第二章 畜禽的繁殖課件

第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第一節(jié)引言第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction繁殖是家畜生產(chǎn)中最重要的經(jīng)濟性狀（Reproductionisthemosteconomicallyimportanttraitinfarmanimalproduction）-Determinesnumberofsaleableanimals-Determinesnumberofreplacementfemales-Initiateslactation第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction2.畜禽繁殖學的研究對象：－研究畜禽繁殖的自然規(guī)律－以畜禽生殖生理學為基礎，總結和提出相應的技術措施

保持畜禽正常的繁殖性能提高畜禽繁殖力調(diào)整和控制繁殖的生理過程

作為育種工作的有效手段第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction3.主要內(nèi)容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技術

3.3家畜繁殖力的評價、影響因素的分析、生產(chǎn)實踐中提高繁殖力的方法和途徑第二章畜禽的繁殖3.1畜禽生殖生理公畜和母畜的生殖系統(tǒng)組成和功能家畜生殖活動的機理及內(nèi)分泌（生殖激素）調(diào)節(jié)第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction3.主要內(nèi)容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技術

3.3家畜繁殖力的評價、影響因素的分析、生產(chǎn)實踐中提高繁殖力的方法和途徑第二章畜禽的繁殖3.2繁殖技術人工授精

-發(fā)情鑒定

-妊娠診斷:超聲波診斷儀

-冷凍精液第二章畜禽的繁殖3.2繁殖技術繁殖控制技術

-發(fā)情控制:同期發(fā)情

-排卵控制:超數(shù)排卵,胚胎分割

-妊娠和分娩控制:同期分娩第二章畜禽的繁殖3.2繁殖技術繁殖生物技術

-卵子和胚胎的冷凍保存

-卵母細胞體外培養(yǎng)和體外受精

-胚胎分割和卵裂球的培養(yǎng)

-克隆動物生產(chǎn):體細胞核移植

-胚胎移植

-轉(zhuǎn)基因動物第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction3.主要內(nèi)容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技術

3.3家畜繁殖力的評價、影響因素的分析、生產(chǎn)實踐中提高繁殖力的方法和途徑第二章畜禽的繁殖4.GoalsofthechapterProvidebasicunderstandingofanatomy(解剖)Understandmajorhormones(激素)involvedUnderstandgestation(妊娠),estruslength(發(fā)情期)andestrouscycle(發(fā)情周期)offarmanimalsIIntroduction第二章畜禽的繁殖II繁殖學術語

ReproductionterminologySpeciesMaturefemaleYoungfemaleCattleSheepSwineHorseBirdsCowHeifer（小母牛）Ewe（母羊）EwelambSowGiltMare（母馬）Filly（小雌馬）HenPullet（不足一歲母雞）Poult;ChickTable1Termsforfemales第二章畜禽的繁殖SpeciesMaturemaleCastratemale（去勢公畜）CattleSheepSwineHorseBirdsBullSteer（閹公牛）Ram（公羊）Wether（閹羊）Boar（公豬）Barrow（閹公豬）Stallion（公馬）GeldingRooster/cock/tomCapon（閹雞）II繁殖學術語

ReproductionterminologyTable2Termsformales第二章畜禽的繁殖第二節(jié)畜禽的繁殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官一、組成1.性腺（睪丸）（Gonads

，

testicles）2.輸精管道2.1附睪(Epididymis）2.2輸精管（Vasdeferens)2.3尿生殖道(Urethra)3.副性腺3.1精囊腺(seminalvesicle)3.2前列腺(prostate)3.3尿道球腺(Cowpersgland)4.外生殖器（陰莖,penis第二章畜禽的繁殖睪丸附睪S型彎曲陰莖交配器官精囊腺尿道球腺囊狀皺褶陰莖收縮肌腦垂體LH,FSH下丘腦GnRH尿道口第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官二、公畜生殖系統(tǒng)的功能形成雄性配子（精子）生成激素精子轉(zhuǎn)運排尿射精第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官二、公畜各生殖器官的功能1.性腺(

Gonads)–睪丸(

testicles

inmale)Location:supportedbyscrotum(陰囊)(noneinpoultry)Scrotum（陰囊）:isaheatregulatingstructurebybloodflowandmuscles第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官Function產(chǎn)生配子(Producegametes-spermatozoa,精子)-生精作用(Spermatogenesis)–processofproduction&developmentofmalegametes-occursinseminiferoustubules(精細管)產(chǎn)生雄性激素(Producemalesexhormones,androgens,雄激素)-在間質(zhì)細胞產(chǎn)生睪丸激素(

testosterone）第二章畜禽的繁殖睪丸下降（

DescentoftheTestes)睪丸在靠近腎臟的生殖脊附近形成

在發(fā)育的一定時期通過腹股溝下降到陰囊中睪丸下降的時間timeofdescent

-牛和羊（bullandram）：妊娠中期 -豬（Boar）：妊娠最后1/4期 -馬（stallion）：出生前后一、公畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖睪丸下降（

DescentoftheTestes)下降失?。p側(cè)或單側(cè)隱睪

-導致不育

-不影響雄性激素的分泌

-性活動和特征不受影響為什么？一、公畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖2.附睪(Epididymis) -濃縮(Concentration),貯存(storage),成熟(maturation),和轉(zhuǎn)運(transport)精子一、公畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖附睪體附睪尾附睪頭輸精管輸精小管睪丸網(wǎng)直管血管和神經(jīng)精細管葉中隔精索鞘膜白膜鞘膜腔睪丸和附睪

第二章畜禽的繁殖睪丸和附睪附睪體附睪尾附睪頭睪丸輸精管第二章畜禽的繁殖輸精管(Vasdeferens)–transportofspermatozoafromepididymistourethra尿道(Urethra)–commonexcretoryductforurine&semen(notpresentinbirds)一、公畜的生殖器官Durationoftimetoproduceaspermcell--BoarTotaltimetoproducespermcell:45to47days!!34to35daysto“make”asperm10to12daystotransitepididymis副性腺(Accessoryglands)3Accessoryglands: 前列腺(

prostategland)精囊腺(seminalvesicles)尿道球腺(Cowper’sgland)一、公畜的生殖器官精囊腺前列腺尿道球腺第二章畜禽的繁殖副性腺(Accessoryglands)為精液增加精清/營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和緩沖液(addfluidvolume,nutrients,andbufferstosemen)sperm+accessoryglandfluid=SEMEN（精液）一、公畜的生殖器官Table3公畜精液的特點

SemencharacteristicsofmaleanimalsAnimalVolume/ejaculate(ml)Spermconcentration(milperml)summaryBull3-8800mil-2bilLowvol;highconcRam0.8-2.02-3bilLowvol;highconcBoar150-350200-300milHighvol;lowconcStallion60-100150-300milHighvol;lowconcTom0.2-0.88-30bilLowvol;highconcCock0.2-1.53-7bilLowvol;highconc不同種屬公畜精液的組成的差異主要是什么因素的影響形成的？第二章畜禽的繁殖去勢對附性腺的影響第二章畜禽的繁殖SummaryofthePrimaryFunctionsof

theMaleReproductiveTractTesticles–testosteroneproductionandspermatozoaproductionEpididymis–concentration,storage,maturation,andtransportofspermatozoa.Scrotum–supportoftesticles,temperaturecontrol.Vasdeferens–spermtransport.Accessoryglands–additionoffluidvolume,nutrients,andbufferstosemen.Penis–Copulatoryorgan.第二章畜禽的繁殖BullReproductiveTract第二章畜禽的繁殖RamReproductiveTract第二章畜禽的繁殖公豬的生殖系統(tǒng)第二章畜禽的繁殖二、母畜的生殖器官一、組成1.性腺-卵巢(Ovaries)2.生殖道(reproductivetract)－輸卵管(oviduct)－子宮角(uterinehorns)－子宮體(uterinebody)－子宮頸(Cervix)－陰道(Vagina)外生殖器－陰道(vagina)－陰戶(vulva)12345678第二章畜禽的繁殖母豬的生殖系統(tǒng)第二章畜禽的繁殖FemaleBovineReproductiveSystem第二章畜禽的繁殖二、母畜生殖道的功能生成激素

產(chǎn)生配子

：卵原細胞

3.轉(zhuǎn)運配子

-

卵母細胞

的轉(zhuǎn)運

-

精子的轉(zhuǎn)運

4.受精

5.胚胎的生長發(fā)育

6.分娩

二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖三、母畜各生殖器官的功能卵巢（Ovaries）Functions產(chǎn)生卵子(Produceegg,oocyte;ova)產(chǎn)生雌激素(Produceestrogen)產(chǎn)生孕激素(Produceprogesterone)二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖卵巢（Ovaries）Structures卵泡(ovarianfollicles:containegg;produceestrogen)黃體(corpusluteum,CL）:produceprogesterone（黃體酮,孕酮）;developsfromcellsofovulatedfollicle二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖CowOvariesNormalwithsmallfolliclesNormalwithcorpusluteumAbnormalwithlargecysticfollicle第二章畜禽的繁殖充血黃體－紅體注意卵巢中的黑紅色結構－充血黃體充血黃體在濾泡排出后的空間形成。排卵幾天后，將形成黃體，由黃體產(chǎn)生黃體酮（也稱為妊酮或妊激素）充血黃體－妊娠后2天的母豬生殖系統(tǒng)第二章畜禽的繁殖黃體卵巢妊娠4－18天母豬的黃體第二章畜禽的繁殖在鄰近正常的發(fā)情周期結束時，黃體逐漸失去功能，終止產(chǎn)生黃體酮。黃體本身逐漸變?yōu)椤鞍左w”。白體第二章畜禽的繁殖2.輸卵管(Oviduct)運輸卵子和精子(Transportegg&sperm)受精的場所(Siteoffertilization)二、母畜的生殖器官輸卵管的組成

Structureofoviduct傘部(infundibulum)–eggpickup壺腹部(前1/3處）(Ampulla)–;spermstorage&

fertilization峽部(isthmus)–第二章畜禽的繁殖3.子宮(Uterus)功能是胚胎著床（附植）的場所,為胚胎發(fā)育提供營養(yǎng)(Siteofembryonidation–nourishment)產(chǎn)生前列腺素(produceshormoneprostaglandin)-前列腺素的作用是溶解黃體,重新開始發(fā)情周期二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖形態(tài)與位置構成：子宮角、子宮體和子宮頸--豬、馬：雙角子宮--牛羊：對分子宮

二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖比較豬和牛的子宮左：豬-雙角子宮右：牛-對分子宮第二章畜禽的繁殖對分子宮和雙角子宮牛馬牛豬縱隔第二章畜禽的繁殖子宮頸(Cervix,oftenconsideredpartofuterus)精子和胎兒的通道(Passagewayforsperm&fetus)是子宮和陰道之間的屏障,對子宮形成保護(Barrierbetweenuterus&vagina;protectsuterus)二、母畜的生殖器官子宮頸(cervix) －物理屏障

：不發(fā)情和妊娠期緊閉 －化學屏障：母畜發(fā)情期間較高水平的雌激素刺激子宮頸分泌粘液二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖陰道(Vagina)交配器官(Copulatoryorgan)產(chǎn)道(Birthcanal)二、母畜的生殖器官Cowreproductivetract第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultryMaleTestesinbodycavityCopulationwithanextensionofcloaca(泄殖腔)UnnecessaryforfemaletolayeggsSpermcanremainviableinfemaleforseveraldaysorweeks!第二章畜禽的繁殖三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultry2.FemaleRightovary&oviductfailtodevelopafterhatching.Ovulatestartingatpubertyfor25weeks24+hoursfromoneovulationtonext第二章畜禽的繁殖三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultry2.FemaleOviduct:infundibulum(傘部)–eggpickup;spermstorage&fertilizationMagnum(膨大部)–secretesalbumen(蛋白)isthmus(峽部)–formsshellmembranes(形成殼膜)Uterus–shellformation(形成殼)Incubatefertileeggs21(chicken)or28(turkey)days第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖ChickenreproductivetractOvumOvaryOviduct第二章畜禽的繁殖Chickenovary第二章畜禽的繁殖第三節(jié)生殖激素第二章畜禽的繁殖一、生殖激素的概念

SexualHormonalFunctionHormonescanbeconsideredthefuelwhilethesystemisthemachinery激素是由某些特殊化的細胞（內(nèi)分泌細胞，某些神經(jīng)細胞等）所分泌的化學物質(zhì)，它們可以從一組細胞傳遞到另一組細胞，或從一個細胞的這一部分傳遞到同一細胞的另一部分，以發(fā)揮其調(diào)節(jié)作用的一系列微量生物活性物質(zhì)下丘腦促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)血液卵巢(睪丸)腦垂體促卵泡激素(FSH)

促黃體激素(LH)催產(chǎn)素(oxty)卵巢激素－雌激素－妊酮（黃體酮）睪丸激素－雄性激素二、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸

hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis三、雌性生殖激素

HormonesoffemalereproductionHormone Source Function

GnRH(促性腺激素釋放激素)Hypothalamus(下丘腦)FSH,LHreleaseFSH pituitary(腦下垂體) follicledevelopmentLH pituitary ovulation formationofCLProstaglandin(前列腺素)uterus killscorpusluteumestrogen follicle estrus;matingbehavior uterinegrowthprogesterone corpusluteum maintainpregnancy四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus(下丘腦) GnRH(促性腺激素釋放激素)Brain–AnteriorPituitary(垂體前葉) FSH(促卵泡激素) LH(促黃體激素)Reproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation (卵泡發(fā)育) (排卵) Ovary–Follicle(卵泡) Ovary–CorpusLuteum(黃體) Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus(下丘腦) Uterus,hypothalamusBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamus四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamus四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin三、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸

hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis第二章畜禽的繁殖四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisCL卵泡卵巢FSH下丘腦GnRH黃體酮(-GnRH和LH)子宮PGF(破壞黃體)腦垂體LH雌激素

(+forGnRH和LH,-forFSH)請完整敘述下丘腦-垂體-性腺激素之間的關系五.雄性生殖激素

HormonesofmalereproductionBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary(垂體前葉) FSH Testes–spermproduction

Testosterone Skeletalmuscle-“Secondarysexcharacteristics”(第二性征) Malereproductivesystem

第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第四節(jié)母畜的繁殖周期第二章畜禽的繁殖一、發(fā)情周期的概念

EstrousCycleEstrus(發(fā)情)–synonymouswith“heat”.PeriodoftimewhenfemaleissexuallyreceptivetomaleDuetoincreasedconcentrationsofestrogenSignalsapproachingovulationEstrouscycle–periodoftimefromoneestrustothenextESTRUS=NOUN ESTROUS=ADJECTIVEEstrousCycleDaysDurationofEstrusGestationHeifer2118hrs285d9moEwe1730hrs144d5moMare227days336d11moGilt2160hrs114d3mo,3wk,3dGoat2139hrs150d5moTable4Reproductivecharacteristics

offemaleanimalsESTROUSCYCLESESTROGENPROGESTERONEFSHLHPROSTAGLANDIN第二章畜禽的繁殖1.初情期（Puberty）:Theageatwhichfemaleormalereproductionsystemsbecomefunctional Heifer,cow 6-18months Ewe 6-8months Mare 20months Gilt 5-8months Doe,goat 4-8months Heifer,bison 24months Pubertyisthefunctionofweightbutnotage!二、初情期、妊娠和分娩

Puberty,Pregnancy&Parturition第二章畜禽的繁殖二、初情期、妊娠和分娩

Puberty,Pregnancy&Parturition2.Fertilization(受精)JoiningofspermandeggsCelldivisionoccursevery20hoursNidation(附植):Attachtouterus25dayscattle14daysswine3.Gestation（妊娠）:thedurationfromfertilizationtoparturition(seetable）4.Parturition:Givingbirth第二章畜禽的繁殖第五節(jié)繁殖技術ReproductiveTechniques第二章畜禽的繁殖一、人工授精

Artificialinsemination(AI)人工授精(Artificialinsemination,AI)WhyisAIused?maximizegeneticimprovementreducematingcostscontrolreproductivediseasesuseofdeadorinjuredsires(公畜）第二章畜禽的繁殖Somekeystosuccessare:Detectionofestrus(發(fā)情鑒定)Obsevationofbehavioralchanges(行為變化)Standingheat(靜立反射);restlessPropertimingofinsemination(適時輸精)viablespermavailableattimeofovulationbreedtowardendofestrusTechnicianskill(員工技能)correctplacementofsemeninreproductivetract一、人工授精

Artificialinsemination(AI)第二章畜禽的繁殖下圖：發(fā)情盛期母豬的靜立反射上圖：發(fā)情母豬癥狀之一—耳朵豎起第二章畜禽的繁殖2.SpeciesuseofAIDairy-70%ofallcows Poultry–95%(becauseofdifficultnaturalmating)Swine–rapidlyincreasingHorses–increasingwithgreateruseofextendedsemenBeef-<10%ofallcows,increasingSheep–increasingbutlimited(flocksdispersed)一、人工授精

artificialinserminationAIproceduresinfemalesSheep-surgicalorspeculum（反射鏡）Swine-corkscrewHorses-likecattle第二章畜禽的繁殖二、同期發(fā)情

Estroussynchronization1、Estroussynchronization：controllingestrouscyclesofemalesexpressestrusaroundsametime2.ReasonstousewithAI-decreaseexpenseoftime&laborfordetectionofestrusforsuccessofembryotransfer第二章畜禽的繁殖二、同期發(fā)情

Estroussynchronization3.Methods:hormonal:induceovulation