcancasethemeaningchangewithoutchangeofpartsof

speech.

Unfair,dislike,amoral,superman,cooperate,foretell,

Bicycle,tricycle,pentagon,sexangle

B.Suffixcancasethechangeofpartsspeech,andsometimesthe

meaningofwordchanged.

Piglet,armlet,friendship,happiness,childless

3)Conversion

Partsofspeechchange

(1)Nounturnedtoverb:formftoform,heat—?toheat

(2)Adjectiveturnedtoverb:slow.toslow,direct->todirect

(3)Adjectiveturnedtonoun:

Wounded——?thewounded,beautiful-?thebeautiful

(4)Adverbturnedtoverb:down—>todown

2.Thewordofspecialpurposeextensioninverticalandhorizontal

1)Thewordsofspecialpurposeinverticalextension

(1)ThewordsfromGreeceandLatinwordelement

50-70%EnglishwordsarecomefromGreeceandLatin.

A.ThecompoundmethodfromGreeceandLatinwordelements

Manyderivativewordsarecompoundedfrommorethanthree

wordelements

Polyavitaminosispoly-a-vita-amin(o)-osis

Polyuriapolytrophyaminoacidacidosisleucocytosis

Leucocyt(a)emia

B.Onestemoforgancancomposedtonewwordwithsuffixofdisease,

symptom,skill

terminology

organFgia-rragia-otomy-rrhaphy-plasty-itis-oma-osis-cele

Entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-

algiarragiatomyrrhaphyplastytiscele

gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastri-gastro-gastro-

algiarragiatomyrrhaphyplastytissiscele

hepatohepatal-hepato-hepato-hepato-hepati-hepato-hepato-hepato-

giarragiatomyrrhaphytismasiscele

C.Verticalextensioninsomehematologynounterminology

haemocytehaemocytoblast

myelo-myeloblast

lympho-―?-blastlymphoblast

mono-monoblast

megacaryo-megacaryoblast

erythro-------erythroblast

pro-+myelo+cytepromyelocyte

meta-+myelo+cytemetamyelocyte

Furthermore,abovementionedthecellwordscanaddedwithother

suffix,e.g.-blast(o)osis,-cytohaemia,-omaetc.

2)ThecharacterofGreeceandLatinandruleofsynthesis

(1)ThemorphemofGreeceandLatinisassameascommonEnglish

wordstructure,anditisdividedintoprefix,rootandsuffix.

A.Prefix:GreeceandLatinpreposition,numberorwordderivation

e.g.a-aleukia,anti-antibody,dys-dyscontrol,

B.Root:GreeceandLatinwordschange

e.g.entero-enterotoxin,thoraco-thoracotomy,

haemo-haemorrhagia

C.Suffix:GreeceorLatinsuffixorwordchange

D.e.g.-itisenteritis,-osisbabesiosis,-tomiaenterostomy

(2)Dividedintoprimarywordderivativeandcompoundwords

Primaryword:entero-,stoma-

Derivativeword:primary+prefixorsuffix

anti-+toxinum----?antitoxin

Compoundword:compoundfromtwoormorewords

Haemo-+thorax-----?haemothorax

(3)Themajorruleofformationandconnectioninstem

A.Stemandprefixmostlycomefromsinglemeaning

Takeoffthesuffixofsinglemeaningword,iftheendofwordis

consonant,itneedstoconnect"o".Butifitisvowed,itdoesnotneedto

change.ButspleeniscomingfromGreecespleen,thesuffixisneedingto

add"o"，splenoo-.

B.Whenthestemhasprefix,thereisavowelinfrontofthestem,the

vowelistakenoutintheendofprefix.Ifthereisavowelinfrontofthe

stem,thevoweliskept.

Enter(o)+itis,"o"meet"i”,takeout"o"—?enteritis

Entero+rrhagia,"o"meet"r",keep"o"-----?enterorrhagia

C.If"o"takeout,twoconsonantadd"o",itisdifficulttoknowthestem,

addinginthemiddle.

Chondro-osteodystrophia,intra-abdominal

D.gastro-+-enter(o)-+-itis,"o"meetwith"e",一?keep"o"

gastroenteritis

2)ComefromgeneralEnglishwordswithnewmeaning

energy,base,normal,cell

3)Newwords

(1)CompoundnewwordsfromGreeceandLatin

atom,a+tomos,bicycle(bicycletteFrance)

(2)Condensationfromfirstword

Laser-----?—Light—AmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionof■R—adiation

Rader------?RadioDetectionandRanging

(3)Compoundfromheadandtailofwords

Transfer+resistor—?transistor,Positive+electron—?positron

(4)Takepartwordinsteadofwholeword

Gram-molecular-weight----?moleormol

(5)Changeword

Television—?televise,laser—?lase,diagnosis->diagnose

(6)Reversetheword

Frequency—>quefrency,filter-?lifter

(7)Condensationword

Atom-bombT%omb,underseaboat——t>boat

(8)CondensationofLatin

Etal.(etalifi),e.g.(exampligratia),ie.(idest)

2.Horizontalextensionofspecialwords

UsingGreeceandLatinstem

1)LatinForthenameofanimal,plant,microorganism,parasitesand

drugsetc.

Nephritishaemorrhagicaaa,Bacillusmalleizopf,

Natriumchloratum

2)TranslatetospecialwordsfromLatinbydifferentcountries

Avitaminosis(L.E.W.),Avitaminose(F.G),Avitaminosi(L)

Septicaemiahaemorrhagicasuum(L.)

Haemorrhagicsepticemiaswine(E.)

Septicemia(haemorphagique)dupore(F.)

Haemorrhagischeseptikamiederschweigne(G.)

3.HarfEnglishworsandphrasseofScienceandtechnology

ItmeansthatusingandmeaningarechangedfromgeneralEnglish.

Specimen,sample,germ,case,carrier

Section3GrammarforEnglishofscienceandtechnology

1.UsingpassivevoiceOnethirdverbsareusingpassivevoicein

Englishforscienceandtechnology.Becausethearticleofscienceand

technologyareintroducedtheoutcomeandresults.

1)Thesentencewithoutperson

Usingpassivevoiceismoreconfidence.

Researchwasbeingdone.

Parasiteshavetobecontrolled.Parasiteshavecontrolled.

2)expressionthenecessaryandresponsibilityTheinstrumentsneedtobe

sterilized.

Thereareseveralfactorstobeconsidered.

3)Expressionitem,planandaim

Theresultsofresearcharetobepublishedsoon.

Theresultsofresearchare(was)published.

4)Expressiontheprobabilityandtendency

Theseanimalsareliabletobeattackedbygerms.

5)Expressiontheperformerinpassivevoice

Theoperationwasperformedbythesurgeon.

6)Expressionthemethodandmanner

Thesolutionisweakenedbytheadditionofmorewater.

7)Thesubjectisanimal,plantandothersubstance

Decayisacceleratedbyenzymes.

8)Expressioninvertedsentenceorder

Bytheadditionofwater,thesolutionisweakened

2.Usingnounandnounwordgroupinsteadofverboradjective

noun>verb,preposition>adjectiveandadverb

IfwecompareTypeAwithTypeB,wewillfindthatTypeAismore

advantageoustoourpurpose.

*AcomparisonofTypeAwithTypeBshowsthatTypeAhasmore

advantageoustoourpurpose.

3.Usingmorenon-predicateverbphrase

Todeterminethenumberofcells,asampleisputunderamicroscope.

?Thecellunitswerefoundtobefilledwithlivingsubstances.

4.Usingmoreparticipleasattribute

Thequantityofoxygenliberatedtoatmospherebygrowingvegetationis

obviouslyverylarge.

5.Usingsubjunctivemood

Butfortheheatofthesun(iftherewerenoheatofthesun),nothing

couldlive.

6.Usingfixturesentence

Itis(orverb)+adjective(ornoun)+that(clause)

Itiscommonknowledgethatwaterismadefromoxygenandhydrogen.

Chapter3ThestyleandstructureofsentenceinEnglishfor

scienceandtechnology

Section1StylisticsinEnglishforscienceandtechnology

A.ChineseisdifferentfromEnglishonoralexpression.

E.g.#Iwanttoaskyouaquestion.

*I'dliketoaskyouaquestion.*MayIaskyouaquestion?

B.StyleinEnglishisdifferentfromChinese.TheEnglishforScience

andtechnologyhasspecialindividualcharacterinword,grammar

andstructureofsentence.

1.Thestructureofstyleisrigor,concisionandbriefness.

1)Wemadeaholeinacorkandpushedintoanarrowglasstube.Then

wepushedthisintoneckofabottlewhichwehadfilledwithcolored

water.Whenwedidthissomeofthecoloredwaterwentupintothetube.

Wemarkedthelevelofthecoloredwaterinthetubewasmarked.Then

thebottlewasplacedintoapanofhotwater.

Almostimmediately,thewaterlevelinthetubefellslightly,butthenit

startedtoriseuntilthewateroverflowed.

*2)Afteraholewasmadeinacork,anarrowglasstubewasinserted

andthecorkwasinsertedintoneckofabottlefilledwithcoloredwater.

Ondoingthis,someofthecoloredwaterroseinthetube.Thelevelofthe

coloredwaterinthetubewasmarked.Thenthebottlewasplacedintoa

panofhotwater.

Almostimmediately,thewaterlevelinthetubefellslightly,butthenit

startedtoriseuntilthewateroverflowed.

2.Thearticleofscienceandtechnologyisstrictness,refine,infocus

andconcision.

1)Thispieceofmetalexpandedwhenitwasheated.Itwillcontract

whencooled.

?Metalsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled.

2)Thechickembryosarechoppedupandareputintoajar,then

theyarepouredintoalargeflask.Anenzymeisaddedtobreak

downthetissue.

3)Thereisachoiceinarticleforscienceandtechnology

A.Tinresistscorrosionbyairorwater.

B.Tinisresistanttocorrosionbyairorwater.

C.Tinhasaresistancetocorrosionbyairorwater

Section2StructureofsentenceinEnglishforscienceand

technology

Onesentencehassubject,predicateverb,objectandmodifierparts.

Thebasicpartsaresubjectandpredicate.Themodifierpartsareattribute,

adverbialandcomplement.

3.Typeofsentence

1)Simplesentence

AllofusmustlearnDr.Bethune.

2)Compoundsentence

Afterliberationtheincidenceofoccupationalandepidemicdiseaseshas

droppedremarkably,thegeneralhealthconditionoftheworkershas

greatlyimproved.

3)Complexsentence

ThalChinaisabigcountrywithallkindsoficsourcesiswellknown.

Thequestionwaswhetheritwascommoncoldorinfluenza.

Weareknowthatredbloodcellscarryoxygrnfromthelungstotherest

ofthebody.

Theairthatanimalsbreatheisamixtureofdifferentgases.

Everybitoffoodeatenmustbedissolvedinwaterbeforeitcanbe

absorbedandutilized.

4)Membersofthesentence

A.Subject

Streptomycinpreparationscanbeadministeredbyavarietyofmethods.

B.Predicateverb

Ourcountryhasagreatfuture.

Firstaidshouldalwaysfirstbedirectedtowardthecontrolofhaemorrhage.

Oneofthefunctionsofboneistoprotectimportantorgans.

5)PredicativeMosteoldsappeartobecommunicable.

6)Object

Wemustholdourselvesresponsibletothepeople.

7)Complement

Wecallthenewmethodacupunctureanaesthesia.

8)Attribute

Normally,eachbeatoftheheartcauseapulseinthearteries.

9)Adverbial

0nclinicalexaminationnochangesintheanimaPsconditionwerefound.

4.AnalysisofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Tofindthesubject,predicate(howmany)andotherparts.

*e.g.Intheearlydaysofseatravel,seamenonlongvoyageslived

exclusivelyonsaltedmeatandbiscuits.Manyofthemdiedofscurvy,a

diseaseofthebloodwhichcausesswollengums,lividwhitespotsonthe

fleshandgeneralexhaustion,scurvy:adisease(formerlycommonamong

sailors)markedbybloodingandcausedbynoteatingfruitandvegetables

(withvitaminC).

livid:pale

exhaustion:thestateofbeingtiredout

Chapter4ReadingandtranslationofEnglishforscienceand

technology

Section1ReadingofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Youmustunderstandthearticleforreading.

Thebasicrequireforreading:pronunciation,wordsandgrammar

Themethodofreading:

1)Extractivereading

2)Extensivereading

Section2TranslationofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

1.Thecalibrateoftranslation:confidence,clarityandvolubility

1)Literaltranslation2)Freetranslation

2.Themethodoftranslation

1)Understandingthewordsandsentences

Fromsyntacticalfunctiontounderstandthemeaning

A.Thoughusuallyofaroundshape,thenucleusmaysometimesbe

elongatedandrod-shaped,asinnonstriatedmusclecells,orirregularin

shape,asinsomewhitebloodcorpuscles.

B.Anelectronisanextremelysmallcorpusclewithnegativecharge

whichroundsaboutthenucleusofanatom.C.Theencouragingnews

soongotround.

Inmakingtheroundsthemedicalworkersattachgreatimportance

tothepreventionofdisease.

Redrashdevelopedroundtheneckinthewakeoftwoday'sfever.

2)Themeaningofwordaccordingtoarticleupanddown

Inrecentreportsofeightcasesofviralhepatitis,fourwereseenwith

acuteurticariainthepreictericphase.

Massivebleedingmaynotbebroughtundercontrolintime.Suchbeing

thecase,promptoperationisindicated.

IFurtherimprovementsintheinstrumentationincludesthefittingofa

smallcasecontainingultrafinemotor.

3)Accordingtothepartnerofwordsknownthemeaning

generalanesthesia,

generalcheck-up,

generaloutline,

generalperitonitis,

generalpathology,

generalsecretary

4)Wordschangeandextensionegwe,you,they

Wehave365daysinayear.Youcannevertell.

Theysayitisso.

Theactivityofthisenzymeinthesesitescanbemaintainedatnormal

levelsbysulfatefeeding.

2)Understandthesentence

(1)Sometimesthemembersofsentenceareellipsis

*Justthinkofthedifficult.

Tothinkthatyoushouldfail.(2)Usingit,there

Itrequiresheattochangewaterintogas.

Itisnousetrying.

Itisthepeoplethatarereallypowerful.

Itissaidthat.......

Itisthoughtthat.......

Itisdeclaredthat.......

Itissupposedthat.......

Itislearnedthat.......

Therearethreekindsofbacteriainthetube.

(3)Usingparenthesis

EvenaslightlackofVitaminC,forexample,thevitaminmost

plentifulinfreshfruitandvegetables,isthoughttoincreasesignificantly

oursusceptibilitytocoldsandinfluenza.

3)Whatkindofsentence

(l)Simplesentence

Onmeetingtheovum,theheadofthespermatozoonpenetratesit.

(2)Compoundsentence

Ithaslongbeenknowntobacteriaexpertsthatthetuberclebacillusis

thegerminmilkwhichmoststronglyresistsheattreatment.

4)knownthewordorder

(1)Invertedwordorderincompoundsentence

A.Onlyinourcountrycanscienceservetheinterestofthepeople.

B.IthasbeenroughlyestimatedthatfortypercentofanimaPsdiseases

aretheresultofinfectionbybacteria.

C.Nutritionalexperimentshavemadeitevidentthatvitaminsare

indispensablefbranimafshealthandgrowth.

D.Thelymphvascularsystemdiffersfromthebloodvascularsystemin

thatitisnotacirculatorysystembutsimplyadrainagesystemand

possessesnopump.

E.Thetruthisthatmenaredevelopedfromanthropoidapes.

F.Thereisalittledoubtthatantibioticsparticularlythoseofthebroad

spectrum,canbeusedtoreducesecondarybacterialinfection.

(2)Invertedwordorderinpassivesentence

A.VitaminKisnotabsorbedfromtheupperintestine.

vertedwordorderinprepositionsentence

Shetreatssickanimalswithaneedle

(3)Separatingsentenceandaddingsomepronounandconjunction

Anearbyobjectfallingintoablackholeisneverheardofagain.

4)Addingorreducingwords

(l)Addingwords

Someofthegasesintheairarefairlyconstantinamount,whileothers

arenot.

(2)Reducingwords

Inthecourseofthesameyear,anthraxbrokeoutinthatarea.

Microoganismsaresosmallthattheycannotbeseenatallwiththe

nakedeyes.

5)Changingtranslation

Itwasnotuntil1959thatchemistssucceededinobtainingthis

compound.

Hecannotreadthebookwithoutadictionary.

6)expressiontruemeaning

Theheartliesbetweenthelungs,moretotheleftsidethantothe

right.

7)Logicrelation

Theresubstancespassfromthetissuefluidintothecells,while

wasteproductspassintheoppositedirection.

8)UsingChinesecustom

Heistoowisenottounderstandsuchthings.

Section3Translationforlonganddifficultsentences

EnglishsentenceislongerthanChinese,especiallyusingarticle

forScienceandtechnology.

1)Analysislongsentenceneedstofindcentralwordsandsentence

pattern.

Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsome

theoreticalsciencewhosepracticalapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquite

impossibletoenvisage,heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthe

discoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustry,andin

historicaldevelopmentingeneral.

2)Knownthesubjectandpredicateandseparationsentence

Toseparatelongsentenceforsimplesentenceandfindingcentralwords.

Allergicreactionsmayoccurinalargepercentageofnormal

individualswithoutevidenthereditarypredisposition.

Whenabodywhichhasacertaintemperaturebecomeshotter,wesay

thatheathasbeenaddedtoit.

3)Knowntherelationpartsofsentencesbyconjunction

Whiletheprocessmeetsthepresentlyaccepteddefinitionsof

emphysema,itmaybesimplyanatomicconsequenceofaging.

Justasadisturbanceinmetabolismofonemetabolitewillaffectall

othermetabolites,soadeficiencyintheintakeofonenutrientaffectall

others.

Thereislittledoubtthatantibiotics,particularlythoseofthebroad

spectrumcanreducesecondarybacterialinfections.

Ashasalreadybeenmentionedabove,patientsdifferintheirtissue

sensitivity.

Aggressivedosageofpenicillinashighas40,000,000unitsperdayinthe

absenceofuntowardeffectsarerequired,whichitcandoonlyby

applying"push”doses.

Whathasbeenfoundbynecropsyisofalmostimportance.

4)TranslationofModifierattachedtosubjectandpredicate

(l)Attributetranslation*cardiacfailure

Theadvancedworldlevels

Fromtheforegoingdiscussionafairideawillhavebeengatheredasto

thefactorsresponsibleforthisupset.

Foodistakeninthoughthemouth,whereitischewedandmixedwith

saliva,thenitpassesdowntheesophagustothestomach,wherethefood

collects.

(2)Adverbialtranslation

Ourfindingsuggestthatthesymptomsofchronicbronchitisbegin

earlyinlife.

CarotenewhichisaprecursorofvitaminAcanbegiveninsuchlarge

amountsthatitcausesayellowishdiscolorationoftheskinwhichoftenis

mistakenforjaundice.

5)Translationforlongsentence

(1)Translationbyorderofsentence

*Heretheemphasisisondiseaseasaprocess,andaneffortismadeto

explaintheclinicalpicturebythepathologicalchangesfoundinthetissue,

notonlyinthesurgicalpathologylaboratory,but,itmaybe,inthe

autopsyroom,wheretheobjectisnotmerelytodeterminethecauseof

death,buttostudytheparticulardiseaseinallitsaspectsandvarious,and

tocorrelateitwiththesignsandsymptomsobservedduringlife.

(2)reversetranslation

Anincreaseinantibodiesagainstthetypeofviruswh